treatments-xml/data/4F/6B/08/4F6B082A76B212B1DE828E3FEDAA0B34.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. &amp; Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="4F6B082A76B212B1DE828E3FEDAA0B34" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum coccineum (Rusby) Hunz., Huitième Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. Comptes Rend. Séances Rapp. &amp; Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292705827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina &amp; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
12. 
<taxonomicName authority="(Rusby) Hunz., Huitieme Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. Comptes Rend. Seances Rapp. &amp; Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." authorityName="(Rusby) Hunz., Huitième Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. Comptes Rend. Séances Rapp. &amp; Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
Capsicum coccineum (Rusby) Hunz., 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huitième">Huitieme</normalizedToken>
Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. Comptes Rend. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Séances">Seances</normalizedToken>
Rapp. &amp; Commun. 1954, sect.4: 73. 1956.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Capsicum coccineum A reproductive branch B flower C calyx with appendages D section of the calyx showing the venation E eglandular trichome of the calyx F opened corolla G, H anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively I gynoecium J node with fruits K anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) L seed, in cross section M structure of seed coat at the seed margin N structure of seed coat at the seed body O embryo A, B, D-I, K from Woytkowski 1176 C, J from Nee &amp; Saldias 35956 L-O from Nee 44503. Drawn by J. de Ugarte." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 49</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Capsicum coccineum A plant B fruiting node with many pedicels scars C young immature fruit D immature fruit with calyx reflexed E mature fruit with calyx reflexed. From Barboza et al. 4921. Photos by G. E. Barboza." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695465" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 50</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus coccineus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineus">Brachistus coccineus</taxonomicName>
Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 8(28): 117. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: [Prov. A. Iturralde]. San Buena Ventura, 1400 ft, 18 Nov 1901, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.S. Williams 634</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 38" refId="B32" refString="Barboza, GE, 2011. Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 2: 23 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" title="Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" volume="2" year="2011">Barboza 2011</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 25: NY [00138552]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000884131], CORD [CORD00006961 fragment ex NY], K [K000648541]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes coccinea" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccinea">Lycianthes coccinea</taxonomicName>
(Rusby) Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 210. 1926. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus coccineus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineus">Brachistus coccineus</taxonomicName>
Rusby
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus coccineus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brachistus coccineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rusby.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sprawling vines or scrambling shrubs, (1-) 1.5-7 m tall, with the main stem thick, 2-3 cm in diameter at base, few to much branched, the branches scandent. Young stems strongly angled, fragile, brown or green, glabrous, glabrescent or moderately pubescent, with antrorse, curved, simple, uniseriate, 4-6-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.3-0.9 (-1.2) mm long; nodes solid, green; bark of older stems green or brown with lighter stripes, glabrescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, rarely solitary; leaf pair unequal in size, similar in shape. Leaves membranous, concolorous, sometimes brilliant, glabrous to moderately pubescent on both sides and especially along the main veins abaxially, with simple trichomes like those of the stems, sometimes trichomes in tufts in the vein axils beneath; blades of major leaves 4.7-13 (-15) cm long, (1.7-) 2.1-5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, the major veins 5-7 on each side of mid-vein, prominent abaxially, the base attenuate or short-attenuate and barely unequal, the margins entire, the apex acuminate; petioles 1-1.8 cm long, moderately pubescent; blades of minor leaves 3.2-4.8 cm long, 1.4-1.6 cm wide, elliptic or ovate, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base short-attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute; petioles 0.3-0.4 cm long, moderately pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, 4-13 (-18)-flowers on a short rachis 1.5-3 mm long; flowering pedicels 5-15 mm long, angled, erect, geniculate at anthesis, green, glabrescent to moderately pubescent, the eglandular trichomes short, antrorse; pedicel scars prominent, corky. Buds ovoid, colour unknown. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1-2.2 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, slightly 5-nerved, green, sparsely pubescent with the same eglandular trichomes as the stems, calyx appendages absent or 2-10 unequal, the five longer appendages, 0.8-1.3 (-2) mm long, the shorter appendages 0.2-0.5 mm, filiform, erect, sparsely pubescent with the same trichomes as the calyx tube. Corolla (5-) 6.5-8 mm long, ca. 7-8 mm in diameter, yellow outside, usually yellow with yellowish-green or purple-brown spots within, stellate with interpetalar membrane, lobed nearly halfway to the base, pubescent adaxially with abundant long glandular trichomes (stalk 2-4-celled; head peltate, unicellular) in the throat and the lobes, the tube 2.5-3.5 mm, glabrous abaxially, the lobes 2.3-3.8 mm long, 2.4-3.4 mm wide, broadly triangular or ovate, the margins involute, sparsely pubescent (2-3-celled eglandular trichomes) abaxially, the tips cucullate and papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments 0.9-1.9 mm long, purple, lilac or greyish, inserted on the corolla 1.2-1.4 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 1.3-2 mm long, ellipsoid, dull yellow or light brown, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary ca. 1.5 mm long, 1 mm in diameter, light green, ovoid; ovules more than 2 per locule; nectary ca. 0.3 mm tall; styles homomorphic, 3-4 mm, barely exserted beyond the anthers, purple or white, clavate; stigma ca. 0.2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, discoid or globose, light green. Berry (6-) 7-9 mm in diameter, globose, green to brown when immature, turning to orange, glossy red or reddish-orange at maturity, only 2-4 fruits per inflorescence, deciduous, pungent, pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells 0-4; fruiting pedicels 10-18 mm long, erect, faintly angled, widened distally, green; the fruiting calyx 4-5.5 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, rotate or reflexed, green, margin entire or sometimes ripped, the appendages up to 2.2 mm long, spreading or reflexed. Seeds (2-) 4-9 (-13) per fruit, 4-4.6 mm long, (2.8-) 3.2-3.75 mm wide, C-shaped or teardrop-shaped, yellow to brownish-yellow, the seed coat faintly reticulate (SM), reticulate-cerebelloid (SEM), the cells irregular and elongate near hilum, the lateral walls sinuate to straight at seed margin; embryo annular or imbricate.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows from eastern Peru (Ayacucho, Cuzco, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Junín">Junin</normalizedToken>
, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
and Ucayali Departments) to north-central Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz Departments) and western Brazil (Acre, Amazonas and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
States) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="F51" captionText="Figure 51. Distribution of C. coccineum and C. cornutum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure51" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695466" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">51</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common species of the Amazon Basin lowlands, found in tropical evergreen moist forests or in deciduous subtropical forests along the eastern Andes. It grows on scrubby banks of roads through disturbed forests, along river edges and streams or in flooded areas, usually in the sun, between 150 and 800 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering mainly from September to March; fruiting all year.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Not known.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: Pimienta (Santa Cruz, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Steinbach 5373</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
del monte (Beni, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Killen et al. 3415</emphasis>
; Cochabamba, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thomas &amp; Berdeja 1428</emphasis>
; Sud Yungas, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seidel &amp; Vaquiata 7689</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brazil</emphasis>
: Pimentinha (Acre, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Daly 9979</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peru</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
silvestre (Loreto, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mc Daniel 14075</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Woytkowski 7516</emphasis>
), Ajicillo (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke V. 10620</emphasis>
), Ajisillo (San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke V. 3415</emphasis>
), Charapilla (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke V. 9984</emphasis>
), Charapillo (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke V. 12469</emphasis>
), Chintillo (San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Plowman &amp; Schunke V. 11523</emphasis>
), Sacha 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke V. 9984</emphasis>
), Sacha charapillo (Ucayali, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schunke &amp; Graham 16612</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
silvestre liana (Loreto, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mc Daniel &amp; Santiago 2556</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="indigenous names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indigenous names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Meñu">Menu</normalizedToken>
winno (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yuracaré">Yuracare</normalizedToken>
, Cochabamba, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thomas &amp; Berdeja 1428</emphasis>
), Hpochetgi (Trinitario, Cochabamba, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thomas &amp; Berdeja 1428</emphasis>
); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tá">Ta</normalizedToken>
yejti (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mosetén">Moseten</normalizedToken>
, La Paz, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vargas et al. 1310</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Neshita’mo">Neshita'mo</normalizedToken>
(Beni, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guareco 457</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The fruits are used as condiments in Bolivia (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Steinbach 5373</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rivero 218</emphasis>
), but on a lesser scale than other wild species (
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ulupica’">'ulupica'</normalizedToken>
or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘aribibi’">'aribibi'</normalizedToken>
). In Peru, fruits are used to prepare curare (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Woytkowski 7516</emphasis>
). The entire plant is used as a medicine (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Medicinal uses attributed to Capsicum species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1">3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
EOO (987,169.745 km2); AOO (336 km2). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies a large range along the lowlands of the Amazon Basin in well preserved areas, as well as in fragmented forests. The species inhabits in reduced subpopulations along the main effluents of the Amazon drainage basin (Rivers Beni, Ucayali, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Purús">Purus</normalizedToken>
, Huallaga, Apurimac, Madre de Dios, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Acre, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Surutú">Surutu</normalizedToken>
and others) and in many conservation units where is expected that it is not in a serious risk of threat. However, due to the continuing decline of the quality of the habitat outside of natural reserves, we assign 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the Near Threatened (NT) category.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been placed in the Bolivian clade, although such placement is only moderately supported (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo 
