176 lines
18 KiB
XML
176 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6344" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1bb45013-4d52-43db-88dd-44c4c5bfaf23" ID-PMC="PMC4714345" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-546-39" ID-PubMed="26798304" ID-ZBK="CD3E5191FB5642AAA9D5E3C1B1BAD9A3" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-546-39" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 546" ModsDocTitle="A new genus and species of pennatulacean octocoral from equatorial West Africa (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Virgulariidae)" checkinTime="1451243612041" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Williams, Gary C." docDate="2015" docId="118837435AD4420279B62E23F779F922" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 546: 39-50" docOrigin="ZooKeys 546" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6344" docTitle="Grasshoffia virgularioides Williams, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="6D86C220-3DA9-49EE-98E2-E67EEA3290C1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="7259FFDA1C485B6840374B04FFF02720" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of pennatulacean octocoral from equatorial West Africa (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Virgulariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1668162339097" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus and species of pennatulacean octocoral from equatorial West Africa (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Virgulariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Williams, Gary C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>546</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>39</mods:start>
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<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6344</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6344</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-546-39</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">CD3E5191FB5642AAA9D5E3C1B1BAD9A3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">CD3E5191FB5642AAA9D5E3C1B1BAD9A3</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127876743" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6D86C220-3DA9-49EE-98E2-E67EEA3290C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/118837435AD4420279B62E23F779F922" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Taxon classification Animalia Pennatulacea Virgulariidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/6D86C220-3DA9-49EE-98E2-E67EEA3290C1" class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="41">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="species diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Species diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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Virgulariid sea pens superficially resembling some species of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Virgularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Virgularia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Virgularia</taxonomicName>
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. Axis circular in transverse section, extending throughout virtually entire colony length. Polyp leaves variously rolled, funnel-shaped, or semicircular in shape with conspicuous, somewhat narrowed basal stalks.
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<taxonomicName genus="Sclerites" lsidName="Sclerites" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Sclerites</taxonomicName>
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of polyps leaves and coenenchyme rod-like with parallel sides and mostly deltoid apices, inconspicuously three-flanged. Preserved colony color cream-white in ethanol.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="42" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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Holotype: USNM 1205583, North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria, Isaka, Bight of Bonny, Niger Delta, Bonny River; depth not recorded; 28 August 1984; wet-preserved 70% ethanol; one whole colony. Paratype 1: USNM 1231549, same data as holotype; one colony in two pieces 122 mm in total
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="43" start="start">length</pageBreakToken>
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. Paratype 2: USNM 1231550, same data as holotype; one colony 82 mm in length. Paratype 3: USNM 1205580, same data holotype; one colony in two pieces 119 mm in total length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="44" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Morphology (Figures 1-2). The holotype is 98 mm in length. The axis extends throughout the length of the colony and is exposed for 5 mm at the distal-most region of the rachis. The axis is circular to broadly elliptical in cross section (Figure 2C), mottled brown and white in color (presumably due to a mixed content of calcitic and proteinaceous material), composed of narrow wedges of axial material radiating outward from the center, and is approximately 0.80-0.90 mm in diameter. The rachis is also approximately 0.80-0.90 mm in width and is densely congested with polyp leaves; there is approximately 1.5 mm of bare rachis between adjacent proximal bases of the polyp leaves. The polyp leaves are funnel-shaped or mushroom-shaped in lateral view. They broaden distally where the polyps reside, and have neck-like bases that narrow proximally and serve to attach the polyp leaves to the rachis (Figure 2B). The appearance of the polyp leaves are conspicuously rolled or convoluted (some are horseshoe-shaped), with approximately fourteen to twenty-six polyps per leaf (Figures 1A, 2A). The polyps are contractile and non-retractile, urn-shaped or teardrop-shaped and approximately 0.50-0.60 mm in diameter. Siphonozooids not apparent on the rachis or polyp leaves.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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gen. & sp. n. External morphology. A Holotype (USNM 1205583) B Paratype 2 (USNM 1231550) C Paratype 1 (USNM 1231549) D Paratype 3 (USNM 1205580) E Detail of rachis of holotype showing polyps on convoluted polyp leaves F Material from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Smithsonian’s">Smithsonian's</normalizedToken>
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Museum Support Center invertebrate zoology collections. Top, USNM 1231549, Paratype 1 (peduncle); Middle, USNM 1231550, Paratype 2 (entire specimen); Bottom: USNM 1231549, Paratype 1 (rachis). Scale bar: 20 mm (F); 0.5 mm (E); 20 mm (F); 10 mm (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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gen. & sp. n. Diagrams of polyp leaves from the holotype. A A single polyp leaf showing convoluted overall shape and numerous, bulbous, retracted polyps with acute apical tips B Dorsal side of the rachis showing congested placement of polyps on sub-circular polyp leaves attached to the rachis by narrow, neck-like stalks C Transverse section of paratype 1 (USNM 1231549) at the proximal-most level of the rachis, showing the circular axis and four surrounding longitudinal canals. Scale bar: 1.0 mm (C); 1.5 mm (B).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName genus="Sclerites" lsidName="Sclerites" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="genus">Sclerites</taxonomicName>
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(Figures 3-4). The distal region of the polyp leaves and the tissues of the peduncle contain numerous, small, rod-like sclerites that are prismatically-shaped with straight parallel sides, more-or-less three-flanged, mostly broadly-triangular in shape at each end, and vary in length from 0.02 to 0.06 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites from a polyp leaf and polyp walls of the holotype. Scale bar: 0.01 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of peduncle sclerites from the holotype. Scale bar: 0.01 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Color (Figure 1). The color of the wet-preserved colonies is cream-white throughout.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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The specific epithet is derived from the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Virgularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Virgularia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Virgularia</taxonomicName>
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and the suffix -oidea (likeness of form); in reference to the superficial resemblance of the colonies to some species of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Virgularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Virgularia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Virgularia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="habitat and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Habitat and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Habitat not known. Known only from the type locality - Niger River Delta, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. Depth not recorded (Figure 5).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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Figure 5. Map of the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, showing type locality of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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gen. and sp. n. (arrow).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Virgularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Virgularia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Virgularia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Scytaliopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytaliopsis" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scytaliopsis</taxonomicName>
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do not have sclerites in the rachis or polyp leaves.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Scytalium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalium" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scytalium</taxonomicName>
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has ovoid plate-like sclerites in the polyp walls and polyp leaves that are not three-flanged.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Grasshoffia</taxonomicName>
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has prismatically-shaped rod-like sclerites in the polyp leaves and coencenchyme that are indistinctly three-flanged and have broadly-triangular ends. Species of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Stylatula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylatula" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylatula</taxonomicName>
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have a fan-like armature of large spindles at the base of each polyp leaf, and most species of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Acanthoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoptilum" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Acanthoptilum</taxonomicName>
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have a cluster of non-aligned spindles at the base of each polyp leaf.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Virgularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Virgularia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Virgularia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Scytalium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalium" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scytalium</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Stylatula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylatula" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylatula</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Acanthoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoptilum" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Acanthoptilum</taxonomicName>
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generally have flattened polyp leaves that are variously-shaped, while
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Grasshoffia</taxonomicName>
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has strongly curved, rolled, often horseshow-shaped to funnel-shaped polyp leaves.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Stylatula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylatula macphersoni" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macphersoni">Stylatula macphersoni</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López-González">Lopez-Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
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, Gili & Williams, 2001, has sclerites in the body walls of the autozooids that are similar in shape to coenenchymal sclerites in
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Virgulariidae" genus="Grasshoffia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grasshoffia virgularioides" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgularioides">Grasshoffia virgularioides</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Gonzalez, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="59 - 74" title="New records of Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the African Atlantic coast, with description of a new species and a zoogeographic analysis." url="10.3989/scimar.2001.65n159" volume="65" year="2001">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López-González">Lopez-Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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; 67, Fig. 4A).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="44">The coenenchyme covering the rachis is extremely thin, and therefore the rachis and axis diameters are virtually equal. The polyp leaves are distinctly rolled or conspicuously curved, perhaps due to contraction in the wet preserved type material, as the appearance of the living colonies is not known. Siphonozooids were not observed in the preserved type material, possibly due to the congested and contracted state of the polyp leaves along the rachis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |