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<document id="AB614DD336BEB420CB6D46E09B7B73AE" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.16.005.4046" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10994318" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1713466992146" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Thomsen, Helge A., Østergaard, Jette B. &amp; Heldal, Mikal" docDate="2016" docId="03EB512EFF99FF80FCA078969273B450" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.55.1.33-50.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 55 (1)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/0ed4da50-fdd6-3f27-a928-a1e7a637b9c4/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Papposphaera sagittifera HET" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFD22956FF9AFF86FF897E68930BB35C" masterDocTitle="Coccolithophores in Polar Waters: HOL Revisited Papposphaera sagittifera HET and" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1713467319054" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8B2DFB15E50A171666E86A31BF0E5C65">Coccolithophores in Polar Waters: HOL Revisited Papposphaera sagittifera HET and</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03EB512EFF99FF80FCA078969273B450" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB512EFF99FF80FCA078969273B450" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB512EFF99FF80FCA078969273B450" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="C358B3B3FF99FF85FCA07896979EB44B" box="[809,1173,1789,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF99FF85FCA07896979EB44B" blockId="3.[809,1173,1789,1816]" box="[809,1173,1789,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF99FF85FCA07896979EB44B" bold="true" box="[809,1173,1789,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF99FF85FCA07896970FB444" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[809,1028,1789,1816]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF99FF85FCA0789690CBB44B" bold="true" box="[809,960,1789,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF99FF85FB9D78959786B44B" box="[1044,1165,1789,1815]" captionStart-0="Figs 4–9" captionStart-1="Figs 10–16" captionStartId-0="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionStartId-1="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox-0="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId-0="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId-1="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." captionText-1="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figs 4–16</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C358B3B3FF99FF80FCC679589273B450" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF99FF83FCC67958919EB678" blockId="3.[809,1455,1840,1936]" lastBlockId="5.[125,772,769,1940]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
The Arctic material from West
<collectingCountry id="F355A0A8FF99FF85FB4079589648B416" box="[1225,1347,1840,1866]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Greenland</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF99FF85FADF795896ABB416" box="[1366,1440,1840,1866]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), North East Water Polynya (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF99FF85FBE4793A97D3B431" box="[1133,1240,1874,1901]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figs 4–5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF99FF85FB6C793A9608B430" box="[1253,1283,1874,1900]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">13</figureCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F355A0A8FF99FF85FACE793A96A4B430" box="[1351,1455,1874,1900]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF99FF85FCB8791D9725B4CC" box="[817,1070,1909,1936]" captionStart-0="Figs 4–9" captionStart-1="Figs 10–16" captionStartId-0="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionStartId-1="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox-0="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId-0="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId-1="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." captionText-1="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figs 6, 8–12, 14–16</figureCitation>
) basically confirms what is al- ready known about
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9FFF83FEEE7D6A9137B040" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[359,572,770,796]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9FFF83FEEE7D6A92F6B040" box="[359,509,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
from this region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF9FFF83FF0C7D4C9232B062" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[133,313,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="77 - 94" refId="ref9287" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1981) Identification by electron microscopy of nanoplanktonic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland, including the description of Papposphaera sarion sp. nov. Br. Phycol. J. 16: 77 - 94" type="journal article" year="1981">Thomsen 1981</bibRefCitation>
). The rationale behind illustrating three complete cells from TEM is to document the consistent presence of flagellation. The flagella and the haptonema typically curl up densely which renders measurements of these structures impossible. A haptonema is visible in e.g.