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Barboza, GE, Carrizo Garcia, C, Leiva Gonzalez, S, Scaldaferro, M, Reyes, X, 2019. Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0209792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792" title="Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus. PLoS ONE 14 (1): e 0209792." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792" year="2019">Barboza et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The relationships of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be analysed in depth, especially with regard to its phenotypic variability (see below) and wide geographic distribution. This shrubby species is the only one in the genus with a notable scrambling vine habit; its very fragile branches are supported on the trunks of other trees or shrubs. This habit, along with the inflorescence, with nearly 18 flowers on a short rachis, the short, strongly ridged pedicels, the corky scars of the pedicels, the small corollas and the reflexed fruiting calyx, are the most diagnostic characters for this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Two morphs of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished, based on the number of calyx appendages. The first morph, which includes the type collection, has a calyx with 10 unequal appendages or 2-10 appendages; the second morph has a calyx lacking appendages. Populations from Bolivia generally have calyx appendages, while populations from Peru and Brazil exhibit both morphs. Further fieldwork throughout the range of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is needed to elucidate if the variability observed in the calyx morphology is an intraspecific variation or if a cryptic species is involved. Similarly, corolla colour is also variable in this species and deserves more attention in the field. Some collector labels mention a uniform corolla colour (yellow, cream, brilliant greenish-yellow), while others indicate dull yellow corollas with yellowish-green spots within or with purple-brown or violet centre. Variations in corolla colour and degree of development of the calyx appendages are observed in other species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, for example, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. schottianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="schottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. schottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In Bolivia, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. minutiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="minutiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. minutiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="var. baccatum" family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. baccatum subsp. var. var. baccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="baccatum" subSpecies="var." variety="baccatum">C. baccatum var. baccatum</taxonomicName>
. All three of these entities share red globose pungent fruits on erect pedicels. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. minutiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="minutiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. minutiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its scrambling vine habit vs. erect shrubby habit, multi-flowered inflorescence (up to 18 flowers) vs. few-flowered inflorescence (up to five flowers) and calyx appendages absent or 2-10 vs. usually five appendages. 
<taxonomicName authority="var. baccatum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum baccatum subsp. var. var. baccatum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="baccatum" subSpecies="var." variety="baccatum">Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. coccineum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the same set of contrasting characters and in its corolla colour that is white (vs. yellow or cream) and the dimorphic styles (vs. homomorphic styles). The fruits of 
<taxonomicName authority="var. baccatum" family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. baccatum subsp. var. var. baccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="baccatum" subSpecies="var." variety="baccatum">C. baccatum var. baccatum</taxonomicName>
can also be ellipsoid.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 49" startId="F49">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 49.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
reproductive branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
calyx with appendages 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
section of the calyx showing the venation 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
eglandular trichome of the calyx 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
opened corolla 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
node with fruits 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
seed, in cross section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
structure of seed coat at the seed margin 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
structure of seed coat at the seed body 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
embryo 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, D-I, K</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Woytkowski 1176</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, J</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Nee &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saldías">Saldias</normalizedToken>
35956
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L-O</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nee 44503.</emphasis>
Drawn by J. de Ugarte.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695465" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 50" startId="F50">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 50.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum coccineum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccineum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum coccineum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
plant 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruiting node with many pedicels scars 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
young immature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
immature fruit with calyx reflexed 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
mature fruit with calyx reflexed. From 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 4921.</emphasis>
Photos by G.E. Barboza.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>