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<document id="824AB338D3ADD080E4FC80EB63F06734" ID-CLB-Dataset="5821" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2004)449&lt;0001:AWALAL&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0bea0b31-8bff-43bf-aebb-8cda61f093d9" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712435" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1619135704382" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="BORKENT, ART &amp; CRAIG, DOUGLAS A." docDate="2004" docId="F966E84EFFAC216EFF15FD4EFB3E06FA" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2004.3449.1-67.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3449" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29449%3C0001%3AAWALAL%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Austroconops Wirth and Lee" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="055F9036FFA82174FFDBFFF4FFFD0037" masterDocTitle="Austroconops Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous Genus of Biting Midges Yet Living in Western Australia: a New Species, First Description of the Immatures and Discussion of Their Biology and Phylogeny (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698937448664" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="069021B5A26BB3DCE9BE0E0C7AE2D38A">Austroconops Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous Genus of Biting Midges Yet Living in Western Australia: a New Species, First Description of the Immatures and Discussion of Their Biology and Phylogeny (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3D3C2B6C1045862018C2FCBDE5C5CE6">BORKENT, ART</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7B2B772F9A5CBAD4BFB36DD354435A15">CRAIG, DOUGLAS A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="76EC5E7E8DC3A4D6228D9F4EFCB99E48">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D2A4E3992F4C9242084D53947D9D1127">2004-08-23</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="30EEE0492FEAF00D96561A733C958968" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2004)449&lt;0001:AWALAL&gt;2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F966E84EFFAC216EFF15FD4EFB3E06FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5060649" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183236429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5060649" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F966E84EFFAC216EFF15FD4EFB3E06FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F966E84EFFAC216EFF15FD4EFB3E06FA" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFAC2170FF15FD4EFDD502E6" box="[206,552,698,722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAC2170FF15FD4EFDD502E6" blockId="4.[206,552,698,722]" box="[206,552,698,722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="2A38EE34FFAC2170FF15FD4EFDD502E6" box="[206,552,698,722]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FF15FD4EFDD502E6" ID-CoL="369G" ID-ENA="209696" authority="Wirth and Lee" authorityName="Wirth and Lee" box="[206,552,698,722]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FF15FD4EFE8E02E5" bold="true" box="[206,371,698,722]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austroconops</emphasis>
Wirth and Lee
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFAC2170FFA8FD12FE420307" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAC2170FFA8FD12FE420307" blockId="4.[115,643,742,816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FFA8FD12FDC002CC" ID-CoL="369G" authority="Wirth and Lee, 1958: 337" authorityName="Wirth and Lee" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1958" box="[115,573,742,763]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FFA8FD12FEFE02CC" box="[115,259,742,763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austroconops</emphasis>
Wirth and Lee, 1958: 337
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="AE74E7FAFFAC2170FD95FD12FD7E02CC" box="[590,643,742,763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FF2BFCF5FF480307" ID-CoL="JW89" authority="Wirth and Lee" authorityName="Wirth and Lee" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FF2BFCF5FE010321" box="[240,508,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
Wirth and Lee
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFAC2170FF4BFCB2FDF40567" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAC2170FF4BFCB2FDF40567" blockId="4.[115,644,838,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
DIAGNOSIS:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FEC3FCB2FEA30369" bold="true" box="[280,350,838,862]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Male.</emphasis>
The only extant or fossil
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FFA8FC90FEC7034C" box="[115,314,868,891]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with flagellomere 13 (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FD87FC90FF4403AF" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
) with a subbasal constriction, with two well­developed radial cells, and r­m parallel to R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FF73FC3CFF4C03E1" attach="left" box="[168,177,968,982]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FF1FFC48FEE103E4" box="[196,284,956,979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1K</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FEEEFC4FFE6A03E4" bold="true" box="[309,407,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female.</emphasis>
The only extant or fossil
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FF67FC2DFE7E03C7" box="[188,387,985,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with two well­developed, clearly open, radial cells and r­m parallel to R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FF04FBD4FF150419" attach="left" box="[223,232,1056,1070]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FF23FBE0FEB7041C" box="[248,330,1044,1067]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1L</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FEBAFBE7FE64041C" bold="true" box="[353,409,1043,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Egg.</emphasis>
Only
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FE38FBE0FF5E047F" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with egg (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FEEFFBC5FE73047F" box="[308,398,1073,1096]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) markedly elongate and remaining pale throughout larval development.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FF06FB9FFE3004B4" bold="true" box="[221,461,1131,1155]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larva (all instars).</emphasis>
The only
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FD8AFB98FEED0497" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with markedly elongate antenna bearing an elongate blade and a prognathous head (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FF24FB30FEA204EC" box="[255,351,1220,1243]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">figs. 2H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FEB0FB30FE7204EC" box="[363,399,1220,1243]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FE40FB30FE0F04EC" box="[411,498,1220,1243]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 12. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712477/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12A, B</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FDDCFB37FDB204EC" bold="true" box="[519,591,1219,1243]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pupa.</emphasis>
The only
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAC2170FF67FB15FE6F04CF" box="[188,402,1249,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with the hindleg sheath not exposed from under lateral margin of wing sheath and with abdominal segments 2–8 with bifurcate setae (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FE78FACDFE010567" box="[419,508,1337,1360]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[141,179,1601,1622]" captionTargetBox="[154,1176,183,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-14@8.[152,1176,180,1579]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Structures of immatures of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Habitus of pupa in lateral view; am = anteromedial, dl = dorsolaterals, ad = anterodorsal, vl = ventrolaterals, d = dorsals. B. Third­instar larval prothoracic segment in lateral view. C. Pupal head in ventral view; vm = ventromedial, vl = ventrolaterals. D. Pupal operculum. E. Pupal right anteromedial seta in anteroventral view. F. Pupal dorsolateral setae in dorsal view. Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712447/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 4A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFAC216CFF4BFAA2FC4505F1" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAC2170FF4BFAA2FBD7059F" blockId="4.[115,644,838,1741]" lastBlockId="4.[691,1220,193,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
DESCRIPTION:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FEEEFAA2FD7E0559" bold="true" box="[309,643,1366,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Live adults of both sexes.</emphasis>
With subcutaneous blue­green tissue (likely fat body) externally evident in all areas (head, thorax, abdomen) with membrane or thin cuticle (including tip of halter). Wings completely overlapping at rest. Male with permanently erect antennal setae.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FD9AF9F2FF47060C" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Male adult.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FF1EF9D0FEF9060C" box="[197,260,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head</emphasis>
: Ommatidia narrowly separated dorsomedially, with single vertex seta. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FF1AF9AAFECB0642" box="[193,310,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
) with well­developed plume of permanently erect setae, 13 separate flagellomeres, flagellomeres 12–13 more elongate than preceding flagellomeres, flagello­ mere 12 with or without subbasal constriction, flagellomere 13 with subbasal constriction, flagellomere 1 with two patches of short sensilla trichodea, without sensilla coeloconica. Mouthparts moderately short to moderately long. Mandible elongate (ending near apex of labrum), with several slender terminal spicules. Lacinia elongate, simple. Palpus (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FD60FE58FCC701F4" box="[699,826,428,451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1C, D</figureCitation>
) with 4–5 segments, segment 3 ovoid to elongate, slender, with capitate sensilla scattered on mesal surface or perhaps in pit, at least extant species with membranous area between segment 3 and 4 + 5.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FBBCFDD5FB46020F" box="[1127,1211,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thorax</emphasis>
: With three anterior pronotal apodemes. Scutum with scattered elongate setae. Scutellum rounded or angular in dorsal view. Anapleural suture elongate.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FC45FD63FC260299" box="[926,987,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FC2BFD62FBB7029A" box="[1008,1098,662,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1K</figureCitation>
): Without macrotrichia, fine microtrichia present on all membrane. Alula with fringe of macrotrichia. Costa extending to or beyond apex of R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FB68FD0FFB41033E" attach="right" box="[1203,1212,763,777]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
. Both radial cells present. r­m parallel to R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FB68FCECFB410311" attach="left" box="[1203,1212,792,806]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
. M bifurcating distal to r­m.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FBCCFCDDFBB30377" box="[1047,1102,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Legs</emphasis>
: Femora, tibiae slender. Legs lacking armature, except in some species with stout setae on some or all of first tarsomeres, some with pair of thick setae on apex of tarsomeres 1–4. Tarsal ratio (Ta
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FD02FC3CFD1F03E1" attach="right" box="[729,738,968,982]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
/Ta
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFAC2170FCDDFC3CFCF203E1" attach="right" box="[774,783,968,982]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
) of foreleg/hindleg = 1.4–1.9. Fore­ and midleg trochanter without pair of thick setae. Midleg tibia with or without apical spur. Hindtibia apex with two rows of spines. Hindleg first tarsomere with or without thick basal spine, with scattered setae (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFAC2170FBE3FBBAFB4B0452" box="[1080,1206,1102,1125]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fig. 1M, N</figureCitation>
). Claws on fore­, mid­, hindleg equal in size, both equal on each leg, each claw simple or toothed, apically bifid (possibly simple in Lebanese amber fossils). Slender empodium.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FD68FB15FCDC04CF" box="[691,801,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Genitalia</emphasis>
: Apicolateral process absent to well developed. Gonocoxite short to moderately elongate. Gonostylus variable, apical spine present or absent. Parameres fused medially (known only in extant species). Aedeagus short, setose lobe with ventral plate (known only in extant species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFAC217FFD0BFA5AFE6F02A7" blockId="4.[691,1220,193,1741]" lastBlockId="11.[123,652,193,1741]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FD0BFA5AFC8705F1" bold="true" box="[720,890,1454,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female adult.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAC2170FC59FA5BFC3C05F1" box="[898,961,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head</emphasis>
: Ommatidia narrowly separated dorsomedially, with single vertex seta. Antenna with 13 separate flagellomeres, flagellomeres gradually increasing in length from flagellomeres 2–13 or with flagellomeres 9–13 more elongate than preceding flagellomeres, flagellomere 1 with two groups of short sensilla trichodea, without sensilla coeloconica. Mouthparts moderately elongate, further details not visible in fossils. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA2217EFF2FFA1DFE8D0637" box="[244,368,1513,1536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fig. 1G, H</figureCitation>
) and laciniae with fine teeth in extant species. Palpus (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA2217EFDDFF9F2FD82062A" box="[516,639,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fig. 1E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA2217EFFA8F9D0FF5B060C" box="[115,166,1572,1595]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[149,187,1227,1248]" captionTargetBox="[135,1234,185,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-13@35.[135,1234,184,1205]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 23. Head capsule of Leptoconops gallicus identifying setae (after Clastrier, 1972) (A–C). Female adult left palpus (D–E). A. In dorsal view. B. In lateral view. C. In ventral view. D. Austroconops annettae. E. Leptoconops freeborni. Scale bars: D = 25 µm, E = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712514/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">23D</figureCitation>
) with 4–5 segments, segment 3 ovoid to elongate, with capitate sensilla scattered on mesal surface, at least extant species with membranous area between segments 3 and 4 + 5.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA2217EFF66F96DFEEC0687" box="[189,273,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thorax</emphasis>
: With three anterior pronotal apodemes (known only in extant species). Scutum with scattered elongate setae. Scutellum angular in dorsal view. Anapleural suture elongate.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA2217EFCBFF9D0FC5C060C" box="[868,929,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA2217EFC6CF9D0FBF2060C" box="[951,1039,1572,1595]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fig. 1L</figureCitation>
): Without macrotrichia, fine microtrichia present on all membrane. Alula with or without fringe of macrotrichia. Costa extending to or beyond apex of R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFA2217EFCF0F951FCC90684" attach="left" box="[811,820,1701,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</subScript>
. Both radial cells present. M bifurcating distal to r­m. r­m parallel to R
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFA2217EFB68F937FB4106E6" attach="left" box="[1203,1212,1731,1745]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</subScript>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFFA0FF35FF4F00EF" box="[123,178,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Legs</emphasis>
: Femora, tibiae slender. Legs lacking armature except in some with pair of stout setae on apex of tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs. TR of foreleg/hindleg = 1.7–2.2. Fore­ and midleg trochanter without pair of thick setae. Midleg tibia with or without apical spur. Hindtibia apex with two rows of spines. Hindleg first tarsomere with or without thick basal spine, with scattered slender or stout setae. Claws on fore­, mid­, hindleg equal in size, both equal on each leg, each claw simple or toothed (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFEF4FDF0FE6E022C" box="[303,403,516,539]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" captionTargetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-11@5.[188,1161,186,1498]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of adult Austroconops. A. Male antenna of A. mcmillani. B. Male antenna of A. annettae. C. Right palpus of male A. mcmillani. D. Right palpus of male A. annettae. E. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. F. Right palpus of female A. mcmillani. G. Right mandible of A. mcmillani in anterior view. H. Right mandible of A. annettae in anterior view. I. Hindleg claws of A. mcmillani. J. Hindleg claws of A. annettae. K. Right wing of male A. annettae. L. Right wing of female A. annettae. M. Midleg of male A. mcmillani. N. Midleg of male A. annettae. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fig. 1I, J</figureCitation>
). Empodium slender.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFFA0FDD5FF14020F" box="[123,233,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Genitalia</emphasis>
: Two large, one markedly smaller spermathecae. Sternite 9 continuous medially. Segment 10 with pair of setae. Cerci short to moderately elongate.
</paragraph>
<caption id="25B009D0FFAD2171FF4EFA1AFCD60694" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712439/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[149,187,1518,1539]" targetBox="[188,1161,195,1498]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAD2171FF4EFA1AFCD60694" blockId="5.[123,1227,1518,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Fig. 1. Structures of adult
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FE1DFA1AFDAB0634" box="[454,598,1518,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE1DFA1AFDAB0634" box="[454,598,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FDBEFA1AFD820634" bold="true" box="[613,639,1518,1539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A.</emphasis>
Male antenna of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FC9AFA1AFC370634" box="[833,970,1518,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FC9AFA1AFC370634" box="[833,970,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FC01FA1AFC0F0634" bold="true" box="[986,1010,1518,1539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B.</emphasis>
Male antenna of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FB6FFA1AFF280629" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FB6FFA1AFF280629" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FF3FF9FDFF000629" bold="true" box="[228,253,1545,1566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C.</emphasis>
Right palpus of male
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FE28F9FDFD860629" box="[499,635,1545,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE28F9FDFD860629" box="[499,635,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FD50F9FDFD590629" bold="true" box="[651,676,1545,1566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D.</emphasis>
Right palpus of male
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FC42F9FDFBEF0629" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[921,1042,1545,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FC42F9FDFBEF0629" box="[921,1042,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FBF9F9FDFBC70629" bold="true" box="[1058,1082,1545,1566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E.</emphasis>
Right palpus of female
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FF31F9D0FE8F060E" box="[234,370,1572,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FF31F9D0FE8F060E" box="[234,370,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE5AF9D7FE65060F" bold="true" box="[385,408,1571,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F.</emphasis>
Right palpus of female
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FD7BF9D0FCD5060E" box="[672,808,1572,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FD7BF9D0FCD5060E" box="[672,808,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FCECF9D7FCAF060F" bold="true" box="[823,850,1571,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G.</emphasis>
Right mandible of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FBFCF9D0FB52060E" box="[1063,1199,1572,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FBFCF9D0FB52060E" box="[1063,1199,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in anterior view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FECCF9CAFECF0664" bold="true" box="[279,306,1598,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H.</emphasis>
Right mandible of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FDD3F9CAFD7C0664" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[520,641,1598,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FDD3F9CAFD7C0664" box="[520,641,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in anterior view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FC9EF9CAFCA80664" bold="true" box="[837,853,1598,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">I.</emphasis>
Hindleg claws of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FBC4F9CAFB550664" box="[1055,1192,1598,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FBC4F9CAFB550664" box="[1055,1192,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FB6CF9CAFB360664" bold="true" box="[1207,1227,1598,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">J.</emphasis>
Hindleg claws of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FEE2F9ADFE4C0659" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[313,433,1625,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FEE2F9ADFE4C0659" box="[313,433,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE1BF9ADFE260659" bold="true" box="[448,475,1625,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">K.</emphasis>
Right wing of male
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FD61F9ADFCCE0659" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[698,819,1625,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FD61F9ADFCCE0659" box="[698,819,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FC9AF9ADFCA40659" bold="true" box="[833,857,1625,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
Right wing of female
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FB97F9ADFB390659" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[1100,1220,1625,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FB97F9ADFB390659" box="[1100,1220,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FFA0F987FF6706BF" bold="true" box="[123,154,1651,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M.</emphasis>
Midleg of male
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FE88F980FE2606BE" box="[339,475,1652,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE88F980FE2606BE" box="[339,475,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FE30F987FDF906BF" bold="true" box="[491,516,1651,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N.</emphasis>
Midleg of male
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAD2171FD66F980FCCA06BE" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[701,823,1652,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAD2171FD66F980FCCA06BE" box="[701,823,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: A, B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.05 mm; G–J = 0.01 mm; K, L = 0.1 mm; M, N = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFAE2172FF56FA7FFDD2066C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" targetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAE2172FF56FA7FFDD2066C" blockId="6.[115,1220,1419,1627]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Fig. 2. Structures of immature
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FE2DFA7FFD7B0597" box="[502,646,1419,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FE2DFA7FFD7B0597" box="[502,646,1419,1440]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FD4CFA7FFD4C0597" bold="true" box="[663,689,1419,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A.</emphasis>
Egg of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FCC8FA7FFC630597" box="[787,926,1419,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FCC8FA7FFC630597" box="[787,926,1419,1440]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FC74FA7FFC3A0597" bold="true" box="[943,967,1419,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B.</emphasis>
Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FEE2FA52FE3F058C" box="[313,450,1446,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FEE2FA52FE3F058C" box="[313,450,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FDA3FA51FD6C058D" bold="true" box="[632,657,1445,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C.</emphasis>
First­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FCA3FA52FC0E058C" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[888,1011,1446,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FCA3FA52FC0E058C" box="[888,1011,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FB72FA51FB3E058D" bold="true" box="[1193,1219,1445,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D.</emphasis>
First­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FE91FA35FE2F05E1" box="[330,466,1473,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FE91FA35FE2F05E1" box="[330,466,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FD5AFA34FD6405E2" bold="true" box="[641,665,1472,1493]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
Second­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FC4EFA35FBE005E1" box="[917,1053,1473,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FC4EFA35FBE005E1" box="[917,1053,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FFA8FA2FFF7405C7" bold="true" box="[115,137,1499,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">F.</emphasis>
Third­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FEA2FA2FFDFE05C7" box="[377,515,1499,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FEA2FA2FFDFE05C7" box="[377,515,1499,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FD62FA2FFD2905C7" bold="true" box="[697,724,1499,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FC0BFA2FFBA705C7" box="[976,1114,1499,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FC0BFA2FFBA705C7" box="[976,1114,1499,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FF63FA01FF2E063D" bold="true" box="[184,211,1525,1546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H.</emphasis>
First­instar larval head capsule of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FDB8FA02FD12063C" box="[611,751,1526,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FDB8FA02FD12063C" box="[611,751,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FC76FA01FC40063D" bold="true" box="[941,957,1525,1546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">I.</emphasis>
First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FE48F9E5FDE10611" box="[403,540,1553,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FE48F9E5FDE10611" box="[403,540,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FD16F9E4FD1C0612" bold="true" box="[717,737,1552,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">J.</emphasis>
First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FB77F9E5FF210677" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FB77F9E5FF210677" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from figure K.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FE5EF9DFFE620677" bold="true" box="[389,415,1579,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">K.</emphasis>
First­instar larval head capsule of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAE2172FCCFF9DFFC610677" box="[788,924,1579,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAE2172FCCFF9DFFC610677" box="[788,924,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFAF2173FF4EF9EBFDD106D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" targetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="71705958FFAF2173FF4EF9EBFDD106D9" blockId="7.[123,1228,1566,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FE2FF9EBFD790603" box="[500,644,1567,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FE2FF9EBFD790603" box="[500,644,1567,1588]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FD4FF9EAFD500604" bold="true" box="[660,685,1566,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval head capsule of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FB99F9EBFB310603" box="[1090,1228,1567,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FB99F9EBFB310603" box="[1090,1228,1567,1588]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FD76F9CDFD380679" bold="true" box="[685,709,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B.</emphasis>
Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FF74F9A0FECB065E" box="[175,310,1620,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FF74F9A0FECB065E" box="[175,310,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FE3DF9A0FE02065E" bold="true" box="[486,511,1620,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval head capsule of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FC50F9A0FBF9065E" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[907,1028,1620,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FC50F9A0FBF9065E" box="[907,1028,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FB6AF9A0FB36065E" bold="true" box="[1201,1227,1620,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FD20F99BFC8906B3" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[763,884,1647,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FD20F99BFC8906B3" box="[763,884,1647,1668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FBF8F99AFBC706B4" bold="true" box="[1059,1082,1646,1667]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FDC6F97EFD6706A8" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[541,666,1674,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FDC6F97EFD6706A8" box="[541,666,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FC8DF97DFC9006A9" bold="true" box="[854,877,1673,1694]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">F.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FF20F950FE89068E" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[251,372,1700,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FF20F950FE89068E" box="[251,372,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FE58F950FE63068E" bold="true" box="[387,414,1700,1721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">G.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval head capsule of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FCF0F950FC5E068E" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[811,931,1700,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FCF0F950FC5E068E" box="[811,931,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FB81F950FB88068E" bold="true" box="[1114,1141,1700,1721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H.</emphasis>
Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFAF2173FE42F94BFDDF06E3" box="[409,546,1727,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFAF2173FE42F94BFDDF06E3" box="[409,546,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA0217CFF56F9B5FC1306F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712447/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[141,179,1601,1622]" targetBox="[154,1176,183,1578]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA0217CFF56F9B5FC1306F7" blockId="8.[115,1219,1600,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Fig. 4. Structures of immatures of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA0217CFDCFF9B5FCE80661" box="[532,789,1601,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFDCFF9B5FCE80661" box="[532,789,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFCFFF9B4FCC00662" bold="true" box="[804,829,1600,1621]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A.</emphasis>
Habitus of pupa in lateral view; am = anteromedial, dl = dorsolaterals, ad = anterodorsal, vl = ventrolaterals, d = dorsals.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFBFDF9AFFBC30647" bold="true" box="[1062,1086,1627,1648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B.</emphasis>
Third­instar larval prothoracic segment in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFD97F982FD9806BC" bold="true" box="[588,613,1654,1675]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
Pupal head in ventral view; vm = ventromedial, vl = ventrolaterals.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFEC8F964FED10692" bold="true" box="[275,300,1680,1701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D.</emphasis>
Pupal operculum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFDDBF964FDEA0692" bold="true" box="[512,535,1680,1701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.</emphasis>
Pupal right anteromedial seta in anteroventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA0217CFBBDF964FB810692" bold="true" box="[1126,1148,1680,1701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">F.</emphasis>
Pupal dorsolateral setae in dorsal view. Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA1217DFF4EFA27FBD40665" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712455" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712455/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[149,187,1491,1512]" targetBox="[228,1120,186,1470]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA1217DFF4EFA27FBD40665" blockId="9.[123,1228,1490,1618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 5. Structures of the pupa of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA1217DFDC7FA27FCDC05DF" box="[540,801,1491,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFDC7FA27FCDC05DF" box="[540,801,1491,1512]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFCE8FA26FCB105D0" bold="true" box="[819,844,1490,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A.</emphasis>
Right portion of cephalothorax in dorsal view; am = anteromedial, dm = dorsomedial, dl = dorsolaterals, ad = anterodorsals, d = dorsals.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFFA0F9FCFF6F062A" bold="true" box="[123,146,1544,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B.</emphasis>
Right respiratory organ in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFD9CF9FCFD9D062A" bold="true" box="[583,608,1544,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C.</emphasis>
Right respiratory organ in lateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFBCDF9FCFBD2062A" bold="true" box="[1046,1071,1544,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D.</emphasis>
Seta dpm i in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFED2F9D6FEDC0600" bold="true" box="[265,289,1570,1591]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
Seta vn ii in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFD80F9D6FD8C0600" bold="true" box="[603,625,1570,1591]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">F.</emphasis>
Leg and wing sheaths in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA1217DFBF4F9D6FBB70600" bold="true" box="[1071,1098,1570,1591]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">G.</emphasis>
Abdominal segment 4 in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A, F, G = 0.1 mm; B–E = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA2217EFF56FA91FF310587" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712457/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[141,179,1381,1402]" targetBox="[282,1047,184,1358]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA2217EFF56FA91FF310587" blockId="10.[115,1219,1381,1456]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 6. Structures of the pupa of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA2217EFDDAFA91FCFF054D" box="[513,770,1381,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA2217EFDDAFA91FCFF054D" box="[513,770,1381,1402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA2217EFCCAFA91FCD7054D" bold="true" box="[785,810,1381,1402]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A.</emphasis>
Posterior portion of scutum, metathorax, and first abdominal tergite in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA2217EFDAAFA74FD7405A2" bold="true" box="[625,649,1408,1429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B.</emphasis>
Segment 9 in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="71705958FFA3217FFF43FD62FE05034C" blockId="11.[123,652,193,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFF43FD62FF350299" bold="true" box="[152,200,662,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Egg</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF03FD62FED2029A" box="[216,303,662,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fig. 2A</figureCitation>
): Very light yellowish brown, appearing nearly white during development of larva. Elongate and slender. With 9–10 longitudinal rows of short, minute tubercles, each tubercle slender at base, expanded distally (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF1EFCDDFEE20377" box="[197,287,809,832]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Anterior end more rounded than posterior end. Eggshell opening a single dorsal slit along most of length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFA32163FF43FC75FE23059F" blockId="11.[123,652,193,1741]" lastBlockId="23.[123,652,1249,1741]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFF43FC75FE9403AE" bold="true" box="[152,361,897,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">All larval instars</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFEA3FC75FDEA03AF" box="[376,535,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Head capsule</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFDFCFC75FF6E0382" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 2H, K</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF78FC6AFEE50382" box="[163,280,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3A, C, G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFEF1FC6AFE8B0382" box="[298,374,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFE5CFC6AFE2E0382" box="[391,467,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFE3EFC6AFDC20382" box="[485,575,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 12. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712477/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFD8AFC6AFF6F03E4" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[141,179,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,188,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-14@18.[130,1206,188,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterolateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712479/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13A, B</figureCitation>
): Nearly square in dorsoventrally viewed outline; light brown, with only pigmentation present: dark epipharyngeal bar, premandible, apex of mandible; eye in later instars (some seconds, all thirds, fourths) a single, roughly circular to oval spot. Ecdysial suture extended anteriorly slightly beyond level of sensillum s, possibly longer but difficult to discern; area of thinner cuticle broad in area of sensilla j (anterior one), p, r. Ventral suture not present. Setae all simple (not bifurcate), arrangement as in
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFE8CFB0AFE060522" box="[343,507,1278,1301]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figures 2H, K</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFDD2FB0AFDAF0522" box="[521,594,1278,1301]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3C, G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFDBBFB0AFF6D0504" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF79FAE8FF350504" box="[162,200,1308,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF01FAE8FEC80504" box="[218,309,1308,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 12. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712477/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFE93FAE8FE590504" box="[328,420,1308,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[141,179,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,188,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-14@18.[130,1206,188,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterolateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712479/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13A, B</figureCitation>
; following sensilla present: x (both setae present), t (or possibly an anteriorly placed q), s, p (two long setae, posterior one expanded distally), r (a short peg), j (anterior one a short peg on head capsule; other a more elongate seta on anterior margin of cervix), o (both an equally long seta), w, u, m, v, and y. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFDF9FA1DFF6D062A" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[141,179,1620,1641]" captionTargetBox="[127,1207,186,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-14@14.[127,1207,186,1600]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 9. Right antenna of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. In dorsal view. B. In mesal view. Scale bars: A = 2 µm, B = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 9A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFF78F9F2FF02062A" box="[163,255,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@19.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Antennae of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Right antenna in dorsal view (see fig. 12A for less magnified view). B. Left antenna in distal view. Scale bars: A = 5 µm, B = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712483/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14A, B</figureCitation>
) elongate, with three segments; with well developed, short, basal segment, segments 2–3 short, slender, segment 3 tapering to slender, elongate apex; first segment otherwise bearing greatly elongate, multiporous blade and five other sensilla: accessory blade, sensilla 1–4; sensillum 1 long, slender, with apical pit with small peg; sensillum 2 moderately elongate; sensillum 3 short, bilobed; sensillum 4 moderately elongate, with pores. Labrum (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFC21FEEDFBA00107" box="[1018,1117,281,304]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFBB7FEEDFB380107" box="[1132,1221,281,304]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[141,179,1620,1641]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,187,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-14@20.[130,1206,187,1600]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Right portion of labrum in dorsoanterolateral view. B. Labrum, right antenna, and right mandible in anterolateral view. Scale bars: A = 2 µm, B = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712487/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFD60FEC2FD10017A" box="[699,749,310,333]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFD24FEC2FCE0017A" box="[767,797,310,333]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[141,179,1149,1170]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-16@24.[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Head capsule of the third­instar larva of Austroconops annettae in anterior view; s = sensillum. Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</figureCitation>
) wide, with well developed torma, with well developed, dark, articulating, apically bent premandible; torma abutting lateral margin of stout, black, transverse epipharyngeal bar; epipharyngeal bar forming large, ventrally directed, internal, median lobe, posterodorsally directed bilobed apodeme and lateral apodeme abutting torma; labrum with 10 sensilla: sensilla 1–4 an anterodorsal group, with sensillum 1 a peg in pit, sensillum 2 a styloconicum on cuticular projection, sensilla 3, 4 lobe­shaped with 4 longer than 3, sensillum 5 an elongate seta, sensilla 6, 7 basally stout basiconica, sensilla 8, 9 laterally placed, sensillum 8 short seta, sensillum 9 a short peg, sensillum 10 a stout seta; ventral margin with well developed scopae, 18–21 more­or­less uniform teeth (three lateral teeth more stout) in undivided row. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFCE5FC90FC65034C" box="[830,920,868,891]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 2I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFC73FC90FC36034C" box="[936,971,868,891]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFC00FC90FBF2034C" box="[987,1039,868,891]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 10. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Right mandible and right portion of labrum in anterodorsal view. B. Right maxilla in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712469/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10A</figureCitation>
) curved, apical half tapering to sharp, darkly pigmented, point, with dorsal and ventral grooves; with large to very small lobe (not visible in some specimens) on inner surface; with subbasal seta and minute peg in pit on outer margin; with well developed apodeme attached to dorsal margin of mandible, extending into posterior half of head capsule. Maxilla (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFB43FBBAFD1004B4" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 10. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Right mandible and right portion of labrum in anterodorsal view. B. Right maxilla in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712469/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 10B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFD25FB98FCCC04B4" box="[766,817,1132,1155]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[149,187,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,188,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-11@21.[138,1214,188,1603]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 16. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Anterior portion of head capsule in ventral view. B. Right maxilla in anterolateral view (see Fig. 15B for less magnified view of base of maxilla). Scale bars: A = 10 µm, B = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712489/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFC99FB98FC8804B4" box="[834,885,1132,1155]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17D</figureCitation>
) well developed, wide; palpus elongate; large lobelike, apically tapering plate dorsal to base of palpus; with posteromedial elongate seta; palpus with 4 apical or subapical sensilla, two lateral sensilla each with elongate slender nib; group of 7 thick sensilla lateral to palpus: sensillum 1 extending to about half length of palpus; sensillum 2 with rounded apex; sensillum 3 short, arising near base of sensillum 4; sensillum 4 with elongate apical nib; sensillum 5 on elongate cuticular extension; sensillum 6 with rounded apex, ribbed; sensillum 7 with rounded apex; lateral seta elongate. Pharyngeal complex (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFCB4F9F2FC37062A" box="[879,970,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figs. 2J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFA3217FFC01F9F2FC07062A" box="[986,1018,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3F</figureCitation>
) well developed, epipharynx with two lateral arms, apparently lacking combs (present but difficult to discern in some other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA3217FFC63F9AAFB790642" box="[952,1156,1630,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
). Hypopharynx with lateral arms articulating with lateral apices of lateral arms of epipharynx.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA3217FFD60F943FC5906F9" box="[699,932,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Thorax, abdomen:</emphasis>
Cuticle unpigmented, transparent, thin. Prothorax secondarily divided, with well developed cervix; with elongate proleg (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FED0F9F2FE6D062A" box="[267,400,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">figs. 2C–G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FE7BF9F2FE39062A" box="[416,452,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[141,179,1601,1622]" captionTargetBox="[154,1176,183,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-14@8.[152,1176,180,1579]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Structures of immatures of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Habitus of pupa in lateral view; am = anteromedial, dl = dorsolaterals, ad = anterodorsal, vl = ventrolaterals, d = dorsals. B. Third­instar larval prothoracic segment in lateral view. C. Pupal head in ventral view; vm = ventromedial, vl = ventrolaterals. D. Pupal operculum. E. Pupal right anteromedial seta in anteroventral view. F. Pupal dorsolateral setae in dorsal view. Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712447/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FE08F9F2FE05062A" box="[467,504,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">7B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FDDCF9F2FDC7062A" box="[519,570,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[138,1214,185,1594]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 12. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712477/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">12B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FD92F9F2FD83062A" box="[585,638,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">17A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FFA8F9D0FF6F060C" box="[115,146,1572,1595]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[149,187,1139,1160]" captionTargetBox="[127,1224,185,1117]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[127,1224,185,1117]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Head capsule and anterior proleg of the third­instar larva of Austroconops annettae in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712495/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">18</figureCitation>
), with apical hooks, 5–6 (per half) anterior terminal hooks elongate, posterior hooks short; proleg capable in life of being withdrawn into prothorax (posterior to cervix). Segment nine (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FEE9F96DFE390687" box="[306,452,1689,1712]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">figs. 3B, H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FE02F96DFDCB0687" box="[473,566,1689,1712]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@16.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 11. Abdominal segment 9 of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. With partially extruded proleg and anal papillae, in posterodorsal view. B. In lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712471/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">11A, B</figureCitation>
) with well­separated (with bases not closely ap­ proximated) setae: dorsal setae o, i, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FBABFA2CFB8405D1" attach="left" box="[1136,1145,1496,1510]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
, d, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FB68FA2CFB4105D1" attach="left" box="[1203,1212,1496,1510]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FD60FA01FD390634" attach="left" box="[699,708,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FD00FA01FD190634" attach="left" box="[731,740,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4</subScript>
, ventral setae i, o, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FC17FA01FC280634" attach="left" box="[972,981,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBE2162FC36FA01FC0B0634" attach="right" box="[1005,1014,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
, v; posterior proleg (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FD31F9F2FC8D062A" box="[746,880,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">figs. 2C–G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FC5BF9F2FC59062A" box="[896,932,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FC6EF9F2FBF2062A" box="[949,1039,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@16.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 11. Abdominal segment 9 of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. With partially extruded proleg and anal papillae, in posterodorsal view. B. In lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712471/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">11A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBE2162FBFBF9F2FBAC062A" box="[1056,1105,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">17B</figureCitation>
) a single posterior structure with about 15–20 well developed hooks, dorsal hooks with broader bases than ventral, more slender hooks; ventral hooks with spicules; proleg capable of being extruded or withdrawn into body cavity. Four anal papillae, each apically bifur­ cate. Midgut white, with annulations (obscured by fat body in some third­ and fourthinstar larvae); anterior margin situated at midlength of fourth true abdominal segment (at anterior margin of apparent segment
<quantity id="B637F4BDFFBF2163FD87FAA2FD76055A" box="[604,651,1366,1389]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
larvae with secondarily divided segments). With two Malpighian tubules.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="71705958FFA42178FF56F9B9FC31064A" blockId="12.[115,1219,1613,1661]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA42178FD57F9B9FC6D0655" box="[652,912,1613,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA42178FD57F9B9FC6D0655" box="[652,912,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA42178FC79F9B9FC460655" bold="true" box="[930,955,1613,1634]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A.</emphasis>
Head capsule in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA42178FF6FF99CFF31064A" bold="true" box="[180,204,1640,1661]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B.</emphasis>
Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA52179FF4EF9BBFC070648" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" targetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA52179FF4EF9BBFC070648" blockId="13.[123,1227,1615,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA52179FD5AF9A4FC7E0652" box="[641,899,1616,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA52179FD5AF9A4FC7E0652" box="[641,899,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA52179FC49F9BBFC560653" bold="true" box="[914,939,1615,1636]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A.</emphasis>
Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA52179FEACF99EFE720648" bold="true" box="[375,399,1642,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B.</emphasis>
Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA6217AFF56F9A0FD0906B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712465/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[141,179,1620,1641]" targetBox="[127,1207,186,1600]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA6217AFF56F9A0FD0906B4" blockId="14.[115,1219,1619,1667]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 9. Right antenna of the first­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA6217AFD43F9A0FC65065E" box="[664,920,1620,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA6217AFD43F9A0FC65065E" box="[664,920,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA6217AFB9EF9A7FBA2065F" bold="true" box="[1093,1119,1619,1640]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A.</emphasis>
In dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA6217AFF6FF99AFF3106B4" bold="true" box="[180,204,1646,1667]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B.</emphasis>
In mesal view. Scale bars: A = 2 µm, B = 1 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFA7217BFF4EF9BBFEF306AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712469/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[149,187,1615,1636]" targetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="71705958FFA7217BFF4EF9BBFEF306AD" blockId="15.[123,1227,1615,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig. 10. Structures of the first­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFA7217BFD7DF9A4FC560652" box="[678,939,1616,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA7217BFD7DF9A4FC560652" box="[678,939,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA7217BFBB0F9BBFB780653" bold="true" box="[1131,1157,1615,1636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A.</emphasis>
Right mandible and right portion of labrum in anterodorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFA7217BFD2EF99EFCF00648" bold="true" box="[757,781,1642,1663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B.</emphasis>
Right maxilla in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 2 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFB82164FF56F9B9FB77064A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712471" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712471/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[141,179,1613,1634]" targetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB82164FF56F9B9FB77064A" blockId="16.[115,1219,1613,1661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig. 11. Abdominal segment 9 of the first­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB82164FCDAF9B9FBFF0655" box="[769,1026,1613,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB82164FCDAF9B9FBFF0655" box="[769,1026,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB82164FBCBF9B9FBD40655" bold="true" box="[1040,1065,1613,1634]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A.</emphasis>
With partially extruded proleg and anal papillae, in posterodorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB82164FD06F99CFD08064A" bold="true" box="[733,757,1640,1661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B.</emphasis>
In lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFB92165FF4EF9BBFC290648" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712477/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[149,187,1615,1636]" targetBox="[138,1214,185,1594]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB92165FF4EF9BBFC290648" blockId="17.[123,1227,1615,1663]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig. 12. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB92165FD7EF9A4FC5A0652" box="[677,935,1616,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB92165FD7EF9A4FC5A0652" box="[677,935,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB92165FC6EF9BBFC320653" bold="true" box="[949,975,1615,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A.</emphasis>
Head capsule in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB92165FF67F99EFF290648" bold="true" box="[188,212,1642,1663]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B.</emphasis>
Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBA2166FF56F9ACFBC906BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712479/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[141,179,1624,1645]" targetBox="[130,1206,188,1603]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBA2166FF56F9ACFBC906BF" blockId="18.[115,1218,1624,1672]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig. 13. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBA2166FD78F9ACFC5B065A" box="[675,934,1624,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBA2166FD78F9ACFC5B065A" box="[675,934,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBA2166FC6DF9ACFC32065A" bold="true" box="[950,975,1624,1645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A.</emphasis>
Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBA2166FE6BF986FE3506B0" bold="true" box="[432,456,1650,1671]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B.</emphasis>
Head capsule in anterolateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBB2167FF4EF9BBFE8B06AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712483/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[149,187,1615,1636]" targetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBB2167FF4EF9BBFE8B06AD" blockId="19.[123,1228,1615,1690]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Fig. 14. Antennae of the fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBB2167FD75F9A4FC4C0652" box="[686,945,1616,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBB2167FD75F9A4FC4C0652" box="[686,945,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBB2167FBB6F9BBFB7B0653" bold="true" box="[1133,1158,1615,1636]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A.</emphasis>
Right antenna in dorsal view (see fig. 12A for less magnified view).
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBB2167FCCAF99EFCD40648" bold="true" box="[785,809,1642,1663]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B.</emphasis>
Left antenna in distal view. Scale bars: A = 5 µm, B = 1 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBC2160FF56F9A0FD8A06A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712487/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[141,179,1620,1641]" targetBox="[130,1206,187,1600]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBC2160FF56F9A0FD8A06A9" blockId="20.[115,1219,1619,1694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig. 15. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBC2160FD73F9A0FC51065E" box="[680,940,1620,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBC2160FD73F9A0FC51065E" box="[680,940,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBC2160FBBEF9A7FB83065F" bold="true" box="[1125,1150,1619,1640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A.</emphasis>
Right portion of labrum in dorsoanterolateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBC2160FDB8F99AFD8606B4" bold="true" box="[611,635,1646,1667]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B.</emphasis>
Labrum, right antenna, and right mandible in anterolateral view. Scale bars: A = 2 µm, B = 5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBD2161FF4EF9ACFC740695" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712489/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[149,187,1624,1645]" targetBox="[138,1214,188,1603]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBD2161FF4EF9ACFC740695" blockId="21.[123,1227,1624,1698]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig. 16. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBD2161FD7AF9ACFC5F065A" box="[673,930,1624,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBD2161FD7AF9ACFC5F065A" box="[673,930,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBD2161FB8AF9ACFB96065A" bold="true" box="[1105,1131,1624,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A.</emphasis>
Anterior portion of head capsule in ventral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBD2161FDE3F986FDAD06B0" bold="true" box="[568,592,1650,1671]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B.</emphasis>
Right maxilla in anterolateral view (see Fig. 15B for less magnified view of base of maxilla). Scale bars: A = 10 µm, B = 2 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBE2162FF56FAEFFCA805B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" targetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBE2162FF56FAEFFCA805B7" blockId="22.[115,1219,1307,1408]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBE2162FDDDFAE8FCF60506" box="[518,779,1308,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBE2162FDDDFAE8FCF60506" box="[518,779,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Austroconops mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; s = sensillum.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBE2162FC17FAEFFC180507" bold="true" box="[972,997,1307,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBE2162FDDCFAC2FDE2057C" bold="true" box="[519,543,1334,1355]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B.</emphasis>
Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBE2162FE82FAA4FE8F0552" bold="true" box="[345,370,1360,1381]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C.</emphasis>
Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBE2162FC83FAA4FC8C0552" bold="true" box="[856,881,1360,1381]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D.</emphasis>
Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="25B009D0FFBF2163FF4EFB87FE630495" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712495/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[149,187,1139,1160]" targetBox="[127,1224,185,1117]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="71705958FFBF2163FF4EFB87FE630495" blockId="23.[123,1227,1139,1186]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Fig. 18. Head capsule and anterior proleg of the third­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFBF2163FCA3FB87FB9504BF" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[888,1128,1139,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FCA3FB87FB9504BF" box="[888,1128,1139,1160]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Austroconops annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lateral view. Scale bars = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="71705958FFBF2163FF43FA5AFC08055A" blockId="23.[123,652,1249,1741]" lastBlockId="23.[699,1228,1249,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FF43FA5AFE8505F1" bold="true" box="[152,376,1454,1478]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">First­instar larva</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FE48FA5BFDC305F1" box="[403,574,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Head capsule</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FD83FA5AFF3A05D4" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">figs. 7A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FF02FA38FEFD05D4" box="[217,256,1484,1507]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">8A</figureCitation>
): With dorsal, darkly pigmented egg burster (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FECCFA1DFE800637" box="[279,381,1513,1536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">figs. 2H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FE55FA1DFE260637" box="[398,475,1513,1536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">7A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FE35FA1DFDEF0637" box="[494,530,1513,1536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">8B</figureCitation>
). Without eyespot. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FEB2F9F2FE49062A" box="[361,436,1542,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 2I</figureCitation>
) with large triangular tooth on inner margin (not evident in some specimens). Hypostoma lacking teeth (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FF58F9AAFF160642" box="[131,235,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">figs. 2K</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FEDBF9AAFED90642" box="[256,292,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">8A</figureCitation>
)
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FEE7F9ABFE570641" box="[316,426,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Abdomen</emphasis>
: With or without segments 1–8 secondarily divided (so abdomen appears to have either 9 or 17 segments) (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FF58F942FF0606FA" box="[131,251,1718,1741]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FDF8F942FD3204CF" box="[547,719,1249,1741]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@16.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 11. Abdominal segment 9 of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. With partially extruded proleg and anal papillae, in posterodorsal view. B. In lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712471/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
) with at least dorsal setae o, i, d, l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBF2163FBB7FB19FB8804CC" attach="left" box="[1132,1141,1261,1275]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</subScript>
, 1
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBF2163FB48FB19FB6104CC" attach="none" box="[1171,1180,1261,1275]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</subScript>
, 1
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFBF2163FB60FB19FB3904CC" attach="right" box="[1211,1220,1261,1275]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">3</subScript>
, ventral setae o, i present; others not visible but may be present; dorsal seta o notably thicker, longer than other setae on segment. Hemolymph unpigmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFBF2163FD03FA87FBEB0687" blockId="23.[699,1228,1249,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FD03FA87FC3305BC" bold="true" box="[728,974,1395,1419]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Second­instar larva</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FC04FA80FB7C05BC" box="[991,1153,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Head capsule</emphasis>
: With or without eyespot. Mandible likely (not clearly visible) with moderately sized triangular tooth on inner margin. Hypostoma with well developed row of teeth.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FBCFFA1DFB7F0637" box="[1044,1154,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Abdomen</emphasis>
: With segments 1–8 secondarily divided (so abdomen appears to have 17 segments) (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFBF2163FBB2F9D0FB43060C" box="[1129,1214,1572,1595]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segment 9 with uncertain number of setae; dorsal seta o at least slightly thicker than other setae on segment. Hemolymph unpigmented or very pale pink.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFBF216CFD03F942FE26062A" blockId="23.[699,1228,1249,1742]" lastBlockId="24.[115,644,1249,1741]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FD03F942FC3706F9" bold="true" box="[728,970,1718,1742]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Third­instar larva:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFBF2163FC03F943FB8006F9" box="[984,1149,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Head capsule</emphasis>
: With eyespot. Mandible with small bump on inner margin. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFEAEFB0AFE350522" box="[373,456,1278,1301]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[141,179,1149,1170]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-16@24.[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Head capsule of the third­instar larva of Austroconops annettae in anterior view; s = sensillum. Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712497/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 19</figureCitation>
) with well developed row of teeth, central tooth largest.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFFA8FACDFF1C0567" box="[115,225,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Abdomen</emphasis>
: With segments 1–8 secondarily divided (so abdomen appears to have 17 segments) (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFF0FFA80FED505BC" box="[212,296,1396,1419]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segment 9 with 7 dorsal, 5 ventral setae distributed as in
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFD81FA65FF2905F2" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">figures 3H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFF3FFA5AFEE505F2" box="[228,280,1454,1477]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">17B</figureCitation>
; dorsal seta o at least slightly thicker than other setae on segment. Hemolymph unpigmented or pink. Some fat body visible in more mature larvae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="25B009D0FFB0216CFF56FB89FE4D049A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712497" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4712497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712497/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[141,179,1149,1170]" targetBox="[118,1217,187,1128]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB0216CFF56FB89FE4D049A" blockId="24.[115,1219,1149,1197]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig. 19. Head capsule of the third­instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB0216CFD0BFB89FC3A04A5" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[720,967,1149,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFD0BFB89FC3A04A5" box="[720,967,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Austroconops annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in anterior view; s = sensillum. Scale bar = 5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB0216CFF4BF9D7FCF305BC" blockId="24.[115,644,1249,1741]" lastBlockId="24.[691,1219,1249,1478]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFF4BF9D7FE7E060C" bold="true" box="[144,387,1571,1595]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fourth­instar larva</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFE4DF9D0FDC5060C" box="[406,568,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Head capsule</emphasis>
: With eyespot. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFE80F9B5FE51066F" box="[347,428,1601,1624]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 3E</figureCitation>
) with small bump on inner margin. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFE03F9AAFDC40642" box="[472,569,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">figs. 3G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFD9CF9AAFD870642" box="[583,634,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[149,187,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,188,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-11@21.[138,1214,188,1603]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 16. Structures of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Anterior portion of head capsule in ventral view. B. Right maxilla in anterolateral view (see Fig. 15B for less magnified view of base of maxilla). Scale bars: A = 10 µm, B = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712489/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">16A</figureCitation>
) with well developed row of teeth, central tooth largest.
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFEC1F96DFE750687" box="[282,392,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Abdomen</emphasis>
: With segments 1–8 secondarily divided (so abdomen appears to have 17 segments) (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFC46FB15FC0904CF" box="[925,1012,1249,1272]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 2G</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segment 9 with 7 dorsal, 5 ventral setae distributed as in
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFC99FAE8FC3B0504" box="[834,966,1308,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">figures 3H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFC01FAE8FBF30504" box="[986,1038,1308,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[141,179,1307,1328]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-16@22.[118,1217,187,1288]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Structures of larvae of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Fourth­instar larval anterior proleg in anterolateral view. B. Fourth­instar larval posterior portion of abdominal segment 9 in dorsolateral view. C. Third­instar larval labrum in anterior view. D. Third­instar larval left maxilla in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm, C = 2 µm, D = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712493/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">17B</figureCitation>
; dorsal seta o equal in diameter to other long setae on segment. Hemolymph pink or reddish. Fat body present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB0216CFD0BFA65FC4505F1" blockId="24.[691,1219,1249,1478]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFD0BFA65FCEC059E" bold="true" box="[720,785,1425,1449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pupa</emphasis>
: Only pupa known is of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB0216CFB96FA65FD1D05F1" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB0216CFB96FA65FD1D05F1" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB0216DFD68FA05FF4900C2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB0216CFD68FA05FBF10630" blockId="24.[691,1036,1521,1544]" box="[691,1036,1521,1544]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">DISTRIBUTION AND BIONOMICS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB0216DFD0BF9D6FF4900C2" blockId="24.[691,1220,1570,1741]" lastBlockId="25.[123,652,193,1742]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The only two extant species are restricted to southwestern
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB0216CFCA9F9B4FC200660" box="[882,989,1600,1623]" name="Australia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB0216CFC37F9B4FBB20660" box="[1004,1103,1600,1623]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[149,187,1640,1661]" captionTargetBox="[113,1237,190,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-11@33.[113,1237,190,1620]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 22. A. Sketch of a kangaroo indicating the main areas of scratching (eyes, forelegs, backlegs, taut belly of female carrying joey). B. Map of Western Australia showing the distribution of extant species of Austroconops. C. Map of a portion of Yanchep National Park showing the distribution of Austroconops mcmillani within the park. Letters A–E indicate specific collection sites referred to in the" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712512/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">fig. 22B</figureCitation>
), but Cretaceous fossils are known from
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB0216CFBBCF9AAFB420642" box="[1127,1215,1630,1653]" name="France" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB0216CFD68F98FFD0506A5" box="[691,760,1659,1682]" name="Spain" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Spain</collectingCountry>
, Siberia,
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB0216CFCBDF98FFC3206A5" box="[870,975,1659,1682]" name="Lebanon" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB0216CFBD6F98FFB8306A5" box="[1037,1150,1659,1682]" name="Myanmar" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB0216CFB56F98FFCB50687" author="Borkent, A." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="355 - 452" refId="ref33203" refString="Borkent, A. 2000 a. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp. 355 - 452. Leiden: Backhuys." type="book chapter" year="2000">Borkent, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
; Szadziewski, in press; Szadziewski and Arillo, 2001), proving that the genus was once much more broadly distributed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB1216DFF43FF08FBB6020F" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFF43FF08FF50034C" blockId="25.[123,652,193,1742]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The only species in which females have been observed to bite are those of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFDC3FEEDFF550179" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFDC3FEEDFF550179" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which feed on kangaroos and humans. However, the finely serrate mandible and retrorse lacinial teeth of the adult females of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFFA0FE7BFEF90191" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[123,260,399,422]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFFA0FE7BFEF90191" box="[123,260,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strongly indicate that these too feed on vertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFE5FFE58FF5601D7" author="Borkent, A." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33102" refString="Borkent, A. 1995. Biting midges in the Cretaceous amber of North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Leiden: Backhuys, 237 pp." type="book" year="1995">Borkent, 1995: 129– 132</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology of the claws of the female of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFF27FE13FE7A01C9" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[252,391,487,510]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFF27FE13FE7A01C9" box="[252,391,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
additionally may indicate that these feed on birds (see discussion below under that species). The mouthparts of fossil
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFF18FDCBFE9E0261" box="[195,355,575,598]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFF18FDCBFE9E0261" box="[195,355,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not visible (
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFDFFFDCAFF3B0244" author="Borkent, A." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="355 - 452" refId="ref33203" refString="Borkent, A. 2000 a. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp. 355 - 452. Leiden: Backhuys." type="book chapter" year="2000">Borkent, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
), and therefore it is uncertain what they fed upon. The presence, however, of vertebrate blood­feeding in
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFE18FD63FDA50299" box="[451,600,663,686]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFE18FD63FDA50299" box="[451,600,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the phylogenetic position of the genus as an early lineage within the family where vertebrate blood­feeding is plesiotypic strongly suggest that all extinct species fed on vertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFF01FCDDFE720377" author="Borkent, A." box="[218,399,809,832]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33102" refString="Borkent, A. 1995. Biting midges in the Cretaceous amber of North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Leiden: Backhuys, 237 pp." type="book" year="1995">Borkent, 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFE7EFCDDFE0C0377" author="Borkent, A." box="[421,497,809,832]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="355 - 452" refId="ref33203" refString="Borkent, A. 2000 a. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp. 355 - 452. Leiden: Backhuys." type="book chapter" year="2000">2000a</bibRefCitation>
). Details of male swarming in
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFE8EFCB3FE170369" box="[341,490,839,862]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFE8EFCB3FE170369" box="[341,490,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFF43FC75FDFE06A4" blockId="25.[123,652,193,1742]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
First­instar larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFE7AFC75FDD103AF" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[417,556,897,920]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFE7AFC75FDD103AF" box="[417,556,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFDA9FC75FF120381" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFDA9FC75FF120381" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were both successfully reared to fourth­instar larvae (and
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFE7DFC48FDC003E4" box="[422,573,956,979]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFE7DFC48FDC003E4" box="[422,573,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the pupal stage) in very wet soil, with regular (generally every second day) additions of nematodes and a fecal infusion. All instars of the aquatic larvae were clearly attracted to fresh drops of fecal infusion as shown by the concentrations of larvae directly under these drops and they were rarely seen to feed on nematodes. This phenomenon, and the presence of well developed, finely toothed scopae (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB1216DFF58FB15FF1904CF" box="[131,228,1249,1272]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">figs. 3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB1216DFF28FB15FEEC04CF" box="[243,273,1249,1272]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[141,179,1149,1170]" captionTargetBox="[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-16@24.[118,1217,187,1128]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 19. Head capsule of the third­instar larva of Austroconops annettae in anterior view; s = sensillum. Scale bar = 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712497/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">19</figureCitation>
) suggest that they are likely associated with feces or concentrated decomposing vegetation in nature (producing an abundance of microorganisms). Some second, nearly all third, and all fourth­instar larvae had pink or red hemolymph, indicating the presence of hemoglobin, which additionally suggests that they may be associated with an oxygen deficient wet habitat. Larvae cannot swim but use a combination of their anterior and posterior prolegs and, especially in later instars, a relatively slow serpentine body motion to move through wet substrate. Further details of behavior and habitat are provided below for each species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFF43F96DFBB6020F" blockId="25.[123,652,193,1742]" lastBlockId="25.[699,1228,193,568]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFF43F96DFE620687" author="Borkent, A. &amp; W. W. Wirth &amp; A. L. Dyce" box="[152,415,1689,1712]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="587 - 606" refId="ref33533" refString="Borkent, A., W. W. Wirth, and A. L. Dyce. 1987. The newly discovered male of Austroconops (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) with a discussion of the phylogeny of the basal lineages of the Ceratopogonidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89: 587 - 606." type="journal article" year="1987">Borkent et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the blue­green pigmentation of live adult
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFDA9F943FCD200EF" box="[626,815,193,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFDA9F943FCD200EF" box="[626,815,193,1742]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have indicated that the then unknown larvae were feeding on algae because this coloration has been observed in some
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCDDFEEDFC300107" box="[774,973,281,304]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
such as some
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFB54FEEDFCF80179" authorityName="Latrielle" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFB54FEEDFCF80179" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species of the
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFC1BFEC3FBE30179" box="[960,1054,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">schulzei</emphasis>
species group and some
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCE7FEA0FBEA015C" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[828,1047,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCE7FEA0FC4A015C" box="[828,951,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dasyhelea</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
species which feed on algae as larvae. Our observations here show that the relationship between algal feeding and adult color is not substantiated for at least
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCE4FE3DFC2801D7" box="[831,981,457,480]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCE4FE3DFC2801D7" box="[831,981,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as larvae matured to adulthood without feeding on algae.
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFBAFFE13FC84022C" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFBAFFE13FC84022C" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Austroconops annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also successfully reared to the fourth­instar without algae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB1216DFD60FD97FC33024E" box="[699,974,611,634]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFD60FD97FC33024E" blockId="25.[699,974,611,634]" box="[699,974,611,634]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB1216EFD03FD60FBAE040D" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFD03FD60FC5903A1" blockId="25.[699,1228,660,1741]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
We consider the elongate, pale egg of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFB4DFD60FCD202FE" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFB4DFD60FCD202FE" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species unique within the family. Eggs laid by other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFC7FFD3BFB9602D1" box="[932,1131,719,742]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
are initially pale but soon turn dark. However, of 103 extant genera, eggs have been described for only 18 genera and of those, 4 genera are known only as eggs described from within the female abdomen (so their final color cannot be determined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB1216DFD03FC68FBD706FA" blockId="25.[699,1228,660,1741]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
We identified the four larval instars of both species based on the following evidence. First­instar larvae are easily identified by their darkly pigmented egg burster (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB1216DFB43FC00FD1C041E" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[141,179,1419,1440]" captionTargetBox="[207,1122,186,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[206,1126,185,1398]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of immature Austroconops. A. Egg of A. mcmillani. B. Detail of tubercles on surface of egg of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. First­instar larva of A. annettae in lateral view. D. First­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. E. Second­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. F. Third­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. G. Fourth­instar larva of A. mcmillani in lateral view. H. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. I. First­instar larval right mandible and apodeme of A. mcmillani in dorsal view. J. First­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. mcmillani from figure K. K. First­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–G = 0.1 mm; B, H–K = 0.01 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712441/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">figs. 2H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB1216DFD36FBE6FCC9041E" box="[749,820,1042,1065]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[141,179,1613,1634]" captionTargetBox="[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-14@12.[130,1206,186,1592]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule in dorsal view. B. Head capsule and anterior proleg in lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712461/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">7A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB1216DFC9AFBE6FC9B041E" box="[833,870,1042,1065]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@13.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 8. Structures of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani. A. Head capsule and anterior proleg in ventral view. B. Head capsule in anterodorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712463/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">8B</figureCitation>
). Because of the small number of measured second and fourth­instars of reared
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCC9FBB8FC4F0454" box="[786,946,1100,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCC9FBB8FC4F0454" box="[786,946,1100,1123]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae it was initially difficult to identify the instars 2–4. The fourth­instar of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCAEFB73FBF704A9" box="[885,1034,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCAEFB73FBF704A9" box="[885,1034,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was confidently identified because one of these molted to the pupal stage. Although the head capsule of this individual was not retrieved from the mud and therefore not measured, observations before it pupated showed that it was clearly close to, or within, the range of measurements reported here. Head capsule length increments of all instars followed Dyar’s Law, increasing by a factor of 1.32, 1.31, and 1.34 for
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCF6FA58FC3505F4" box="[813,968,1452,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCF6FA58FC3505F4" box="[813,968,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 1.33, 1.32, and 1.25 for
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFCF7FA3EFC4505D6" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[812,952,1482,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFCF7FA3EFC4505D6" box="[812,952,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The latter value, the factor of change for third to fourth­instar, may be due to the small sample size of fourth­instar
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFC82F9D7FC1E060D" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[857,995,1571,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFC82F9D7FC1E060D" box="[857,995,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or perhaps to less than optimal feeding conditions (and hence smaller individuals). These values are similar to those reported for species of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB1216DFB93F98FFB3906A5" authorityName="Latrielle" authorityYear="1809" box="[1096,1220,1659,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB1216DFB93F98FFB3906A5" box="[1096,1220,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are about 1.4 (
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFC0FF96DFD0406FA" author="Kettle, D. S. &amp; J. W. H. Lawson" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="421 - 467" refId="ref34321" refString="Kettle, D. S., and J. W. H. Lawson. 1952. The early stages of British biting midges Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and allied genera. Bulletin of Entomological Research 43: 421 - 467, pls. 14 - 19." type="journal article" year="1952">Kettle and Lawson, 1952</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB1216DFCDCF942FBE306FA" author="Kettle, D. S. &amp; M. M. Elson" box="[775,1054,1718,1741]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="23 - 29" refId="ref34280" refString="Kettle, D. S., and M. M. Elson. 1975. The undescribed male and immature stages of Culicoides interrogatus Lee and Reye. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1975">Kettle and Elson, 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFF4BFF35FDED01CA" blockId="26.[115,644,193,1741]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
There are significant statistical differences in egg characteristics (table 3) and larval head capsule lengths (table 4) of the different instars between
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFEE3FEEDFE2C0107" box="[312,465,281,304]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFEE3FEEDFE2C0107" box="[312,465,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFDC8FEEDFF6B0179" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFDC8FEEDFF6B0179" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Considering, however, that these immatures were obtained from eggs laid by a very few females, and that the larvae were reared under laboratory conditions, the size differences noted here may be artifacts. Otherwise, eggs and larvae of the two species could not be distinguished from one another.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFF4BFDF0FDEF02FC" blockId="26.[115,644,193,1741]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFEC9FDF0FE4F022C" box="[274,434,516,539]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFEC9FDF0FE4F022C" box="[274,434,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, when compared to other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFF06FDD5FE5A020F" box="[221,423,545,568]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
, are missing head capsule sensilla z, k (sensory pit), and q. Also, there are two additional dorsolateral setae on larval abdominal segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB2216EFDC5FD8DFD8902A7" box="[542,628,633,656]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1567,1588]" captionTargetBox="[177,1169,186,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[176,1170,185,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Structures of larvae of Austroconops. A. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. mcmillani in anterior view; antennae and maxillae not shown. B. Third­instar larval posterior portion of segment 9 of A. mcmillani in lateral view. C. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in dorsal view. D. Fourth­instar larval epipharyngeal bar and premandibles of A. annettae in dorsal view. E. Fourth­instar larval left mandible and apodeme of A. annettae in dorsal view. F. Fourth­instar larval pharyngeal complex of A. annettae. G. Fourth­instar larval head capsule of A. annettae in ventral view. H. Fourthinstar larval segment 9 of A. mcmillani in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars: A–G = 0.05 mm; H = 0.1 mm; D–F are from figures C and G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712443/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">fig. 3H</figureCitation>
), here labeled as l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFB2216EFEEBFD57FEC40286" attach="left" box="[304,313,675,689]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">3</subScript>
and l
<subScript id="ED4B5B1DFFB2216EFEA0FD57FE790286" attach="left" box="[379,388,675,689]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">4</subScript>
, which have not been reported in other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFE9FFD40FDF302FC" box="[324,526,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFF4BFD25FDFB05F2" blockId="26.[115,644,193,1741]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The larval antennal sensilla of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFDD4FD25FF320332" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
have never been described in sufficient detail to determine most homologies within and outside the family. Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD95FCDDFF1A0369" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD95FCDDFF1A0369" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have a well­defined basal segment bearing 6 apical sensilla and a further second and third segment (
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB2216EFE2FFC75FD8003AF" box="[500,637,897,920]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[141,179,1620,1641]" captionTargetBox="[127,1207,186,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-14@14.[127,1207,186,1600]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 9. Right antenna of the first­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. In dorsal view. B. In mesal view. Scale bars: A = 2 µm, B = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712465/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">figs. 9A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB2216EFFA8FC6AFF310382" box="[115,204,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[149,187,1615,1636]" captionTargetBox="[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-11@19.[138,1214,186,1595]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Antennae of the fourth­instar larva of Austroconops mcmillani; s = sensillum. A. Right antenna in dorsal view (see fig. 12A for less magnified view). B. Left antenna in distal view. Scale bars: A = 5 µm, B = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712483/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">14A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E9F445DDFFB2216EFF06FC6AFEE90382" box="[221,276,926,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[149,187,1641,1662]" captionTargetBox="[127,1224,186,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[127,1224,186,1621]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 20. Structures of third­instar larva of Austroconops annettae; s = sensillum. A. Left antenna and dorsal portion of labrum in dorsal view. B. Labrum in anterodorsal view. Scale bars: A = 5 µm, B = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4712501/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">20A</figureCitation>
). Based on position, relatively large size, and a uniformly porous surface, the most elongate, porous sensillum is homologous to the ‘‘large lobe’’ present in
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD8CFC03FDB6041C" authority="(Murphree and Mullen, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Murphree and Mullen" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD8CFC03FF30041C" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Culicoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFF38FBE0FDBF041C" author="Murphree, C. S. &amp; G. R. Mullen" box="[227,578,1044,1067]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="269 - 399" refId="ref34801" refString="Murphree, C. S., and G. R. Mullen. 1991. Comparative larval morphology of the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America with a key to species. Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecology 16: 269 - 399." type="journal article" year="1991">Murphree and Mullen, 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and most other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFED2FBC5FE2D047F" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[265,464,1073,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ceratopogoninae">Ceratopogoninae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFE32FBC5FEE70452" author="Borkent, A. &amp; B. Bissett" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="153 - 217" refId="ref33369" refString="Borkent, A., and B. Bissett. 1990. A revision of the Holarctic species of Serromyia Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Systematic Entomology 15: 153 - 217." type="journal article" year="1990">Borkent and Bissett, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFEEAFBBAFD8A0452" author="Borkent, A. &amp; D. A. Craig" box="[305,631,1102,1125]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33404" refString="Borkent, A., and D. A. Craig. 1999. A revision of the Neotropical genus Baeodasymyia Clastrier and Raccurt (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with a discussion of their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3274: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1999">Borkent and Craig, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Based on position and some details of structure, the following sensilla are likely homologous to sensilla in
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFE52FB52FDC9048A" baseAuthorityName="Saether" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[393,564,1190,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
: most elongate, porous sensillum = blade; mesal short sensillum = accessory blade; short bilobed sensillum labeled sensillum 3 here = fused style and peg sensillum. The remaining three short sensilla do not have readily apparent homologies with
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFE43FAA2FDBF055A" baseAuthorityName="Saether" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[408,578,1366,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
; they are labeled here as sensilla 1, 2, and 4. Sensillum 1 has an open apex bearing a tiny peg. Sensillum 4 has a porous surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFF4BFA38FC4D01F0" blockId="26.[115,644,193,1741]" lastBlockId="26.[691,1220,193,1082]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The labrum of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFEBEFA38FDF805D4" box="[357,517,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFEBEFA38FDF805D4" box="[357,517,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a number of similarities to other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFE38FA1DFF5A062A" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
. Sensilla 1–4 are clearly present as a group on the labra of most other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFDD4F9D0FF32066F" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFF05F9B5FDF9066F" author="Hribar, L. J. &amp; G. R. Mullen" box="[222,516,1601,1624]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3 - 71" refId="ref34077" refString="Hribar, L. J., and G. R. Mullen. 1991. Comparative morphology of the mouthparts and associated feeding structures of biting midge larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 26 (3): 3 - 71." type="journal article" year="1991">Hribar and Mullen, 1991</bibRefCitation>
, labeled as ‘‘sensillum styloconicum’’). In many
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFDF3F9AAFF3406A4" baseAuthorityName="Saether" baseAuthorityYear="1980" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
the two sensilla SIVA amd SIVB on the anterior portion of the labrum are morphologically very similar to S2 and S4, and these are likely homologous.
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFBC6FF35FB3E00EF" baseAuthorityName="Saether" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[1053,1219,193,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
S1, just dorsal to the labral lamellae, probably is homologous to our S10, and the scopae present in
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFCECFEEFFC2A0105" box="[823,983,283,306]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFCECFEEFFC2A0105" box="[823,983,283,306]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFBC0FEEFFD260178" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ceratopogoninae">Ceratopogoninae</taxonomicName>
are probably homologous to the labral lamellae (Wiederholm, 1983). Further detailed comparisons require further study of these structures in numerous taxa (both SEM and study of nerves).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD0BFE3AFD15035E" blockId="26.[691,1220,193,1082]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFD0BFE3AFC2201D2" author="Borkent, A. &amp; W. W. Wirth &amp; A. L. Dyce" box="[720,991,462,485]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="587 - 606" refId="ref33533" refString="Borkent, A., W. W. Wirth, and A. L. Dyce. 1987. The newly discovered male of Austroconops (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) with a discussion of the phylogeny of the basal lineages of the Ceratopogonidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89: 587 - 606." type="journal article" year="1987">Borkent et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
reported an ‘‘Mshaped apodeme’’ in the female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FDFEFCB50216" box="[691,840,522,545]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FDFEFCB50216" box="[691,840,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In further study we are puzzled as to the nature of this structure, which varies in both
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFCCBFDB2FC5A026A" box="[784,935,582,605]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFCCBFDB2FC5A026A" box="[784,935,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFC3EFDB2FB96026A" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[997,1131,582,605]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFC3EFDB2FB96026A" box="[997,1131,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a faint M­shaped sclerotization to the presence of a pair of laterally positioned, pigmented sclerites. Some other
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFC1BFD6BFB7A0281" box="[960,1159,671,694]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
also have sclerotized structures anterior to the fused or separated sternite 9 (e.g., some
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFB55FD2FFCE10327" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFB55FD2FFCE10327" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptoconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, some
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFC52FD0DFBF80327" baseAuthorityName="Murphree and Mullen" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[905,1029,761,784]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFC52FD0DFBF80327" box="[905,1029,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFBFBFD0DFCF2031A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Alluaudomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFBFBFD0DFB3E0327" box="[1056,1219,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Alluaudomyia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
, and others). Careful histological study is needed to better interpret this feature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD0BFC84FBAE040D" blockId="26.[691,1220,193,1082]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Cladistic analysis below indicates that, among extant taxa,
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFC43FC7AFBC50392" box="[920,1080,910,933]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFC43FC7AFBC50392" box="[920,1080,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFCF9FC58FC4A03F4" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[802,951,940,963]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFCF9FC58FC4A03F4" box="[802,951,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptoconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that together they form the sister group to all remaining extant
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FC13FC8003C9" box="[691,893,999,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
. Eight species of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFBB7FC1CFCF8042A" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFBB7FC1CFCF8042A" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are now known: two of these are extant and six are Cretaceous fossils:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB2216EFD68FBACFCBC0632" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FBACFC2704BF" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FBACFCD0045A" ID-CoL="JW87" authority="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG, 2004" authorityName="BORKENT &amp; CRAIG" authorityYear="2004" box="[691,813,1112,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annettae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FBACFCD0045A" box="[691,813,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. annettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="58883831FFB2216EFCE6FBACFC93045A" box="[829,878,1112,1133]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Borkent, this publication.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFB4BFBACFCFE04BF" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="B30B97BAFFB2216EFCC9FB87FC2904BF" box="[786,980,1139,1160]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FB7AFC1F0489" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FB7AFB420494" ID-CoL="8B5RG" authority="Szadziewski and Schluter, 1992: 78" authorityName="Szadziewski and Schluter" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1992" box="[691,1215,1166,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borkenti">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FB7AFCD60494" box="[691,811,1166,1187]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. borkenti</emphasis>
Szadziewski and Schlüter, 1992: 78
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFD16FB5DFCE50489" box="[717,792,1193,1214]" name="France" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
. Upper Cretaceous
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FB31FCA304C2" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="51DF7E76FFB2216EFD68FB31FCA304C2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="F06E7F49FFB2216EFD68FB31FBE904EE" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[691,1044,1220,1242]" page="38" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1996">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FB31FBE904EE" ID-CoL="8B5RJ" authority="Szadziewski, 1996: 38" authorityName="Szadziewski" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1996" box="[691,1044,1220,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FB31FCE604ED" box="[691,795,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. fossilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFCF9FB30FBE904EE" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[802,1044,1220,1241]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="23 - 86" refId="ref35430" refString="Szadziewski, R. 1996. Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and Upper Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Studia Dipterologica 3: 23 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Szadziewski, 1996: 38</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBFBFB30FB8204EE" box="[1056,1151,1220,1241]" name="Lebanon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
. Low­ er Cretaceous
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FB0FFCB5051C" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="51DF7E76FFB2216EFD68FB0FFCB5051C" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="F06E7F49FFB2216EFD68FB0FFBFA0527" author="Borkent, A." box="[691,1031,1275,1296]" page="378" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="2000">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FB0FFBFA0527" ID-CoL="JW88" authority="Borkent, 2000 a: 378" authorityName="Borkent" authorityPageNumber="378" authorityYear="2000" box="[691,1031,1275,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladius">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FB0FFCE20527" box="[691,799,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. gladius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFCF3FB0FFBFA0527" author="Borkent, A." box="[808,1031,1275,1296]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="355 - 452" refId="ref33203" refString="Borkent, A. 2000 a. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp. 355 - 452. Leiden: Backhuys." type="book chapter" year="2000">Borkent, 2000a: 378</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBC8FB0FFB8F0527" box="[1043,1138,1275,1296]" name="Lebanon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
. Lower Cretaceous.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FAC5FC730556" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="51DF7E76FFB2216EFD68FAC5FC730556" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="F06E7F49FFB2216EFD68FAC5FBA80571" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[691,1109,1329,1350]" page="38" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1996">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FAC5FBA80571" ID-CoL="8B5RK" authority="Szadziewski, 1996: 38" authorityName="Szadziewski" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1996" box="[691,1109,1329,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gondwanicus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FAC5FCA60571" box="[691,859,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. gondwanicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFCB8FAC5FBA80571" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[867,1109,1329,1350]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="23 - 86" refId="ref35430" refString="Szadziewski, R. 1996. Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and Upper Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Studia Dipterologica 3: 23 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Szadziewski, 1996: 38</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBBAFAC5FB3D0571" box="[1121,1216,1329,1350]" name="Lebanon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
. Lower Cretaceous
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FA9CFC6105AF" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FA9CFBAA054A" ID-CoL="JW89" authority="Wirth and Lee, 1958: 337" authorityName="Wirth and Lee" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1958" box="[691,1111,1384,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcmillani">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FA9CFCC7054A" box="[691,826,1384,1405]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. mcmillani</emphasis>
Wirth and Lee, 1958: 337
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBB8FA9CFB3E054A" box="[1123,1219,1384,1405]" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="B30B97BAFFB2216EFD0FFA77FC6805AF" box="[724,917,1411,1432]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FA6AFC6B05F9" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="51DF7E76FFB2216EFD68FA6AFC6B05F9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="F06E7F49FFB2216EFD68FA6AFBB30584" author="Borkent, A." box="[691,1102,1438,1459]" page="381" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="2000">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FA6AFBB30584" ID-CoL="5W9DM" authority="Borkent, 2000 a: 381" authorityName="Borkent" authorityPageNumber="381" authorityYear="2000" box="[691,1102,1438,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megaspinus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FA6AFCA90584" box="[691,852,1438,1459]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. megaspinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFCB8FA6AFBB30584" author="Borkent, A." box="[867,1102,1438,1459]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="355 - 452" refId="ref33203" refString="Borkent, A. 2000 a. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp. 355 - 452. Leiden: Backhuys." type="book chapter" year="2000">Borkent, 2000a: 381</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBBAFA6AFB3D0584" box="[1121,1216,1438,1459]" name="Lebanon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
. Lower Cretaceous.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD68FA21FCBC0632" blockId="26.[691,1220,1112,1541]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="51DF7E76FFB2216EFD68FA21FCBC0632" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="F06E7F49FFB2216EFD68FA21FBD905DE" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[691,1060,1492,1514]" page="40" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1996">
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFD68FA21FBD905DE" authority="Szadziewski, 1996: 40" authorityName="Szadziewski" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1996" box="[691,1060,1492,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibericus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFD68FA21FCD305DD" box="[691,814,1493,1514]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. sibericus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFCEEFA20FBD905DE" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[821,1060,1492,1513]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="23 - 86" refId="ref35430" refString="Szadziewski, R. 1996. Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and Upper Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Studia Dipterologica 3: 23 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Szadziewski, 1996: 40</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="09D819C8FFB2216EFBF4FA20FB8505DE" box="[1071,1144,1492,1513]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Russia</collectingCountry>
. Upper Cretaceous
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39D50AD3FFB2216EFD0BF9D5FB3E06FA" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="71705958FFB2216EFD0BF9D5FB3E06FA" blockId="26.[691,1219,1569,1742]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFCB1F9D5FB3E060F" authority="Szadziewski" authorityName="Szadziewski" authorityYear="2000" box="[874,1219,1569,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Jordanoconops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFCB1F9D5FBE0060F" box="[874,1053,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Jordanoconops</emphasis>
Szadziewski
</taxonomicName>
was proposed as a monotypic genus to include a Lower Cretaceous Jordanian amber fossil,
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFCD8F98FFC3A0698" authority="Szadziewski (Szadziewski, 2000)" authorityName="Szadziewski (Szadziewski" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Jordanoconops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weitschati">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFCD8F98FFBCB06A5" box="[771,1078,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Jordanoconops weitschati</emphasis>
Szadziewski (
<bibRefCitation id="155E24A9FFB2216EFD00F96CFC430698" author="Szadziewski, R." box="[731,958,1688,1711]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="251 - 256" refId="ref35498" refString="Szadziewski, R. 2000. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Jordan. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 69: 251 - 256." type="journal article" year="2000">Szadziewski, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It may actually be a member of
<taxonomicName id="B6CF22DBFFB2216EFC9FF943FC1906F9" box="[836,996,1719,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Austroconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="43BB854AFFB2216EFC9FF943FC1906F9" box="[836,996,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austroconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below under
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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