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FF447DBA9219B0B0" box="[205,274,978,1004]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
(arrow) where it is differentiated from the flagella by being significantly thinner. The apparent ab- sence of flagellation in the numerous SEM illustrations of complete cells (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FEDD7A52910EB708" box="[340,517,1082,1108]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 10–12, 14</figureCitation>
) is bound to be an ar- tefact somehow caused by the manipulation of the cells during filtration and subsequent drying. All complete cells illustrated from SEM clearly display organisms that have the typical cell polarity to be expected from a flagellated individual. Dimensional issues across the different regions are accounted for in
<tableCitation id="C6C0D583FF9FFF83FDBE7B629184B678" box="[567,655,1290,1316]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[125,181,223,244]" captionText="Table 1. Numerical details of P. sagittifera HET from Arctic sites." pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3DB0B0FF9EFF82FF0D789C9012B4CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" startId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" targetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9EFF82FF0D789C9012B4CA" blockId="4.[132,1463,1780,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FF0D789C93EAB455" bold="true" box="[132,225,1780,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs 4–9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9EFF82FF6E789C9119B456" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[231,530,1780,1802]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FF6E789C92D6B456" box="[231,477,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Papposphaera sagittifera</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
(TEM / Figs 4
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FD2F789D91B9B456" bold="true" box="[678,690,1781,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">–</emphasis>
5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FC08789D9086B456" bold="true" box="[897,909,1781,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">–</emphasis>
9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FF1979799397B47A" bold="true" box="[144,156,1809,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">–</emphasis>
5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9).
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FE12797892ACB479" bold="true" box="[411,423,1808,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">4</emphasis>
– whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow);
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FC78797990F6B47A" bold="true" box="[1009,1021,1809,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">5</emphasis>
– detail of calyx;
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FB22797897BCB479" bold="true" box="[1195,1207,1808,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">6</emphasis>
– lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx;
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FC41794590DFB41E" bold="true" box="[968,980,1837,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">7</emphasis>
– complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other;
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FD21792091BFB401" bold="true" box="[680,692,1864,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">8</emphasis>
– details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows);
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9EFF82FC09790C9087B425" bold="true" box="[896,908,1892,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">9</emphasis>
– detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3DB0B0FF9FFF83FFF47EB791F2B3A9" box="[125,761,223,245]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" startId="5.[125,181,223,244]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9FFF83FFF47EB791F2B3A9" blockId="5.[125,761,223,245]" box="[125,761,223,245]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9FFF83FFF47EB793C5B3A8" bold="true" box="[125,206,223,244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Table 1.</emphasis>
Numerical details of
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9FFF83FE147E889140B3A9" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[413,587,223,245]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9FFF83FE147E889113B3A8" box="[413,536,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
from Arctic sites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9FFF83FDB77F7E97A7B133" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F9421298FF9F0079FFF47F7E96ADB133" box="[125,1446,278,623]" gridcols="11" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47F7E96ADB275" box="[125,1446,278,297]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77F7E9023B275" box="[574,808,278,297]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coccolith length</th>
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187F7E9779B275" box="[913,1138,278,297]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coccolith width</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47F5396ADB235" box="[125,1446,315,361]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FFF47F539219B235" box="[125,274,315,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Collection site</th>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27F53928AB235" box="[299,385,315,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Reference</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157F53912DB235" box="[412,550,315,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cell dimensions (L × W)</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77F5391A1B235" box="[574,682,315,361]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Mean ± sd</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7F539023B235" box="[722,808,315,361]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">min/max</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7F53906CB235" box="[850,871,315,361]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">n</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187F5390F6B235" box="[913,1021,315,361]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Mean ±sd</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957F539779B235" box="[1052,1138,315,361]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">min/max</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7F5397A7B235" box="[1175,1196,315,361]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">n</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7F53963BB235" box="[1236,1328,315,361]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Ant. Spine</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7F5396ADB235" box="[1349,1446,315,361]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Post. Spine</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47F1396ADB2D3" box="[125,1446,379,399]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FFF47F139219B2D3" box="[125,274,379,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Arctic (NEW)</th>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27F13928AB2D3" box="[299,385,379,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157F13912DB2D3" box="[412,550,379,399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">6.1 × 4.2</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7F139023B2D3" box="[722,808,379,399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.4–1.5</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957F139779B2D3" box="[1052,1138,379,399]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.75–0.8</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7F13963BB2D3" box="[1236,1328,379,399]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.7–3.3</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7F1396ADB2D3" box="[1349,1446,379,399]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.3–2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47FC996ADB2E8" box="[125,1446,417,436]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27FC9928AB2E8" box="[299,385,417,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157FC9912DB2E8" box="[412,550,417,436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">6.2 × 4.8</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7FC9963BB2E8" box="[1236,1328,417,436]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">3.0–3.7</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7FC996ADB2E8" box="[1349,1446,417,436]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.0–2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47FAE96ADB286" box="[125,1446,454,474]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FFF47FAE9219B286" box="[125,274,454,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Arctic (Disko)</th>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27FAE928AB286" box="[299,385,454,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 7</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157FAE912DB286" box="[412,550,454,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">8.4 × 6.1</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77FAE91A1B286" box="[574,682,454,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.3 ± 0.054</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7FAE9023B286" box="[722,808,454,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.20–1.39</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7FAE906CB286" box="[850,871,454,474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">14</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187FAE90F6B286" box="[913,1021,454,474]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.69 ± 0.036</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957FAE9779B286" box="[1052,1138,454,474]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.60–0.73</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7FAE97A7B286" box="[1175,1196,454,474]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">14</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7FAE963BB286" box="[1236,1328,454,474]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.5–2.9</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7FAE96ADB286" box="[1349,1446,454,474]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.5–2.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47F8496ADB2A3" box="[125,1446,492,511]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76A38B06FF9F0079FFF47F849219B2A3" box="[125,274,492,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Arctic (Svalbard)</th>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27F84928AB2A3" box="[299,385,492,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157F84912DB2A3" box="[412,550,492,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">6.8 × 6.7</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77F8491A1B2A3" box="[574,682,492,511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.12 ± 0.082</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7F849023B2A3" box="[722,808,492,511]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.95–1.31</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7F84906CB2A3" box="[850,871,492,511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">31</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187F8490F6B2A3" box="[913,1021,492,511]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.65 ± 0.056</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957F849779B2A3" box="[1052,1138,492,511]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.56–0.81</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7F8497A7B2A3" box="[1175,1196,492,511]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7F84963BB2A3" box="[1236,1328,492,511]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.5–2.7</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7F8496ADB2A3" box="[1349,1446,492,511]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.7–1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47C7996ADB179" box="[125,1446,529,549]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27C79928AB179" box="[299,385,529,549]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 11</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157C79912DB179" box="[412,550,529,549]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">6 × 5.7</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77C7991A1B179" box="[574,682,529,549]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.10 ± 0.085</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7C799023B179" box="[722,808,529,549]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.98–1.27</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7C79906CB179" box="[850,871,529,549]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">19</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187C7990F6B179" box="[913,1021,529,549]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.67 ± 0.072</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957C799779B179" box="[1052,1138,529,549]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.56–0.85</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7C7997A7B179" box="[1175,1196,529,549]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">19</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7C79963BB179" box="[1236,1328,529,549]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.6–2.8</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7C7996ADB179" box="[1349,1446,529,549]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.1–1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47C5E96ADB116" box="[125,1446,566,586]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27C5E928AB116" box="[299,385,566,586]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 12</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157C5E912DB116" box="[412,550,566,586]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">6.2 × 6.9</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77C5E91A1B116" box="[574,682,566,586]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.13 ± 0.076</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7C5E9023B116" box="[722,808,566,586]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.10–1.35</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7C5E906CB116" box="[850,871,566,586]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187C5E90F6B116" box="[913,1021,566,586]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.68 ± 0.037</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957C5E9779B116" box="[1052,1138,566,586]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.62–0.75</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7C5E97A7B116" box="[1175,1196,566,586]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">27</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB5D7C5E963BB116" box="[1236,1328,566,586]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.2–2.4</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FACC7C5E96ADB116" box="[1349,1446,566,586]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3572E27AFF9F0079FFF47C3496ADB133" box="[125,1446,604,623]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-9="1">
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FEA27C34928AB133" box="[299,385,604,623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 14</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FE157C34912DB133" box="[412,550,604,623]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">7.7 × 6.5</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FDB77C3491A1B133" box="[574,682,604,623]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.11 ± 0.071</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FD5B7C349023B133" box="[722,808,604,623]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.89–1.27</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FCDB7C34906CB133" box="[850,871,604,623]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">41</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FC187C3490F6B133" box="[913,1021,604,623]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.63 ± 0.046</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB957C349779B133" box="[1052,1138,604,623]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.54–0.71</td>
<td id="76A38B06FF9F0079FB1E7C3497A7B133" box="[1175,1196,604,623]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">38</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9FFF83FF2A7B449171B6A8" blockId="5.[125,772,769,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
Central area calcification is invariable an axial cross in combination with a number of longitudinal bars even- ly spread across the coccolith. The highest number of such bars observed is 7 (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FE137BFC92D4B6F2" box="[410,479,1428,1454]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) which creates a densely packed central area. Most coccoliths tend to have 3–5 of these longitudinal bars (see e.g.
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FD9F7BB29167B6A8" box="[534,620,1498,1524]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9FFF83FF2A7B949008B4C8" blockId="5.[125,772,769,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
The calyx takes the shape of a four-winged rosette with the four wings positioned at right angles to each other (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FF42782A925CB500" box="[203,343,1601,1628]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 5–6, 9</figureCitation>
). Each wing has parallel sides. The exterior edge is straight, whereas the interior edge has a variable number of steps that gradually decrease the width of the wing towards the distal end (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FD1B78C291FEB598" box="[658,757,1706,1732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[125,160,1156,1178]" captionTargetBox="[124,773,248,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-628@3.[123,773,223,1155]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Interpretational drawings of coccolith structure within species of Papposphaera. Intraspecific variation is shown where relevant. A – P. sagittifera; B – P. sagittifera cfr.; C – P. sarion; D – P. arctica; E – P. iugifera; F – P. heldalii; a – body coccolith central area calcification; b – calyx design; c – calicate coccolith central area calcification; d – holococcolith contour (flagellar pole coccolith); e – holococcolith contour (body coccolith). Notice the inclusion of schematic drawings of a rosette wing from each of the P. sagittifera types of calyces." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994322/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). There seems to be a significant variability with respect to both the width of the wing and the number of steps on the interior edge. The degree to which the four-winged rosette diverges from the stem is dependent on the an- gle between the exterior edge and the line that proxi- mally connects the inner and exterior edges of the wing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9FFF80FCC67D6A9273B450" blockId="5.[809,1456,770,1940]" lastBlockId="6.[132,782,1709,1805]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9FFF83FCC67D6A97C1B040" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[847,1226,770,796]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9FFF83FCC67D6A9788B040" box="[847,1155,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Papposphaera sagittifera</emphasis>
HET
</taxonomicName>
is generally con- ceived as having monomorphic coccoliths yet with a tendency towards a varimorphic state in as much as there is variability among coccoliths in the length of the central process and with the longer ones prevail- ing in a circum-flagellar cluster. The SEM images (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FAF27DC79095B0B0" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 10–12, 14</figureCitation>
) clearly and consistently show that the actual pattern of variability goes beyond trivial dimensional issues. The major part of the coccoliths covering the cell surface – with the exception of the apical and an- tapical poles of the cell – are in fact devoid of a central process. All that is left is a short stub-like feature (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FAF27A179032B7E0" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FCC17ACA906DB7E0" box="[840,870,1186,1212]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">14</figureCitation>
) or just a low mound created by the lifting up of the arms of the axial cross where they meet centrally (
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FCBB7A8F9075B65D" box="[818,894,1255,1281]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). It is of course possible and also relevant to interpret these as being just very much reduced stand- ard calicate coccoliths without a central appendage. However, it does anyway represent a differentiation among coccoliths that is almost equal to having dimor- phic coccoliths. TEM images (e.g.
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FB517BFC9643B6F3" box="[1240,1352,1428,1455]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 4, 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FAD07BFD967CB6F3" box="[1369,1399,1429,1455]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">13</figureCitation>
) are less informative with respect to illustrating the distri- bution of calicate and non-calicate coccoliths within a coccosphere. The electron beam does not adequately penetrate the middle part of the cell leaving the massive appearance in this area of non-calicate coccoliths dif- ficult to resolve. The two-dimensional TEM image and a certain repositioning of individual coccoliths caused by the handling of the cells during processing, further add to the interpretational challenge with respect to ac- counting for the actual positioning of calicate versus non-calicate coccoliths. Disregarding these reserva- tions the cells illustrated in
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FBFB795C97B0B413" box="[1138,1211,1844,1871]" captionStart="Figs 4–9" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figs 4</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9FFF83FB7F795D9618B413" box="[1270,1299,1845,1871]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">13</figureCitation>
do appear to have a few calicate coccoliths positioned in the middle part of the coccosphere. This might indicate a possible regional or seasonal variability among specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9CFF80FD7C78C693F6B5B6" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9CFF80FD7C78C693F6B5B6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we do not at present have material to possibly account for.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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