139 lines
14 KiB
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139 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="442CB4DFC1C62F8842BA792CC8C5D9C1" ID-CLB-Dataset="33981" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa40454d-8f0e-4387-86ee-8dfc421d0e05" ID-PMC="PMC4714381" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-541-109" ID-PubMed="26798284" ID-ZooBank="C336A3C4DBCB49C5898C8FA38BDFF0C0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-541-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 541" ModsDocTitle="Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador" checkinTime="1451243656936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander, Guayasamin, Juan M., Penafiel, Nicolas, Bustamante, Lucas & Arteaga, Alejandro" docDate="2015" docId="EB7A15EBDAE0A4471FB5DA53B808B587" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 541: 109-147" docOrigin="ZooKeys 541" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058" docTitle="Synophis bicolor Peracca 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FF8E84462424FFD3A52779666640FF82" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="147" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1701381387359" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5C2315A86BEFB2F76E22BA3DE1D28A82">Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E755495527A7EBF3211C3B4E67F1BB2">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="595E3DA5A474D414B7FC97AF52C3EAA2">Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E39CFD1B79EFB08274EF953D2313CE9F">Penafiel, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E7BEB9E8EC7AE1F4F70159F32B5945C">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="60C27341C3DE58A0379357EE4F214AA8">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="42A8419069621777300D89C8A465742D">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="961F9BE799F8A8B33B23A2FD6E4AEC1D">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D623F5DDE0406EB90C0AF6A72F36A042" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3AC6469BD20F2CE848426CF502879E27">541</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EA6CD5DA14A49BCFAF225058050962D4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FF04C66E6550E88C8421E3DF6B7351FD" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EB7A15EBDAE0A4471FB5DA53B808B587" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127891629" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB7A15EBDAE0A4471FB5DA53B808B587" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB7A15EBDAE0A4471FB5DA53B808B587" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection id="3F0B0AB5AD720FC205C023B6AF875D7C" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="9CE7C4C3FABF987AA5F70CBCBBD9BD50" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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<pageBreakToken id="A8191C782601357CDAB8A216D9A3E712" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Squamata Colubridae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69340A3462D8F73633B4B66CC29EF2EA" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C17F62C46A4C3FEE915BB5E2CCFC6DBD" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="E1AC341B610F8CF7CD5ADBF3FB8A223B" ID-CoL="53YC4" authority="Peracca, 1896" authorityName="Peracca" authorityYear="1896" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Synophis bicolor Peracca, 1896</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="352263A4F3EF6B8CE1B9F42503908032" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="D1B1A60116DDF0A484401D2D4C8C7375" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="730C3FE49BFBE8233B42B9D269B34E1A" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">MZUT 257, locality given only as "South America."</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5F493A49475531F491ACCD61068ECCE7" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="39FB0A2ACB10D0AF6CC9325193C12076" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E005C9D4C78D85727D539FAFAE94C446" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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None given by
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<bibRefCitation id="1428BAA2649A566355C61F6CBDFE70E8" author="Peracca, MG" journalOrPublisher="Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Universita di Torino" pageId="25" pageNumber="134" pagination="1 - 7" title="Sopra un nuovo genere ed una nuova specie di colubride aglifo dell'America meridionale." volume="11" year="1896">Peracca (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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; presumably from the Greek bi-color for "two colors," referring to the dark dorsum and light venter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B55FF024CC9AF0CEFEFCF6922E3C3A52" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="77F545A112C017EF2407405AF3E12B5B" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A66FEFF4D4591582E50BD283F72EF51" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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Small-sized (~200-400mm SVL) dipsadine snakes of the Andes and
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<normalizedToken id="859167B91165C648311ECBE4287743F1" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
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of Colombia and Ecuador, diagnosable by 16-27 maxillary teeth, 9-12 infralabials, 8 or 9 supralabials, fused prefrontals, loreal present, 2 postoculars, 152-193 ventrals, 96-143 subcaudals, dorsal scales in (19
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<normalizedToken id="81CC25B363F4D485BA84B77FA96EF3FA" originalValue="–21)-(17–19)-(17–">-21)-(17-19)-(17-</normalizedToken>
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18) weakly keeled rows, neural spine expanded and flattened, laterally expanded zygapophyses, and hemipenes slightly bilobed, semicalyculate, and semicapitate, relatively stout and bulbous, covered in large spines or hooks. Populations of this species are found in both lowland
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<normalizedToken id="617046A84C10CDF4D5CC67786FDA9182" originalValue="Chocóan">Chocoan</normalizedToken>
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rainforest and Andean cloud forests. Individuals are often found in leaf litter or in bushes, active at night. One collection from the Pacific Andean slopes of Ecuador (UMMZ 185886-185891) represents clutches of 2, 2, and 8 eggs, with hatchlings 125-132mm SVL. Nothing is known of diet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4F00B611EC9D4003EB0196688A835AC0" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" type="notes">
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<paragraph id="D34C754A98C15F0192A81852675CE451" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E3520CF1D6A0CD14C25A293BC165ED4" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">This is a species complex comprising at least three species-level taxa, which are distinct genetically, geographically, and morphologically (Figs 1, 3D, 4, 7, 9; Tables 1-3).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4DFA8EF12E5E985B83DE50D55250856C" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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First are the Ecuadorean Andean highlands populations (
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<taxonomicName id="7EE0F10C0CB6408DB02F1C2FE4532ADF" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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aff.
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<taxonomicName id="D8BC0DAF8794FAF19178A088DDEC0D76" lsidName="bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
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), which occur both on both the Pacific and Andean versants (~800-1700m). These are diagnosable by number of ventrals (152-166), subcaudals (96-122), infralabials (10 or 11), and supralabials (8 or 9), in combination. One individual (UMMZ 91550) has 24/27 maxillary teeth. The southernmost individual we examined (MZUTI 4180) has a very low number of ventral scales (152) compared to the remaining populations (160-166). Populations east and west of the Andes may also be a distinct species (O. Torres-Carvajal, pers. comm.), and are presented separately here. Most records from the Pacific versant north of the
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<normalizedToken id="2A33FD96EB6CAE2DE338C1B7E8981B32" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Toachi appear to represent
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<taxonomicName id="CD0B57BC6AD17BBF574ADB830101813E" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis calamitus" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">Synophis calamitus</taxonomicName>
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(see below); one specimen reported from north of the river (BMNH 1940.2.30.31) may be mis-labeled, mis-identified, or the locality mis-referenced, or the species may be sympatric at some localities north of the river.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C8A98A7072C052CAEA705B665FB809D3" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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Second are the
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<normalizedToken id="A3A2D6F748D8746799E3CBCADC5687E3" originalValue="Chocóan">Chocoan</normalizedToken>
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populations from NW Ecuador, and presumably SW Colombia (~200-300m). These match the holotype in having 174-183 ventrals, 129-138 subcaudals, 8 supralabials, and typically 9 infralabials, though one specimen from further south (MZUTI 4175) has 11. We revise the type locality of
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<taxonomicName id="82FF3FDFB0565DCEE950B0BFF4E706D5" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Synophis bicolor</taxonomicName>
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by subsequent restriction (sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="641A7325EC1D89FE0EB0B93460591631" author="Smith, HM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="26" pageNumber="135" pagination="37 - 41" title="Revision of type localities." url="10.2307/2411568" volume="2" year="1953">Smith 1953</bibRefCitation>
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) to Tobar Donoso, Carchi Province, Ecuador (1.19, -78.50), locality of several specimens examined here (Tables 1, 2; Figs 1, 4, 7, 9), to cement this association. Thus, this population represents
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<taxonomicName id="C66FBCB17BEF52287B47A993D017C68B" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Synophis bicolor</taxonomicName>
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sensu stricto in the case of future revision.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9AC724D1AE31732382875FE843126204" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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Third are the Colombian Andean highland populations (~1400-1500m; see
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<bibRefCitation id="B69E622FE4666446FAA0B7DD4E9CDB75" author="Niceforo-Maria, H" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto de La Salle Bogota" pageId="25" pageNumber="134" pagination="309 - 314" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los ofidios de Colombia." volume="210" year="1970">
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<normalizedToken id="EAB425703769E14559B3E4A09FC0C88D" originalValue="Nicéforo-Maria">Niceforo-Maria</normalizedToken>
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1970
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</bibRefCitation>
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), which differ from the holotype in having 184-193 ventrals (versus 180), 127-131 subcaudals (versus 136), and 10-12 infralabials (versus 9). This group likely represents a third species,
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<taxonomicName id="0D29A38B259AE90C2A38E3B09B072A9E" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="94EE7B3533062B63FAF290CF501E00C2" lsidName="bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
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. While we refrain from describing these additional
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<taxonomicName id="D0206BEBD081780732DA380B224EEABF" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis bicolor" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Synophis bicolor</taxonomicName>
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-group species here based on limited current sampling, the
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<pageBreakToken id="DF5D03F1A9400F7979D73318F90A1B9A" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" start="start">populations</pageBreakToken>
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described above likely represent at least two (Ecuadorean Andean highland and Colombian Andean Highland) if not three (E and W Ecuadorean and Colombian Andean highland) species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |