343 lines
42 KiB
XML
343 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="7EE08FE8C8F2EBB281A68F48DE414E05" ID-CLB-Dataset="6314" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7aaad606-9dd4-47fd-b5bc-e75c8ba2bbb5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4761869" ID-ZooBank="A10E0734-85A7-4B44-AD45-63142A1CC7D1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620988873296" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turner, Thomas L." docDate="2021" docId="03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4970.2.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4970 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scopalina nausicae Turner 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="364" masterDocId="FF906C03FFE6FFCBB440FFB1FFA7432E" masterDocTitle="Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="371" masterPageNumber="353" pageNumber="362" updateTime="1698939887160" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D154C3601103E3E673B4FC6D960D890D">Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0A2CF66297467F1946CD7B3A2395660">Turner, Thomas L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="783CA10E5E65BFB672DB9FFAE617C285">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2A203A0A34043938832A717D843FC374">
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<mods:date id="A88AEB2D511E9AE09262F89FF5388A33">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5399EC2AE4BA7CE1400112AA69176568">2021-05-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0E5B5F73A150EE68D306B467135A90CF">4970</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4895222" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182486374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4895222" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">
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<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEFFFC2B4D7FB2BFE24479A" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,387,1178,1205]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B4D7FB2BFE24479A" bold="true" box="[151,387,1178,1205]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Scopalina nausicae</emphasis>
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B4D7FAB7FE27460E" bold="true" box="[151,384,1286,1312]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Material examined.</emphasis>
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: (
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)
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,
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,
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,
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(
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depth
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, 2/7/20
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.
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: (
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)
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,
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(
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8/30/19; (
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) Isla
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,
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,
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(
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depth
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B68AF30FFEFFFC2B5E8FAC2FE09469E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3125626307" collectionCode="CASIZ" country="United States of America" elevation="11" latitude="34.46775" location="Arroyo Quemado Reef" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-120.11905" municipality="Santa Barbara" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" specimenCode="CASIZ 235473" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="paratype">
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8/1/19; (
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)
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<location id="8EDFF3B6FFEFFFC2B6FBFAC2FC1D46A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113:8EDFF3B6FFEFFFC2B6FBFAC2FC1D46A2" box="[699,954,1394,1421]" country="United States of America" latitude="34.46775" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-120.11905" municipality="Santa Barbara" name="Arroyo Quemado Reef" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" stateProvince="California">Arroyo Quemado Reef</location>
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,
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,
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,
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(
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depth
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, 1/7/20.
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|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B487FA0AFEE946FB" bold="true" box="[199,334,1467,1493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named for the fictional character
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEFFFC2B68FFA0BFC9146FA" box="[719,822,1466,1492]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" genus="Nausicaa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Nausicaä</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the film
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B799FA0AFAD746FA" box="[985,1392,1466,1493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEFFFC2B799FA0AFBE446FA" box="[985,1091,1467,1492]" class="Polychaeta" family="Eunicidae" genus="Nausicaa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Nausicaä</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Valley of the Wind
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFEFFFC2B487FA6EFD0845A6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1286,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B487FA6EFEC646D7" bold="true" box="[199,353,1503,1529]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Encrusting,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF80888FFEFFFC2B5ADFA6EFDEE46D7" box="[493,585,1503,1529]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF80888FFEFFFC2B691FA6EFCB246D7" box="[721,789,1503,1529]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
across (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133BB9E8FFEFFFC2B730FA6FFC1446D7" box="[880,947,1502,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1129,1153]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1105]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[151,1436,181,1105]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scopalina nausicae sp. nov. A: Field photo of paratype (CASIZ 235472), Isla Vista Reef. B: Field photo of paratype (CASIZ 235473), Arroyo Quemado Reef. C, D: Skeletal architecture of holotype (CASIZ 235474), Point Loma; scale applied to both. In C, vermiform and primary spongin trunks are coated in apparent algae. In D, only primary spongin trunk showing algae, but vermiform tracts are sporadically cored with sediment. E, F: spicules from paratype (CASIZ 235472)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761875/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Soft and compressible. Prominent conules 0.5–1.0 mm in height,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF80888FFEFFFC2B5D4F9B3FDBC4533" box="[404,539,1538,1565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart; spicules protrude at conules, making them microscopically hispid. Scattered oscules
|
||
<quantity id="4CF80888FFEFFFC2B56EF996FE2D456F" box="[302,394,1575,1601]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="362" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. In nature, ectosome appears opaque at conules but often lacy and porous between them; ectosome more opaque in collected samples. Ectosome peach colored, choanosome yellow when alive; all tissues fade to beige when preserved in ethanol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFEFFFC2B487F923FE3D44DE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1286,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEFFFC2B487F923FE924582" bold="true" box="[199,309,1682,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Vertical trunks of spongin, 100–550 μm wide, arise from a basal spongin mat and terminate in surface conules. Secondary branches of spongin 50–100 μm wide arise from primary trunks, branching off at an angle of less than 90 degrees and still extending towards surface. Primary and secondary trunks cored with spicules with pointed ends up; spicules entirely enclosed in spongin or with tips projecting; projecting tips fan out to create a bouquet that pierces the ectosome at conules. An additional
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB1BCFFFEFFFC2B746F892FC914413" box="[774,822,1827,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="362">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of spongin tract is distinct from those described above: 60–90 μm wide, these tracts branch from primary trunks at approximately 90-degree angles, then meander through the choanosome in a vermiform fashion, sometimes branching; these vermiform tracts do not contain spicules. Basal spongin, spicule-containing spongin trunks, and vermiform tracts are sporadically cored with sediment. Spiculecontaining and vermiform spongin tracts are often filled and/or coated with what appear to be algal cells; these are red in preserved tissue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7FF5E5FFECFFC1B4D7FBD8FAC147C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4761875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" startId="10.[151,250,1129,1153]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1105]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFECFFC1B4D7FBD8FAC147C3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1129,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B4D7FBD8FEB447AF" bold="true" box="[151,275,1129,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B55AFBD8FE4647AF" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,481,1129,1153]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B55AFBD8FE4647AF" box="[282,481,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Scopalina nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247C404FFECFFC1B5A7FBDBFD9D47AF" box="[487,570,1130,1154]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B5A7FBDBFD9347AC" bold="true" box="[487,564,1130,1154]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A: Field photo of paratype (CASIZ 235472), Isla Vista Reef. B: Field photo of paratype (CASIZ 235473), Arroyo Quemado Reef. C, D: Skeletal architecture of holotype (CASIZ 235474), Point Loma; scale applied to both. In C, vermiform and primary spongin trunks are coated in apparent algae. In D, only primary spongin trunk showing algae, but vermiform tracts are sporadically cored with sediment. E, F: spicules from paratype (CASIZ 235472).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFECFFC1B487FAAAFE6646E8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B487FAAAFE97461B" bold="true" box="[199,304,1307,1333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
Styles only, usually bent towards the head end, thickest at the head and tapered to a point. Some show “telescoping” (width decreasing in a step-wise fashion) at the pointed end. Average spicule length for each voucher: 454, 483, 505, 532 μm (N=31–40 per sample); total range in spicule length across vouchers 375–623 μm (N=135). Average spicule width at head, for each voucher: 9, 9, 11, 11 μm (N=31–40 per sample); total range in spicule width at head 5–17 μm (N=135).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31AF6E6FFECFFC1B487FA7EFCB145ED" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFECFFC1B487FA7EFCB145ED" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B487FA7EFE5746C7" bold="true" box="[199,496,1487,1514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is common on the shallow (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF80888FFECFFC1B7F8FA7EFBA946C4" box="[952,1038,1487,1514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="5.0">5–16 m</quantity>
|
||
) rocky reef at Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C46B8FFFECFFC1B4BEFA45FED44520" box="[254,371,1524,1550]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Often found on vertical rock walls or boulders, it can also occur on flatter areas, and has been found partially buried by sand. It was not found at most other locations investigated, but was located in similar habitat at the Arroyo Quemado Reef (near Point Conception) and in the kelp forests in extreme Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C46B8FFFECFFC1B0BDF98DFAD64578" box="[1277,1393,1596,1622]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, off Point Loma and La Jolla, San Diego. It is therefore likely that the specie’s range encompasses at least the Southern Californian and Ensenadan biogeographical provinces, bounded by Point Conception in the North and Punta Eugenia in the South (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFECFFC1B516F919FDF645EC" author="Blanchette, C. & Miner, C. & Raimondi, P. & Lohse, D. & Heady, K. & Broitman, B." box="[342,593,1704,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" pagination="1593 - 1607" refId="ref9109" refString="Blanchette, C., Miner, C., Raimondi, P., Lohse, D., Heady, K. & Broitman, B. (2008) Biogeographical patterns of rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific coast of North America. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1593 - 1607. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2008.01913. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Blanchette
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B597F919FDA845EC" box="[471,527,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFECFFC1B61CF919FCAE45ED" author="Valentine, J." box="[604,777,1704,1731]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" pagination="198 - 211" refId="ref12159" refString="Valentine, J. (1966) Numerical analysis of marine molluscan ranges on extratropical northeastern Pacific shelf. Limnology and Oceanography, 11, 198 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.4319 / lo. 1966.11.2.0198" type="journal article" year="1966">Valentine 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31AF6E6FFECFFC0B487F97DFDBC4113" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFECFFC1B487F97DFE99447C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B487F97DFE9C45C8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1740,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Skeletal architecture, spiculation, and genotype all conspire to place this species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B10EF97DFF644424" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B10EF97DFF644424" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I was unable to detect the “graininess” said to characterize other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B7D6F941FB8D4424" box="[918,1066,1776,1802]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Scopalinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, this was hard to assess due to the abundant sediment within the sponge: dark grains were apparent, but appeared to be sediment rather than refractile cells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFECFFC0B487F8EDFD2F42DB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
Spicule dimensions, skeletal morphology, and genotype all serve to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B014F8EDFB73445B" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1108,1236,1884,1910]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B014F8EDFB73445B" box="[1108,1236,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B09BF8EDFA924458" bold="true" box="[1243,1333,1884,1910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247C404FFECFFC1B09BF8EDFA924458" box="[1243,1333,1884,1910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the three other species newly described here. Fourteen other species are currently placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B0BAF831FACD44B4" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[1274,1386,1920,1946]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B0BAF831FACD44B4" box="[1274,1386,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to the World Porifera Database (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFECFFC1B61FF815FCF64490" author="van Soest, R. W. M. & Boury-Esnault, N. & Hooper, J. N. A. & Rutzler, K. & de Voogd, N. J. & Alvarez, B. & Hajdu, E. & Pisera, A. B. & Manconi, R. & Schonberg, C. & Klautau, M. & Kelly, M. & Vacelet, J. & Dohrmann, M. & Diaz, M. - C. & Cardenas, P. & Carballo, J. L. & Rios, P. & Downey, R. & Morrow, C. C." box="[607,849,1956,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" refId="ref11734" refString="van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. - C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P., Downey, R. & Morrow, C. C. (2019) World Porifera Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 1 September 2019) https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359" type="url" year="2019">
|
||
van Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B694F815FCAA4490" box="[724,781,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of these are known from the Eastern Pacific, making them unlikely conspecifics with any of the species described here. The gross morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFECFFC1B15BF879FA3A44CF" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1307,1437,1992,2018]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="363" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFECFFC1B15BF879FA3A44CF" box="[1307,1437,1992,2018]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="363">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B4D7FF26FF56439F" bold="true" box="[151,241,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247C404FFEDFFC0B4D7FF26FF56439F" box="[151,241,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the field is quite similar to published images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B76BFF26FB07439F" authority="(Wiedenmayer, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Wiedenmayer" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[811,1184,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B76BFF26FC01439F" box="[811,934,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. ruetzleri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFEDFFC0B7F4FF26FB3F439F" author="Wiedenmayer, F." box="[948,1176,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" pagination="1 - 287" refId="ref12355" refString="Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum, 28, 1 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 0348 - 5797 - 0" type="journal article" year="1977">Wiedenmayer, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(West Atlantic) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B1C7FF26FCA443F8" authority="(Goodwin et al., 2011) (Faulkland Islands)" baseAuthorityName="Goodwin" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B1C7FF26FEB443FB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. erubescens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFEDFFC0B563FF0AFDB143FB" author="Goodwin, C. & Jones, J. & Neely, K. & Brickle, P." box="[291,534,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" pagination="275 - 301" refId="ref10062" refString="Goodwin, C., Jones, J., Neely, K. & Brickle, P. (2011) Sponge biodiversity of the Jason Islands and Stanley, Falkland Islands with descriptions of twelve new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 275 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410001542" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Goodwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B5D5FF0AFE7243FB" box="[405,469,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (Faulkland Islands)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spicule length and sponge color also match
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B143FF0AFA3B43FB" box="[1283,1436,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B143FF0AFA3B43FB" box="[1283,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. erubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
better than other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B519FF6EFE6E43D7" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[345,457,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B519FF6EFE6E43D7" box="[345,457,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, making this species the most likely conspecific. In addition to geographic separation, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B547FEB2FE064233" box="[263,417,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B547FEB2FE064233" box="[263,417,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. erubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger, more thickly encrusting, and has thicker spicules and spicule bundles. The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B55EFE96FE11426F" box="[286,438,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B55EFE96FE11426F" box="[286,438,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. erubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lacks any mention of the vermiform spongin tracts that pervade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B0FDFE96FA9A426E" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1213,1341,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B0FDFE96FA9A426E" box="[1213,1341,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B103FE96FA3B426F" bold="true" box="[1347,1436,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247C404FFEDFFC0B103FE96FA3B426F" box="[1347,1436,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFEDFFC0B4DFFEFAFE20424B" author="Goodwin, C. & Jones, J. & Neely, K. & Brickle, P." box="[159,391,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" pagination="275 - 301" refId="ref10062" refString="Goodwin, C., Jones, J., Neely, K. & Brickle, P. (2011) Sponge biodiversity of the Jason Islands and Stanley, Falkland Islands with descriptions of twelve new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 275 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410001542" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Goodwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B550FEFAFEEF424B" box="[272,328,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B5DDFEFAFDD5424B" baseAuthorityName="Wiedenmayer" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[413,626,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B5DDFEFAFDD5424B" box="[413,626,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">Scopalina ruetzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be excluded as a conspecific based on genetic data at both cox1 and 28S as well as color and habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFEDFFC0B654FEDEFD5642A7" author="Rutzler, K. & van Soest, R. & Alvarez, B." box="[532,753,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" pagination="203 - 222" refId="ref11550" refString="Rutzler, K., van Soest, R., & Alvarez, B. (2003) Svenzea zeai, a Carribean reef sponge with giant larva, and Scopalina ruetzleri: a comparative fine-structural appraoch to classification (Demospongiae, Halichondrida, Dicyonellidae. Invertebrate Biology, 122, 203 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2003. tb 00085. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Rützler
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B631FEDEFD0C42A7" box="[625,683,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species is described as ranging throughout the Caribbean, but was also recently reported from the tropical Eastern Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91D89CFFEDFFC0B7E7FE22FB2B4283" author="Carballo, J. & Cruz-Barraza, J. & Vega, C. & Nava, H. & Chavez-Fuentes, M." box="[935,1164,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" pagination="9409" refId="ref9363" refString="Carballo, J., Cruz-Barraza, J., Vega, C., Nava, H. & Chavez-Fuentes, M. (2019) Sponge diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs: an interoceanic comparison. Scientific Reports, 9, 9409. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 45834 - 4" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Carballo
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B050FE22FBEF4283" box="[1040,1096,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This latter report is not accompanied by morphological or genetic information, so comparisons between tropical Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B09EFE06FAE942FF" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[1246,1358,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B09EFE06FAE942FF" box="[1246,1358,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00DEEEFFEDFFC0B1C7FE06FF5C42DA" authority="Turner, 2021" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B1C7FE06FF5C42DA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B974797FFFEDFFC0B542FE6AFEFC42DB" bold="true" box="[258,347,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247C404FFEDFFC0B542FE6AFEFC42DB" box="[258,347,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
await future investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFA56DFFEDFFC0B487FE4EFDBC4113" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="364">Within its range, it is likely that this sponge can be identified from field photos, as I have seen no other sponge with a similar morphology to date.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |