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<mods:title id="CE4DC4EA324FD00422E6070C3E08E4B1">Solved after 140 years: the identity of the millipede Polydesmus cavicola Packard, 1877, and proposal of Packardesmus n. gen. (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Macrosternodesmidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A95EBB45C649CEB73C4C69E598C0F48B">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5786F4D779C095E6F57F0F3FB67CA80">Shelley, Rowland M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E187C50F77FFC8FF789542FACC520A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5943957" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154533774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5943957" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E187C50F77FFC8FF789542FACC520A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C50F77FFC8FF789542FACC520A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="1" pageNumber="385">
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<paragraph id="8BF736D30F77FFCBFF789542FD495454" blockId="1.[151,738,1796,1822]" box="[151,738,1796,1822]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385">
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Family
<taxonomicName id="4C484D500F77FFCBFF199542FD495454" ID-CoL="7NJMF" authority="Brolemann 1916" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[246,738,1796,1822]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann 1916</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFF78950CFE065429" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M." box="[151,429,1866,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref3811" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M. (2006) Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic small-bodied millipede from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida). Zootaxa, 1176, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2006">Shear &amp; Shelley (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFE04950CFCAF5429" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Reddell, J. M." box="[491,772,1866,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref3740" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Reddell, J. M. (2017) Cave millipedes of the United States. XIV. Revalidation of the genus Speorthus Chamberlin, 1952 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae) with a description of a new species from Texas and remarks on the families Polydesmidae and Macrosternodesmidae in North America. Insecta Mundi, 0 529, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2017">Shear &amp; Reddell (2017)</bibRefCitation>
provided a modern diagnosis of this family, particularly regarding the North American components. The family incorporates two subfamilies, Macrosternodesminae and Nearctodesminae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFE8695D4FDC554E1" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Reddell, J. M." box="[361,622,1938,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref3740" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Reddell, J. M. (2017) Cave millipedes of the United States. XIV. Revalidation of the genus Speorthus Chamberlin, 1952 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae) with a description of a new species from Texas and remarks on the families Polydesmidae and Macrosternodesmidae in North America. Insecta Mundi, 0 529, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2017">Shear &amp; Reddell 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Aside from four species in Europe, the Macrosternodesminae consists mostly of small, pallid species from the central and southern Rocky Mountains and the arid Southwest, including southern California, Arizona and Nevada (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFD7A959CFC0E54B9" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M." box="[661,933,2010,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref3811" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M. (2006) Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic small-bodied millipede from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida). Zootaxa, 1176, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2006">Shear &amp; Shelley 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFC58959DFC5A54B9" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M." box="[951,1009,2011,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="51 - 68" refId="ref3875" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M. (2007) The millipede genus Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F77FFCBFBEB959DFBEB54B9" author="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M." box="[1028,1088,2011,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="385" pagination="41 - 48" refId="ref3912" refString="Shear, W. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M. (2008) Cave millipeds of the United States. VI. Sequoiadesmus krejcae, n. gen., n. sp. from Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, SA (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidea, Macrosternodesmidae. Zootaxa, 1693, 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
); while species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C484D500F74FFC8FF7892DEFE6E53FA" authority="Bollman, 1884" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,453,151,176]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Chaetaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEAC10F74FFC8FF7892DEFEBF53FA" box="[151,276,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="386">Chaetaspis</emphasis>
Bollman, 1884
</taxonomicName>
are found in forested habitats and caves east of the Mississippi River. Many of these species are known only from caves and are likely relicts of a cooler, wetter climate in the region. The subfamily Nearctodesminae (revised by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B220F74FFC8FE0A9299FDD253B2" author="Shelley, R. M." box="[485,633,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" pagination="470 - 495" refId="ref3977" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1994) The milliped family Nearctodesmidae in northwestern North America, with accounts of Sakophallus and S. simplex Chamberlin (Polydesmida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 470 - 495." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley 1994</bibRefCitation>
) occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with isolated single species in Illinois and
<collectingCountry id="F35F76430F74FFC8FF289342FE8B5257" box="[199,288,260,285]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="386">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. They are much larger (
<quantity id="4CB09B360F74FFC8FDC09342FD015256" box="[559,682,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="10.0">10–35 mm</quantity>
long) and often pigmented with brown, pink, red or orange; while they may occur in caves as accidentals, none of the species are known exclusively from underground habitats.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>
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