treatments-xml/data/53/27/87/532787AB570FFF8E89E97F24FCB5E376.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3790420" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dfe018cb-a9a3-4189-a161-69ff8cbfbe7b" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163815809" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3790420" ID-ZooBank="C6AA8595-6A57-4ACD-B0A1-3AE36F7C8701" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E766981C-D9EC-48DF-9C9D-D02EC2AC9744" checkinTime="1587970614687" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kawahara, Akito Y., Nishida, Kenji &amp; Davis, Donald R." docDate="2009" docId="532787AB570FFF8E89E97F24FCB5E376" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2098.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 27 (27)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@55b80e5e" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis 2009, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="E766981C-D9EC-48DF-9C9D-D02EC2AC9744" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="AF1EFFD35702FF9B89657C04FFCAE651" masterDocTitle="Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="introduction" updateTime="1636503236732" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">AEE810A3-1680-434B-89C5-F27AF4C97C84</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kawahara@umd.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nishida, Kenji</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">E936E053-36E1-4087-AEBE-796C8EB59A2A</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Davis, Donald R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">FC851800-FEE2-46CF-8C55-B4A2D5EEFF66</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, NHB- 105, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, D. C., 20013 - 7012 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2009-11-09</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>7</mods:start>
<mods:end>30</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.27.250</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">dfe018cb-a9a3-4189-a161-69ff8cbfbe7b</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576564</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C6AA8595-6A57-4ACD-B0A1-3AE36F7C8701</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3790420" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163815809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3790420" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E766981C-D9EC-48DF-9C9D-D02EC2AC9744" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/532787AB570FFF8E89E97F24FCB5E376" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="introduction">
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1002,800,861]" box="[140,872,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,872,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityName="Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[140,794,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,451,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola</emphasis>
Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[807,872,800,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1002,800,861]" box="[140,1002,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<uri box="[140,1002,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
<uuid box="[419,1002,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">E766981C-D9EC-48DF-9C9D-D02EC2AC9744</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,905,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,259,905,931]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation box="[272,355,906,932]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[139,199,584,606]" captionTargetBox="[146,1629,628,1267]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[139,1644,620,1270]" captionText="Table 1. Diagnostic features of the three new Phyllocnistis species described in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FF166355706FF9F89EE7E4CFC0FE40E" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="8FF166355706FF9F89EE7E4CFC0FE40E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[378,651,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[378,651,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[791,941,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga">
<emphasis box="[791,941,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">P. drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxberryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">P. maxberryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its larger size, having a slender longitudinal fascia, valva that are ̴2.4× the length of the vinculum, and a single, band-shaped signa. The pupa of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara, Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[840,1000,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[840,1000,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">P. tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has conical frontal processes and dorsal abdominal spines on each segment are arranged in a 
<collectionCode box="[1084,1104,1012,1038]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,905,1672]" lastBlockId="15.[140,1108,1434,1672]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,254,1046,1072]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" reason="1">Adult</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[273,369,1047,1073]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[140,212,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1533]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[140,1108,165,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of three new Phyllocnistis species from Costa Rica. A Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n., holotype female B P. maxberryi sp. n., holotype female (abdomen removed for dissection) C P. tropaeolicola sp. n., holotype male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767915/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Forewing length 2.6–5.0 mm. 
<emphasis box="[761,829,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Head.</emphasis>
Vestiture silvery white, completely covered with smooth, broad, scales slightly overlapping anterior margin of eyes. Antenna ̴ equal to length of forewing, scape and pedicel enlarged laterally and covered in long silvery scales, a single row of fine short scales completely encircling each flagellomere. Labial palpus long, slender, ̴ 1.0 mm. 
<emphasis box="[904,990,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Thorax.</emphasis>
Forewing silvery white; with a slender, dark-brown, longitudinal fascia extending 2/3 length of wing to meet distally at junction of brown, costal and transverse fasciae; costal fascia slender and strongly oblique with dark-brown border; transverse fascia V-shaped, with a dark-brown border; apical to subapical area pale yellowish orange with a small black spot; three slender, dark-brown costal strigulae, three slender dark-brown apical strigulae, and one faint brown tornal strigula arising from black apical spot; fringe along tornal margin white with a dark-brown basal band of broad scales. Hindwing mostly white except for a band of pale brown scales extending length of costal margin. Legs similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[498,656,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga">
<emphasis box="[498,656,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">P. drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, silvery white except dark brown over dorsal surface of femur, tibia and tarsus of foreleg. 
<emphasis box="[761,874,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Length ̴ 2.0 mm, mostly brownish gray dorsally, silvery white ventrally. Coremata similar to 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga">P. drimiphaga</taxonomicName>
. Male genitalia
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[404,477,1610,1637]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[140,211,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[247,1008,442,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1034,411,1570]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., genitalia. A Male, ventral view B right valva, mesal view C aedeagus D female, lateral view E ventral view of terminal segments. (Scale bar 0.5 mm except for figure B, 0.25 mm.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767923/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">Figs 6</figureCitation>
A–C). Similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[686,844,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga">
<emphasis box="[686,844,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="20">P. drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except valva relatively longer and more slender, ̴ 2.4× the length of vinculum, nearly straight, with ventral lobe of apex slightly re-curved dorsad (
<figureCitation box="[595,688,167,194]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[140,211,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[247,1008,442,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1034,411,1570]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., genitalia. A Male, ventral view B right valva, mesal view C aedeagus D female, lateral view E ventral view of terminal segments. (Scale bar 0.5 mm except for figure B, 0.25 mm.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767923/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Genitalia slide 
<collectionCode box="[886,973,167,193]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
33281. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[310,437,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[140,211,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[247,1008,442,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1034,411,1570]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., genitalia. A Male, ventral view B right valva, mesal view C aedeagus D female, lateral view E ventral view of terminal segments. (Scale bar 0.5 mm except for figure B, 0.25 mm.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767923/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">Figs 6D, E</figureCitation>
). Oviscapt greatly reduced as in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,961,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga">
<emphasis box="[806,961,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">P. drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; ductus bursae completely membranous, slender, elongate, ̴ 8.5× length of papillae anales and terminating at posterior end of corpus bursae; corpus bursae ̴ 0.6× length of ductus bursae; a single elongate signum present as a narrow band partially encircling middle of corpus bursae; signum with 2 acute, flattened spines projecting inwards from band; length of spines slightly more than width of signa; ductus seminalis extremely slender, elongate, ̴ 2.4 × length of corpus bursae and arising from near middle of corpus bursae. Genitalia slide 
<collectionCode box="[488,575,1504,1530]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
33282, 33285, 33288.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767923/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" startId="14.[140,211,1590,1612]" targetBox="[247,1008,442,1546]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,1590,1676]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,240,1590,1612]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[247,471,1590,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[247,471,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[479,533,1591,1612]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, genitalia. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[636,655,1590,1612]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
Male, ventral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,861,1590,1612]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
right valva, mesal view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1089,1108,1590,1612]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
aedeagus 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[227,246,1622,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">D</emphasis>
female, lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[436,451,1622,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
ventral view of terminal segments. (Scale bar 0.5 mm except for figure B, 0.25 mm.)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" startId="15.[140,210,1280,1302]" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1254]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,1280,1398]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,236,1280,1302]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[242,454,1280,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[242,454,1280,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Phyllocnistis drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[460,511,1280,1301]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, pupa. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[579,598,1280,1302]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
Ventral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,812,1280,1302]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
ventral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1089,1108,1280,1302]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
frons 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,209,1312,1334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
lateral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[389,404,1312,1334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
lateral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[668,682,1312,1334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">F</emphasis>
dorsal view of fifth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1029,1049,1312,1334]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">G</emphasis>
spines on fifth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[384,404,1344,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">H</emphasis>
lateral view of spines on fifth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[842,850,1344,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">I</emphasis>
view of abdominal tip 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1056,1064,1344,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Į</emphasis>
dorsal view of A9–10 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[306,323,1376,1398]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">K</emphasis>
lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[705,720,1376,1398]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">L</emphasis>
ventral view of A9–10. Scale bars 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,1434,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,253,1539,1565]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" reason="1">Larva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[271,379,1539,1566]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Figs 12A</figureCitation>
, C–F). Young sap-feeding larva translucent yellow (
<figureCitation box="[988,1095,1539,1566]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
). Mature sap-feeding larva ̴ 
<quantity box="[442,536,1574,1601]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
long, translucent yellow, head capsule translucent pale brown, prothoracic shield dark brown (
<figureCitation box="[637,721,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Figs 12</figureCitation>
C–). Cocoon-spinning larva whitish yellow, head capsule pale gray brown; ̴ 
<quantity box="[631,721,1645,1672]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation box="[794,895,1645,1671]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="22">Fig. 12F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767927/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" startId="16.[140,211,1274,1296]" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1254]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,1274,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,237,1274,1296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[244,445,1274,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxberryi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[244,445,1274,1295]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Phyllocnistis maxberryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[452,503,1275,1296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, pupa. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[572,591,1274,1296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
Ventral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[791,808,1274,1296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
ventral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1089,1108,1274,1296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
frons 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,212,1306,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">D</emphasis>
lateral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[403,418,1306,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">E</emphasis>
lateral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,707,1306,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">F</emphasis>
dorsal of sixth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1026,1046,1306,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">G</emphasis>
spines on sixth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[391,411,1338,1360]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">H</emphasis>
lateral view of spines on seventh abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[883,891,1338,1360]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">I</emphasis>
view of abdominal tip 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1099,1107,1338,1360]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Į</emphasis>
dorsal view of A9–10 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[336,353,1370,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">K</emphasis>
lateral seta on sixth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[708,723,1370,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
ventral view of A9–10. Scale bars 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,1434,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,247,1434,1460]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" reason="1">Pupa</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[263,351,1434,1460]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[140,212,1398,1420]" captionTargetBox="[190,1057,165,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[190,1058,165,1379]" captionText="Figure 10. Life history of Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n. A Leaf mines on abaxial side of leaf surface, white square enclosing early mine, arrow pointing to pupal cocoon fold B close-up view of early mine, arrow pointing to egg shell remains C same as figure B, but showing frass pattern (photo taken with sunlight projecting through the leaf from behind) D nearly mature old mine on adaxial side E nearly mature old mine on abaxial side (photo taken from adaxial side) F opened mine showing mature sapfeeding larva in situ G opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning larva in situ H pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine I opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ (dorsal view) Į protruded and attached pupal shell (arrow) on pupal cocoon fold of an abaxial leaf mine K opened pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine showing Ageniaspis cocoons in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771673/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 12H). Brown, length up to ̴ 
<quantity box="[710,783,1434,1461]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
; diameter ̴ 1.0 mm. Vertex with a short, stout, process (cocoon-cutter) flanked by two, flattened, slightly longer processes (
<figureCitation box="[257,446,1504,1531]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figs 9A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
) and two pairs of short setae (
<figureCitation box="[785,874,1504,1530]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). Dorsum of A2–A7 with a pair of laterally curved, large spines in between which is a concentration of smaller spines, arranged in a triangular, V-shaped pattern (
<figureCitation box="[809,932,1575,1601]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figs 9F, G</figureCitation>
); each segment with a pair of long, lateral, sensory setae (
<figureCitation box="[606,690,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9L</figureCitation>
) that are shortest on A9–10 (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figs 9J, K</figureCitation>
). A10 with a pair of slightly divergent processes from caudal apex (
<figureCitation box="[917,1024,1645,1672]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[140,1109,165,1253]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum G spines on fourth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on A9–10 L lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="23">Figs 9I, J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" startId="17.[140,212,1272,1294]" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1252]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1109,1272,1422]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,238,1272,1294]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[244,468,1272,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[244,468,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[474,526,1273,1294]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, pupa. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[595,614,1272,1294]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">A</emphasis>
Ventral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[814,831,1272,1294]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">B</emphasis>
ventral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,159,1304,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
frons 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[217,236,1304,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
lateral view of head 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[427,442,1304,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">E</emphasis>
lateral view of cocoon-cutter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[717,731,1304,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">F</emphasis>
dorsal view of fourth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,160,1336,1358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">G</emphasis>
spines on fourth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[511,531,1336,1358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">H</emphasis>
lateral view of spines on fourth abdominal tergum 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1023,1031,1336,1358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">I</emphasis>
view of abdominal tip 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[275,283,1368,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Į</emphasis>
dorsal view of A9–10 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,504,1368,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">K</emphasis>
lateral seta on A9–10 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,722,1368,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">L</emphasis>
lateral seta on seventh abdominal tergum. Scale bars 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,1469,1673]" lastBlockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,261,1469,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis box="[185,256,1469,1495]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" reason="1">Types</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609011003" collectingDate="2003-03-06" collectingDateMax="2003-03-13" collectingDateMin="2003-03-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Cerro de la Muerte" country="Costa Rica" elevation="3100" location="Cartago" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cartago" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[267,380,1469,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<typeStatus box="[267,380,1469,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[394,483,1469,1495]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[140,212,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1533]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[140,1108,165,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of three new Phyllocnistis species from Costa Rica. A Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n., holotype female B P. maxberryi sp. n., holotype female (abdomen removed for dissection) C P. tropaeolicola sp. n., holotype male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767915/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
): 
<specimenCount box="[502,520,1470,1497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">♂</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[538,663,1469,1495]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
: Prov. 
<collectingRegion box="[735,829,1469,1495]" country="Costa Rica" name="Cartago" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Cartago</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectorName box="[838,1054,1469,1496]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Cerro de la Muerte</collectorName>
, Villa Mills, 
<quantity box="[237,328,1504,1531]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="3100.0">
<elevation box="[237,328,1504,1531]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="3100.0">3100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date box="[338,487,1504,1531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2003-03-13">
<collectingDate box="[338,487,1504,1531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2003-03-13">13 Mar 2003</collectingDate>
</date>
(adult emergence), host 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" box="[763,1044,1504,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis box="[763,1044,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Tropaeolum emarginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, col./ rear Kenji Nishida, mine with pupal fold collected 
<date box="[720,857,1539,1566]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2003-03-06">
<collectingDate box="[720,857,1539,1566]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2003-03-06">6 Mar 2003</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode box="[873,965,1540,1566]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609011000" collectingDate="2008-09-12" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="K. Nishida" elevation="3103" latitude="9.558333" location="Villa Mills" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-83.72383" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 34036" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-pupa="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[985,1108,1539,1565]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<typeStatus box="[985,1103,1539,1565]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[140,263,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Immatures:</emphasis>
<specimenCount box="[274,395,1575,1601]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">1 prepupa</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount box="[410,493,1575,1601]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode box="[512,688,1575,1602]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">USNM 34036</specimenCode>
), 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:532787AB570FFF8E89E97F24FCB5E376:DE5160665713FF8A8BA27A23FC8FE010" box="[711,837,1575,1601]" latitude="9.558333" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-83.72383" name="Villa Mills" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Villa Mills</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:532787AB570FFF8E89E97F24FCB5E376:DE5160665713FF8A8A317A23FC0AE010" box="[852,960,1575,1601]" latitude="9.558333" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-83.72383" name="Georgina" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Georgina</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[976,1102,1575,1601]" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" precision="15" seconds="30" value="9.558333">9°33'30&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[140,304,1610,1637]" degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" precision="1" seconds="25.8" value="-83.72383">83°43'25.8&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[321,418,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.103" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="3103.0">
<elevation box="[321,418,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.103" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="3103.0">3103 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date box="[435,591,1610,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2008-09-12">
<collectingDate box="[435,591,1610,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" value="2008-09-12">12 Sep 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[607,738,1610,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">K. Nishida</collectorName>
, host 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" box="[814,1100,1610,1636]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis box="[814,1100,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">Tropaeolum emarginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609010996" collectingDate="2008-09-12" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="K. Nishida" elevation="3103" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" latitude="9.558333" location="Villa Mills" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-83.72383" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="USNM 33281, USNM 33285" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="7">
<emphasis box="[140,216,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">
<specimenCount box="[140,210,1645,1671]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="adult">Adults</specimenCount>
:
</emphasis>
same locality as holotype, 
<specimenCount box="[535,568,1645,1673]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount box="[590,620,1645,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
: 
<specimenCount box="[645,663,1646,1673]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
slide 
<specimenCode box="[739,912,1645,1671]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">USNM 33281</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCount box="[927,942,1646,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
slide 
<specimenCode lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="24">USNM 33285</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609010998" box="[227,995,167,194]" collectingDate="2003-03-11" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" specimenCode="USNM 33280, 33282" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2">
<specimenCount box="[227,259,167,194]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount box="[277,307,167,193]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode box="[328,497,167,193]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">USNM 33280</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[508,583,167,193]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">33282</specimenCode>
) with 
<specimenCount box="[654,712,167,193]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
emergence 
<collectingDate box="[844,995,167,193]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2003-03-11">
<date box="[844,995,167,193]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2003-03-11">11 Mar 2003</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609011004" collectingDate="2003-03-15" collectionCode="INBio, UCR, USNM" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-adult="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount box="[1006,1039,167,194]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, with 
<specimenCount box="[140,198,202,228]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
emergence 
<collectingDate box="[333,488,202,229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2003-03-15">
<date box="[333,488,202,229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2003-03-15">15 Mar 2003</date>
</collectingDate>
. 
<specimenCount box="[500,529,202,228]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[544,602,202,228]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<typeStatus box="[610,707,202,228]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">paratype</typeStatus>
at 
<collectionCode box="[743,815,202,228]" country="Costa Rica" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/931n-s1te" name="National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">INBio</collectionCode>
and 
<collectionCode box="[873,937,202,228]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15736" name="University of California" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="Herbarium">UCR</collectionCode>
, the remaining 
<typeStatus box="[140,246,238,264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">paratypes</typeStatus>
at 
<collectionCode box="[281,371,237,263]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3771673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771673/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="25" startId="18.[140,212,1398,1420]" subCaptionStartIDs="18.[595,648,1462,1484]" subCaptionStarts="figure B" targetBox="[190,1057,165,1378]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,1398,1676]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,253,1398,1420]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Life history of 
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[403,621,1398,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drimiphaga" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[403,621,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">Phyllocnistis drimiphaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[629,681,1399,1420]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[688,707,1398,1420]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
Leaf mines on abaxial side of leaf surface, white square enclosing early mine, arrow pointing to pupal cocoon fold 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,837,1430,1452]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
close-up view of early mine, arrow pointing to egg shell remains 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,506,1462,1484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
same as figure B, but showing frass pattern (photo taken with sunlight projecting through the leaf from behind) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[620,639,1494,1516]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
nearly mature old mine on adaxial side 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1028,1043,1494,1516]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
nearly mature old mine on abaxial side (photo taken from adaxial side) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[759,773,1526,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
opened mine showing mature sapfeeding larva 
<emphasis box="[265,322,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[328,348,1558,1580]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning larva 
<emphasis box="[965,1022,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1029,1049,1558,1580]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">H</emphasis>
pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[411,419,1590,1612]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">I</emphasis>
opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa 
<emphasis box="[811,868,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
(dorsal view) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1000,1008,1590,1612]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">Į</emphasis>
protruded and attached pupal shell (arrow) on pupal cocoon fold of an abaxial leaf mine 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[847,864,1622,1644]" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">K</emphasis>
opened pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine showing 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1857" box="[376,467,1655,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Ageniaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[376,467,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">Ageniaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cocoons 
<emphasis box="[553,610,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3771675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771675/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="26" startId="19.[140,212,1347,1369]" targetBox="[209,1039,165,1327]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,1347,1529]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,253,1347,1369]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Life history of 
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[402,607,1347,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxberryi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[402,607,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">Phyllocnistis maxberryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[615,667,1347,1368]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[674,693,1347,1369]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
Leaf mines on young growing 
<taxonomicName box="[990,1107,1347,1368]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Gaiadendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="19" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[990,1107,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">Gaiadendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shoot 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,213,1379,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
mature mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[634,653,1379,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
nearly mature mine and mature sap-feeding larva (left arrow), and oviposition location (right arrow) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[608,627,1411,1433]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">D</emphasis>
close-up view of mature sap-feeding larva 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1019,1034,1411,1433]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">E</emphasis>
opened mine showing mature sap-feeding larva 
<emphasis box="[525,585,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[595,609,1443,1465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">F</emphasis>
opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoonspinning larva 
<emphasis box="[276,333,1475,1496]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[339,359,1475,1497]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">G</emphasis>
pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing at thinner pupal exit 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[883,903,1475,1497]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">H</emphasis>
opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa 
<emphasis box="[318,374,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">in situ</emphasis>
, dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[495,503,1507,1529]" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">I</emphasis>
pupa 
<emphasis box="[562,618,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="26">in situ</emphasis>
, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="27" startId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" subCaptionStartIDs="20.[1011,1064,1410,1432]" subCaptionStarts="figure C" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1108,1346,1528]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,250,1346,1368]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">
<figureCitation box="[140,242,1346,1368]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="2.[140,209,1366,1388]" captionStartId-1="6.[140,212,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[140,1108,165,1533]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[140,1108,165,1534]" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Habitats and larval host plants of Phyllocnistis species. A Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills region, 3000 m and below, in Cordillera de Talamanca B Volcán Barva, ALAS transect, 2000 m, in Braulio Carillo National Park C habitat of P. drimiphaga in Cerro de la Muerte, km 70 Pan-American Hwy, road to El Paraíso del Quetzal, 2700 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found D young stem shoots and leaves of Drimys granadensis of C, growing from base of the tree E flowers and leaves of D. granadensis F habitat of P. maxberryi in Cerro de la Muerte, km 95 Pan-American Hwy, trail front of La Georgina in Villa Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found Gyoung growth of Gaiadendron punctatum in front, and mature trees with yellow fruits in behind, at ALAS transect in Vara Blanca, 2000 m H habitat of P.tropaeolicola in Cerro de la Muerte, on km 95 Pan-American Hwy, near La Gegina in Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found I Tropaeolum emarginatum, details of host plants that are shown in H." captionText-1="Figure 2. Adults of three new Phyllocnistis species from Costa Rica. A Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n., holotype female B P. maxberryi sp. n., holotype female (abdomen removed for dissection) C P. tropaeolicola sp. n., holotype male." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771671" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767915" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3771671/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3767915/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">Figure 12</figureCitation>
.
</emphasis>
Life history of 
<taxonomicName authority="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[386,610,1346,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[386,610,1346,1367]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[614,663,1346,1367]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[667,686,1346,1368]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">A</emphasis>
Leaf mines on a young leaf, arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,432,1378,1400]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">B</emphasis>
mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[358,377,1410,1432]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">C</emphasis>
mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,854,1410,1432]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">D</emphasis>
detailed view of figure C 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1092,1107,1410,1432]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">E</emphasis>
opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva 
<emphasis box="[641,697,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[702,716,1442,1464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">F</emphasis>
opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar 
<emphasis box="[360,418,1475,1496]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[424,444,1474,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">G</emphasis>
pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[954,974,1474,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">H</emphasis>
opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa 
<emphasis box="[391,447,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="27">in situ</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,324,272,298]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[185,232,272,298]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Life</emphasis>
history
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[338,421,272,298]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Mines of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[548,709,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[548,709,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">P. tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were readily found on plants growing along the Pan-American Highway (
<figureCitation box="[586,678,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[140,209,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 1. Habitats and larval host plants of Phyllocnistis species. A Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills region, 3000 m and below, in Cordillera de Talamanca B Volcán Barva, ALAS transect, 2000 m, in Braulio Carillo National Park C habitat of P. drimiphaga in Cerro de la Muerte, km 70 Pan-American Hwy, road to El Paraíso del Quetzal, 2700 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found D young stem shoots and leaves of Drimys granadensis of C, growing from base of the tree E flowers and leaves of D. granadensis F habitat of P. maxberryi in Cerro de la Muerte, km 95 Pan-American Hwy, trail front of La Georgina in Villa Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found Gyoung growth of Gaiadendron punctatum in front, and mature trees with yellow fruits in behind, at ALAS transect in Vara Blanca, 2000 m H habitat of P.tropaeolicola in Cerro de la Muerte, on km 95 Pan-American Hwy, near La Gegina in Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found I Tropaeolum emarginatum, details of host plants that are shown in H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771671/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
). Most mines occurred on full-grown new leaves (
<figureCitation box="[274,412,343,369]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Figs 12B, C</figureCitation>
) but some were found on developing leaves (
<figureCitation box="[925,1029,343,369]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
). Thirteen had a single mine, two leaves had two, and one had three. All mines were found on the adaxial side, and the late sap-feeding instar fed on the mesophyll (
<figureCitation box="[963,1064,413,439]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
The mine characteristically begins as a narrow, irregular serpentine gallery (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
) that widens as it extends along or near the leaf margin (
<figureCitation box="[842,983,483,510]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Figs 12B, C</figureCitation>
). It is relatively narrow, pale green to white with a less conspicuous dark green median frass line. Pupal cocoon folds were ̴ 
<quantity box="[456,548,554,581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
long and were found near the leaf margin (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp.n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf,arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771677/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Figs 12B, G</figureCitation>
). Adults emerged 5–9 days after pupal cocoon folds were collected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
We found mines of an unidentified fungus gnat (
<taxonomicName box="[731,823,624,650]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName box="[833,1011,624,651]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
) at same site on the same plant. The mines, which usually occur several on a single leaf, are irregularly shaped blotch mines with dark-green frass scattered randomly within. The fly larva causes curling, drying, necrosis, and yellowing of the leaves, and was more abundant than 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[261,424,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[261,424,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[261,276,766,791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">P</collectionCodeEnum>
. tropaeolicola
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mines. Several leaves were infested with both mycetophilid and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[189,351,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[189,351,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">P. tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,251,835,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[185,246,835,861]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Host</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Turcz" authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" box="[261,617,835,862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis box="[261,545,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Tropaeolum emarginatum</emphasis>
Turcz
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[633,795,835,862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tropaeolaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation box="[821,900,835,862]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[140,209,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[140,1108,165,1327]" captionText="Figure 1. Habitats and larval host plants of Phyllocnistis species. A Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills region, 3000 m and below, in Cordillera de Talamanca B Volcán Barva, ALAS transect, 2000 m, in Braulio Carillo National Park C habitat of P. drimiphaga in Cerro de la Muerte, km 70 Pan-American Hwy, road to El Paraíso del Quetzal, 2700 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found D young stem shoots and leaves of Drimys granadensis of C, growing from base of the tree E flowers and leaves of D. granadensis F habitat of P. maxberryi in Cerro de la Muerte, km 95 Pan-American Hwy, trail front of La Georgina in Villa Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found Gyoung growth of Gaiadendron punctatum in front, and mature trees with yellow fruits in behind, at ALAS transect in Vara Blanca, 2000 m H habitat of P.tropaeolicola in Cerro de la Muerte, on km 95 Pan-American Hwy, near La Gegina in Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found I Tropaeolum emarginatum, details of host plants that are shown in H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771671/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[926,1054,835,861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[926,1054,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Tropaeolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only genus recognized in 
<taxonomicName box="[423,584,871,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tropaeolaceae</taxonomicName>
, is Neotropical and contains approximately 90 species, many of which are found in Andean cloud forests (
<bibRefCitation author="Gentry AH" box="[799,952,906,933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" refId="ref8826" refString="Gentry AH (1996) A field guide to the families and genera of woody plants of northwest south America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) with supplementary notes on herbaceous taxa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, x + 895 pp." type="book" year="1996">
Gentry 
<date box="[889,952,906,933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="1996">1996</date>
</bibRefCitation>
). Four species occur in 
<collectingCountry box="[243,371,941,967]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" box="[435,613,942,967]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis box="[435,613,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[435,454,942,967]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">T</collectionCodeEnum>
. emarginatum
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present on both the Atlantic and Pacific slopes between 700 and 
<quantity box="[424,515,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="3200.0">3200 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Alfaro-Vindas E" box="[531,762,976,1002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" refId="ref8534" refString="Alfaro-Vindas E (2003) Plantas comunes del Parque Nacional Chirripo = Common plants of Chirripo National Park - Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, 268 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Alfaro-Vindas 
<date box="[701,762,976,1002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2003">2003</date>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<collectionCode box="[776,848,976,1002]" country="Costa Rica" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/931n-s1te" name="National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">INBio</collectionCode>
2009). Outside 
<collectingCountry name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" box="[205,381,1012,1037]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis box="[205,381,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">T. emarginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded from 
<collectingRegion box="[664,758,1011,1037]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[770,854,1011,1037]" name="Mexico" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingRegion box="[893,1001,1011,1037]" country="Ecuador" name="Cotopaxi" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Cotopaxi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1013,1107,1011,1037]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Missouri Botanical Garden" box="[147,525,1047,1073]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" refId="ref9192" refString="Missouri Botanical Garden (2009) Tropicos. org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from http: // www. tropicos. org / [accessed 19 April 2009]." type="url" year="2009">
Missouri Botanical Garden 
<date box="[462,525,1047,1073]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="2009">2009</date>
</bibRefCitation>
). The tenuous, soft, and succulent vines of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turcz" authorityYear="1858" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">T. emarginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually found in forest edges and disturbed areas, and the flowers are red to yellow orange (
<bibRefCitation author="Alfaro-Vindas E" box="[343,572,1117,1143]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" refId="ref8534" refString="Alfaro-Vindas E (2003) Plantas comunes del Parque Nacional Chirripo = Common plants of Chirripo National Park - Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, 268 pp." type="book" year="2003">Alfaro-Vindas 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Gentry AH" box="[586,738,1117,1144]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" refId="ref8826" refString="Gentry AH (1996) A field guide to the families and genera of woody plants of northwest south America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) with supplementary notes on herbaceous taxa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, x + 895 pp." type="book" year="1996">
Gentry 
<date box="[675,738,1117,1144]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" value="1996">1996</date>
</bibRefCitation>
). Most of the leaves are between 5 and 
<quantity box="[211,268,1152,1179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
wide (
<collectionCode box="[345,391,1152,1178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">KN</collectionCode>
, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,344,1187,1213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[185,339,1187,1213]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Known only from the 
<typeStatus box="[604,652,1188,1214]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
locality, Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills, at 
<quantity box="[168,257,1223,1249]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="3100.0">3100 m</quantity>
elevation in the Cordillera de Talamanca.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="28" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,166,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,1258,1284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[185,315,1258,1284]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The species name, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kawahara &amp; Nishida &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[546,682,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropaeolicola">
<emphasis box="[546,682,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">tropaeolicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is formed from its host plant genus name, 
<taxonomicName box="[216,344,1293,1319]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="21" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[216,344,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">Tropaeolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the Latin word 
<emphasis box="[585,627,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="28">cola</emphasis>
, meaning “inhabitant”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>