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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297102" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38aee501-3c26-4686-9c32-a0991b651db7" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905099958" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Artiodactyla.637-722.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Bubalus bubalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" lastPageNumber="694" masterDocId="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" masterDocTitle="Order Artiodactyla" masterLastPageNumber="722" masterPageNumber="637" pageNumber="694" updateTime="1716783024384" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A766921E6E5E51581975AF7E566B0186">
<mods:title id="9FF43925A2704F94701FD72620EB1BD2">Order Artiodactyla</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3331DA03C480BE8B19939AFCD252D438" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BCF89A6554D8A4CD454957A4CDB6E9E1">
<mods:roleTerm id="69288B72CF542366B206E52147386AA0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="98F481A1D8BB83784332BCAECEC00CF2">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="596A2B7E289C7B7C3050D848789F92EA">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3787B78C0348595A0885E51D02F8F521">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="202E7AD31BB5BA1953833FC84617CDA0">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="5F1BCC1F5108EC1F837DDE2546005331">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="829B094082C1415F7B058952F4D2DDD8">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DC1102559FAF9E70B3269248190B464D">
<mods:title id="057E7B754D109FA7829E243F308D9EF3">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="F8B9F1CC82D76B0732E31E3A8E3A8E1F">
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<mods:start id="3A46027713B8BD398AEEE765B8CBA599">637</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="1D1D481F629C25200A25F76C342417C0">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="538BBA4088374FCDBB27E716241D6756" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="31CE018D9AFB9ABAE3F28782922DDAA3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11336733" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231541136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11336733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C" lastPageNumber="694" pageNumber="694" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200694">
<subSubSection id="F85DE7B85B5D2D8D5958ECD5B03244AF" pageNumber="694" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="26E08C035906D154D1039A3F5151A548" pageNumber="694">
<taxonomicName id="819CF0B0FFA90B3E94B2B8E896A121C8" ID-CoL="NKLN" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="2F5C1A2576763CB1F3B9D1F3BA764CD7" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus 1758)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="51AE936DA7CF3F581E6DD843014BAA6A" pageNumber="694" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D47EAA7168462DA66853611F4A3AF48F" pageNumber="694">
<treatmentCitation id="A160C5BD6EA4A1E55F7F55331370C529" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3913903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3913903" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DA7CAB57-0547-4FA4-BAB2-9D9F315DDD2A" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F70C9D739B1DBB5F46D43293C084275C" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="72" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis" title="Bos bubalis" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="B4E5557766EF411C7C67C44842D6296E" ID-CoL="3DQ5" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="AFADC64E09C000B123603FCF746DD8B0" italics="true" pageNumber="694">[Bos] bubalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7435E927C8CCCA617B6CCADF559C901B" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="52C540A0F2A644B4DF637B9670C2F619" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="694" pagination="72" title="Bos bubalis" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 72</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7C8EE65DA0F4B92190B37E3A7D10E4D" pageNumber="694" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F3BA42E1563C34313871EC81984848F7" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="B05B37D6B86FFE3260847F8D4044D79C" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="DDBFB46BCDFDD2C19CCE540D5B70B860" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329369" country="Italy" pageNumber="694">
&quot;Habitat in Asia, cultus in
<collectingCountry id="CFC58D375D5D68373E9A406415871AE8" name="Italy">Italia</collectingCountry>
&quot;. Restricted by
<bibRefCitation id="AD7CE530B7C3324F93326CC9CC31A11C" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
Thomas (1911
<emphasis id="191251853852BFDD3E4F90BD8F50AB5E" italics="true" pageNumber="694">a</emphasis>
:154)
</bibRefCitation>
to
<collectingCountry id="3B2DE1BE33F640C1FF1D6FD6C2F3F812" name="Italy">Italy</collectingCountry>
, Rome, but Linnaeus' (1758) comment indicates Asia (
<collectingCountry id="2608CC6C33628F125E01807F20485AD4" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
?)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="495FF0E7960032A59351C11A000DB4B6" pageNumber="694" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="BB681FE11945D263F27C69FC0E40EEAC" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="D5E5E952929F1B4725814A40CC68C074" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="87B78E52685A3D0F9C2DC7581135C777" language="eng" pageNumber="694">Water Buffalo</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71EB97C36E344F2074BC74BBE9BFE242" pageNumber="694" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="778CD699127AE0B152A8BC8F9551D560" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="CDB233A6E03E4929316D6F0C2269F3D1" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Subspecies:</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE3FA327E893E1BADCE465673B0D0DE3" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="22FFC74000EC6F231A5F89C7EF10EB58" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="bubalis">
<emphasis id="50D2B16256B5156DB09EA13ABDB038D2" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="C83028B2BBCC73F3013BED3772D1773F" italics="true" pageNumber="694">bubalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="94E8ECD8193467A2B2CBC3F80E5E5A5D" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E0ED8E94F075F2921FA0EBE78ECCA30" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="2366A8EAAABAAA7E99E82F22749C2709" authority="Kerr 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="arnee">
<emphasis id="8FED9CBF29AE2ABFEC96BCF7CD9D164F" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="2892CBE5865FCA1574FB9F39CC9E02A4" italics="true" pageNumber="694">arnee</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F644E19F01E46BCCBBE23357AEFE482E" author="Kerr, R." refId="ref183257" refString="Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; class I: Mammalia. London, J. Murray &amp; R. Faulder, 664 pp." year="1792">Kerr 1792</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF3CAB757A8670E27F35466276AE1D51" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="BB4BAD2FBC7058B99C199BB49DA9D8CB" authority="Blanford 1891" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="fulvus">
<emphasis id="828CF3401DD2F2A7B2DE4B551F226AF2" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D2BE98FC0D0D601663DC520A247229E8" italics="true" pageNumber="694">fulvus</emphasis>
Blanford 1891
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1622F09FCC1991CD68A808FCA3CC7B1" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="2A0EC8BA40BE4D638F3D603FDD0C4C35" authority="Fitzinger 1860" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="kerabau">
<emphasis id="34A9116B4AE225F1384DC700DED4B840" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="FCE5EB2C31D624D5B4D434E869901AC5" italics="true" pageNumber="694">kerabau</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FCD3D09A027C39A5A96438FEB6FF1B66" author="Fitzinger, L. J." refId="ref102753" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. 1860, 1861. Wissenschaftlich-populare Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere in ihren sammtlichen Hauptformen. Nebst einer Einleitung in die Naturgeschichte uberhaupt un in die Lehre von den Thieren insbesondere. Vienna, Am der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 5 volumes." year="1860">Fitzinger 1860</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D6F72AC3D73A239950E01C2E6C90853" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="2829727D5F7792CBDE05FD4C57AF8B69" authority="Deraniyagala 1952" authorityName="Deraniyagala" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="migona">
<emphasis id="3ADC26A57D99383517B59F495398DDBE" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="320F414EAD817ABFB85CF62243E54FA7" italics="true" pageNumber="694">migona</emphasis>
Deraniyagala 1952
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68785F9CD67E6542D0EB0AC4D91910E7" pageNumber="694">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="7848EAB6BC20A55F81771D1FB0FEB015" authority="Groves 1996" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="theerapati">
<emphasis id="0DACC31CE04AB0CCD0537AB52F61C78E" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="05B4DF066A7FF60C431B0CE4FB05B787" italics="true" pageNumber="694">theerapati</emphasis>
Groves 1996
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D78C95B4A90D5560484ED1B64CC18EE7" pageNumber="694" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="46C71E204186A81FB0B6D861F390FE64" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="75E3A2B39C8288CB6542868168F47208" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="574CEB71A16897D467DC3F07240D3C81" name="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="090F45AC7EA129CF73E8BD49C140456C" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="2ADAA9B8BD33F24CFB5C766E5D2BCFBC" name="Cambodia">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="B5F1D1D352DA3A9994DC95FCDA2868BF" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
(survives in
<collectingRegion id="8009D6872A50F80DCD292D704A6E575D" country="India" name="Assam">Assam</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="CC90A9A885102E4F04473B8C4D125739" country="India" name="Odisha">Orissa</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="98E2BC8F08E319A05C65A65561F75134" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry id="57E8FD73DF03C9CDEC7C3272F0B33687" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DFF643F9D021E0BB3183D5F0FFAC0003" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and possibly at least formerly in
<collectingCountry id="3283FA94CA789B66CC65CDA5959D145E" name="Laos">Laos</collectingCountry>
; domesticated in N Africa, S Europe, and even
<collectingCountry id="805FAA9FB6BA4ED56E185A5C7011ED33" name="United Kingdom">England</collectingCountry>
, east to
<collectingCountry id="0223C56C7C0B527C919E2E6EEFE1274B" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and in E South America; supposedly feral populations in
<collectingCountry id="5D1C8DD8090166D33E70AE55F1267FCA" name="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
<collectingCountry id="ABB221068BFEAFD109960372BD0F579D" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and other parts of SE Asia; feral populations resulting from introductions in
<collectingRegion id="8D77D6CC2D8A007B1230FF27A7424AA6" country="Papua New Guinea" name="West New Britain">New Britain</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="48DCFFBFDCFE4C3C23481CA2948712F8" country="Papua New Guinea" name="New Ireland">New Ireland</collectingRegion>
(Bismarck Arch.,
<collectingCountry id="94A850DFE1DAD87C3F98574557C94A25" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
), and
<collectingCountry id="AE59E373E79C2712EDAA671CA8C15CA2" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F84A4AECF8CCBFF6099EAFFF062DD2BF" pageNumber="694" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="D485C4D82BBB5054C15FC8175A67C9AF" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="007FA8C8C9ED5B7B2CB78288AD309C69" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="3EE7849C45368FEAEC05634EAF5B1E42">CITES</collectionCode>
– Appendix III (
<collectingCountry id="3C4EB4793F33D1A1DBC791BE95654BB5" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
) as
<taxonomicName id="8D58C1A9D4359B2336B63EF313E1F72A" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
<emphasis id="89E034ECF5B00E009DEF53301EABC254" italics="true" pageNumber="694">B. arnee</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(excludes domesticated forms - but see comments below;
<collectionCode id="B7E09871395214081517ABD7C1766404">IUCN</collectionCode>
– Endangered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD629BC9AD51EF4BD04F9B1C54844E9" pageNumber="694" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="53DA035F71B133F44B2AADD09F07D599" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="FB4A676DBD8AA84E7C2190AE2A804576" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="694">Discussion:</emphasis>
Includes
<taxonomicName id="F6B053804DF4CA0DD029B7E0108F548F" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
<emphasis id="BBE761CD5CBECAE86788BE160234B404" italics="true" pageNumber="694">arnee</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the name used for the species by those workers who do not employ specific names based on domestic mammals;
<taxonomicName id="96A4BF7FEC47AC5655207D8FFB00A2CB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="8F80F67B6B53A3F568B4B876E2EF5BB9" italics="true" pageNumber="694">bubalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the senior synonym; see
<bibRefCitation id="DB744652630E017A549921B1CF03FCCD" author="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; T. C. S. Morrison-Scott" refId="ref93180" refString="Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." year="1951">Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:383)</bibRefCitation>
; but see also
<bibRefCitation id="0FDA239D7995A59E1EFD0A744E190A7A" author="Corbet, G. B. &amp; J. E. Hill" refId="ref67916" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1991. A world list of mammalian species. Third ed. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, London, 243 pp." year="1991">Corbet and Hill (1991:130)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="AC46DDB4B32A8BE6EEF5E36AB0ADBB4C" author="Gentry, A. &amp; J. Clutton-Brock &amp; C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of
<taxonomicName id="F76561B6B2BA596F6D7017F489FDFEB1" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
<emphasis id="3B70A17C6AC5B8A6DF9CF13F1C355C16" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus arnee</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the name for the wild taxon of water buffaloes, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild buffalo
<taxonomicName id="D3B3C91624722F1B5422F613E88AD8F6" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
<emphasis id="ECA8995A9C451049A9EFDEC58801426E" italics="true" pageNumber="694">B. arnee</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="5D016A225E56186DFA9454F76AF66539" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="79730BD0FCBBF3ABD77067DCCD585BAF" italics="true" pageNumber="694">B. bubalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or
<emphasis id="8D2617A01C357C9A910C6CC9DF6C0AD3" italics="true" pageNumber="694">
B.
<taxonomicName id="8958738536899D7EB4A3668167B73A4E" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">b. arnee</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (
<bibRefCitation id="CA8D142BA162C1C0F44D755AFB10725A" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref168639" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003 a. Opinion 2027. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." year="2003">
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003
<emphasis id="7A6EF9ABDCA510D3E66ADC3F615C78C8" italics="true" pageNumber="694">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). It may still be valid for those who consider
<taxonomicName id="D71B70B04A2B99C6438414C8A69EBDAA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="B0F8BEC0FE0B50CA39D11287D4C5F3EF" italics="true" pageNumber="694">B. bubalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CE4B040BA1BC2407CFAF725EB4AD4685" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
<emphasis id="DB8ACECB4079D8174EAF38123FB73E88" italics="true" pageNumber="694">B. arnee</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see
<bibRefCitation id="36A1082D145812AF5EC96DDAB9D2D0CC" author="Bock, W. J." refId="ref34305" refString="Bock, W. J. 1997. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54: 124 - 125." year="1997">Bock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Domestic buffaloes comprise Murrah or river buffaloes (the
<taxonomicName id="FE4B41720D55BA24C4C3DD118862C19B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
<emphasis id="7BEAD143CE7D6A6F9318F3F544BADCA9" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bos bubalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Linnaeus), with distinctive morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="D09EF2FC48ABD799ED8944BDB878646E" author="Cockrill, W. R." refId="ref63231" refString="Cockrill, W. R. (ed.). 1974. The husbandry and health of the domestic buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 993 pp." year="1974">Cockrill, 1974</bibRefCitation>
), and swamp buffaloes, which resemble the wild populations. These two kinds differ not only in morphology but also in karyotype (
<bibRefCitation id="AC7B9D01BC6DBFD1D96C43AF63DAF3AF" author="Berardino, D. &amp; L. Iannuzzi" refId="ref27856" refString="Berardino, D., and L. Iannuzzi. 1981. Chromosome banding homologies in swamp and Murrah buffaloes. Journal of Heredity, 72: 183 - 188." year="1981">Berardino and Iannuzzi, 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D0B4875A99CE11264159AFFF4816C544" author="Fischer, H. &amp; F. Ulbrich" refId="ref102371" refString="Fischer, H., and F. Ulbrich. 1968. Chromosomes of the Murrah buffalo and its crossbreed with the Asiatic swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie, 84: 110 - 114." year="1968">Fischer and Ulbrich, 1968</bibRefCitation>
) and DNA sequences that suggest two independent domestications of water buffalo (
<bibRefCitation id="34EBE35ED1272D9A00FD2F9414DFCE44" author="Tanaka, K. &amp; C. D. Solis &amp; J. S. Masangkay &amp; K. Maeda &amp; Y. Kawamato &amp; T. Namiwaka" refId="ref346338" refString="Tanaka, K., C. D. Solis, J. S. Masangkay, K. Maeda, Y. Kawamato, and T. Namiwaka. 1996. Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus Bubalus based on DNA sequence of the Cytochrome b Gene. Biochemical Genetics, 34: 443 - 452." year="1996">Tanaka et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
), presumably from different infraspecific wild taxa. However, Kierstein et al. (2003) inferred that there was only a single domestication. A third taxon, †
<taxonomicName id="5E6808D0A1ADB7AAB0FDFE8A1D311884" authority="Hopwood, 1925" authorityName="Hopwood" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mephistopheles">
<emphasis id="720EBE1594EFCD69190C0E337E022B9D" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus mephistopheles</emphasis>
Hopwood, 1925
</taxonomicName>
, was also domesticated but is not known to have survived later than ca. 3000 yr BP (
<bibRefCitation id="B5AF8991789320D5326708C588D1673F" author="Olsen, S. J." refId="ref266793" refString="Olsen, S. J. 1993. Evidence of early domestication of the water buffalo in China. Pp. 151 - 156, in Skeletons in her cupboard. Festschrift for Juliet Clutton-Brock (A. Clason, S. Payne, and H. - P. Uerpmann, eds.). Oxbow Monograph, 34: 259 pp." year="1993">Olsen, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E607C388FDA38D11C6EB971DCEC2CCF9" author="Teilhard de Chardin, P. &amp; C. C. Young" refId="ref350072" refString="Teilhard de Chardin, P., and C. C. Young. 1936. On the mammal remains from the archeological site of Anyang. Palaeontologia Sinica, ser. C, 12 (1): 1 - 61." year="1936">Teilhard de Chardin and Young, 1936</bibRefCitation>
). Whatever name might apply to swamp buffaloes, it would appear that river buffaloes could be recognized as a separate taxon (
<taxonomicName id="CBA9F2C95DB31EED3FBF1A8A236ADA52" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalis" subSpecies="bubalis">
<emphasis id="3C856967272B9C98D85A8CC34AF2ADB5" italics="true" pageNumber="694">Bubalus bubalis bubalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from
<emphasis id="E8107BD9D12DDA993E666DB2258D7EFC" italics="true" pageNumber="694">
B.
<taxonomicName id="EC43296B6D37A589F4D386BA37AF2647" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">b. arnee</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Status of insular populations unclear; some populations on
<collectingRegion id="7F8404BA4B92F98A73B32951728D1240" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="8546248DA9B7C42C49BAF89A132321C2" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
have &quot;wild&quot; morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="1B5CE5279A894FA421CAF3EC6E5DAD97" author="Dammerman, K. W." refId="ref73095" refString="Dammerman, K. W. 1934. On the occurrence of wild buffaloes in Java and Sumatra. Treubia, 14: 487 - 494." year="1934">Dammerman, 1934</bibRefCitation>
) and are here provisionally assigned to
<emphasis id="94C894438322DF23C53E5FDC038B5854" italics="true" pageNumber="694">kerabau</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="2F6F4302545B875347AAC3103D0DDFE6" italics="true" pageNumber="694">kerabau</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="7DA0AA5075BD3A9E0C30C7A0F14346EC" italics="true" pageNumber="694">migona</emphasis>
are here treated as subspecies until more information becomes available. Mainland wild populations revised by
<bibRefCitation id="D31DFEB6B0E1F4F22697F99AB6CA3030" author="Groves, C. P." refId="ref132196" refString="Groves, C. P. 1996 b. The taxonomy of the Asian wild buffalo from the Asian mainland. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 61: 327 - 338." year="1996">
Groves (1996
<emphasis id="E413D2458E176C340D41BCAEE7765E49" italics="true" pageNumber="694">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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