191 lines
26 KiB
XML
191 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4334458" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e89a8dfa-e923-4a01-97f4-4edd4a0b8db0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="166018114" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4334458" approvedBy="poa" checkinTime="1596207678408" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Grazia, Jocelia, Schuh, Randall T. & Wheeler, Ward C." docDate="2008" docId="03E187AB6B77FFF2FCFDF99313564915" docLanguage="en" docName="Cladistics.24.932-976.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Cladistics 24" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Thaumastellidae Seidenstucker Historical" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="967" masterDocId="FFD8FFD36B55FFD1FFB9FF8611774F5E" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" masterLastPageNumber="976" masterPageNumber="932" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" updateTime="1635478016111" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grazia, Jocelia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jocelia@ufrgs.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schuh, Randall T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wheeler, Ward C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cladistics</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2008-11-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>932</mods:start>
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<mods:end>976</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e89a8dfa-e923-4a01-97f4-4edd4a0b8db0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3968591</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4334458" ID-GBIF-Taxon="166018114" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4334458" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E187AB6B77FFF2FCFDF99313564915" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187AB6B77FFF2FCFDF99313564915" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="967" pageId="34" pageNumber="966">
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="966" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[836,1474,1557,1887]" pageId="34" pageNumber="966">
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<taxonomicName authority="Seidenstucker Historical" authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="966">
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<heading bold="true" box="[836,1277,1557,1581]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" reason="0">THAUMASTELLIDAE Seidenstücker</heading>
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Historical
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: The superfamilial position of this family group has been controversial since the time of its description. Having been originally placed in the Lyg-
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="967" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[836,1474,1557,1887]" pageId="34" pageNumber="966">
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aeoidea, the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[996,1184,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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was transferred to the
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[836,1008,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
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at family rank by
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<bibRefCitation author="Stys, P." box="[1224,1363,1702,1733]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Soc. Entomol. Cechoslov." pageId="34" pageNumber="966" pagination="236 - 253" part="61" refId="ref32506" refString="Stys, P., 1964 a. Thaumastellidae - a new family of pentatomoid Hemiptera. Acta Soc. Entomol. Cechoslov. 61, 236 - 253." title="Thaumastellidae - a new family of pentatomoid Hemiptera" type="journal article" year="1964">Štys (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
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and later reduced to a subfamily of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Dolling." authorityYear="1981" box="[1221,1330,1740,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Cydnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cydnidae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dolling, W. R." journalOrPublisher="Syst. Entomol." pageId="34" pageNumber="966" pagination="61 - 76" part="6" refId="ref28605" refString="Dolling, W. R., 1981. A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae). Syst. Entomol. 6, 61 - 76." title="A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Dolling (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Jacobs, D. H." box="[969,1129,1770,1794]" journalOrPublisher="J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr." pageId="34" pageNumber="966" pagination="301 - 316" part="52" refId="ref29804" refString="Jacobs, D. H., 1989. A new species of Thaumastella with notes on the morphology, biology and distribution of the two southern African species (Heteroptera: Thaumastellidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 52, 301 - 316." title="A new species of Thaumastella with notes on the morphology, biology and distribution of the two southern African species (Heteroptera: Thaumastellidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Jacobs (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Jacobs, D. H." box="[1142,1299,1770,1794]" journalOrPublisher="J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr." pageId="34" pageNumber="966" pagination="301 - 316" part="52" refId="ref29804" refString="Jacobs, D. H., 1989. A new species of Thaumastella with notes on the morphology, biology and distribution of the two southern African species (Heteroptera: Thaumastellidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 52, 301 - 316." title="A new species of Thaumastella with notes on the morphology, biology and distribution of the two southern African species (Heteroptera: Thaumastellidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Jacobs (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned the presence of a microchromosome (m-chromosome) in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[836,1027,1831,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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, which is also present in many Coreoidea, Lygaeoidea, and Pyrrhocoroidea (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot & Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1276,1383,1862,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Largidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="966" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Largidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Henry, T. J." box="[1402,1474,1863,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="34" pageNumber="966" pagination="275 - 301" part="90" refId="ref29637" refString="Henry, T. J., 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 90, 275 - 301." title="Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea" type="journal article" year="1997">Henry</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[113,752,182,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">
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(1997) suggested that the m-chromosome is a synapomorphy defining this broad group within the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" infraOrder="Pentatomomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Pentatomomorpha</taxonomicName>
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, albeit lost in a few taxa (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1851" box="[504,617,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Berytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berytidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schilling" authorityYear="1829" box="[628,747,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Lygaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lygaeinae">Lygaeinae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Amyot & Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[165,305,273,297]" class="Insecta" family="Piesmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Piesmatidae</taxonomicName>
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), and that the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[474,665,273,297]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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, due to
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[113,752,182,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">
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the presence of an m-chromosome, may therefore not belong in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[280,455,334,358]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
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. Nonetheless, many apomorphies of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[338,509,365,389]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
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are found in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[113,304,395,419]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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, including the presence of the foretibial apparatus, expanded mandibular plates, the base of the head not forming a ‘‘neck’’, post-ocular tubercles absent, the structure of the female genitalia, and the paired lateral trichobothria.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[113,752,182,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">
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<emphasis box="[140,332,549,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Analytical result</emphasis>
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: Because of the controversy over placement of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[325,516,579,603]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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, and their rarity in collections, we felt fortunate to be able to secure sequences of two species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1896" box="[479,629,640,664]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" genus="Thaumastella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[479,629,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Thaumastella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Horváth, offering new evidence to test the relationships of the taxon. In our morphological analyses (
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<figureCitation box="[571,698,701,725]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="22.[135,168,1840,1859]" captionStartId-1="23.[113,146,1819,1838]" captionStartId-2="24.[135,168,1801,1820]" captionTargetBox-0="[194,1414,184,1809]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1411,184,1787]" captionTargetBox-2="[143,1466,184,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure@22.[194,1323,183,1807]" captionTargetId-1="figure@23.[156,1411,191,1787]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[143,1466,192,1769]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="Fig. 42. Strict consensus of 96 most parsimonious trees for full-taxon morphological data set, with unsupported nodes supressed. Length = 207; consistency index = 42; retention index = 86. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious." captionText-1="Fig. 43. Strict consensus of three trees derived from successive weighting of the results shown in Fig. 42. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious." captionText-2="Fig. 44. Strict consensus of 12 trees derived from implied weighting analysis of morphological data using PIWE. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968609" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968611" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968613" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3968609/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3968611/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3968613/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Figs 42–44</figureCitation>
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) the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[113,301,732,756]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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is placed within the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Dolling." authorityYear="1981" box="[594,706,732,756]" class="Insecta" family="Cydnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cydnidae</taxonomicName>
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, in conformity with the theory proposed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dolling, W. R." journalOrPublisher="Syst. Entomol." pageId="35" pageNumber="967" pagination="61 - 76" part="6" refId="ref28605" refString="Dolling, W. R., 1981. A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae). Syst. Entomol. 6, 61 - 76." title="A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Dolling (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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, an unsurprising result. The strict consensus of molecular data with a 1: 1 cost ratio places the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[113,301,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
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as the sister group of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[594,751,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[122,207,884,908]" captionStart="Figs 45–48. 45" captionStartId="25.[113,152,1786,1805]" captionTargetBox="[141,1425,1005,1754]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 45–48. 45. One of two trees derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 1: 1 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio. 46. Single tree derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 2: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 47. Single tree derived from analysis of ~500 bp of 16S rRNA data using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 48. Single tree derived from analysis of ~1800 bp of 18S rRNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3968615/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
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); changing the cost ratio to 2: 2 places
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1896" box="[113,263,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" genus="Thaumastella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[113,263,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Thaumastella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a clade that includes the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dallas" authorityYear="1851" box="[589,747,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Urostylididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Urostylididae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1867" box="[113,253,945,969]" class="Insecta" family="Dinidoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dinidoridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1864" box="[279,461,945,969]" class="Insecta" family="Tessaratomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tessaratomidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Fabricius, 1803" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1803" box="[486,582,946,970]" class="Insecta" family="Canopidae" genus="Canopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[486,582,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Canopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lepeletier & Serville. The" box="[674,750,946,970]" class="Insecta" family="Hemiptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Phloea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[674,750,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Phloea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[122,208,976,1000]" captionStart="Figs 45–48. 45" captionStartId="25.[113,152,1786,1805]" captionTargetBox="[141,1425,1005,1754]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 45–48. 45. One of two trees derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 1: 1 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio. 46. Single tree derived from analysis of combined molecular data with 2: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 47. Single tree derived from analysis of ~500 bp of 16S rRNA data using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 48. Single tree derived from analysis of ~1800 bp of 18S rRNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3968615/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
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). These results are more or less duplicated in the 52-taxon combined analyses (
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<figureCitation box="[541,738,1006,1030]" captionStart="Figs 49–52. 49" captionStartId="27.[113,152,1804,1823]" captionTargetBox="[181,1384,1071,1772]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 49–52. 49. Single tree derived from analysis of ~470 bp of 28S rRNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 50. Single tree derived from analysis of ~1100 bp of COI mtDNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio. 51. Total evidence analysis with POY of 52- taxon data set using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 52. Total evidence analysis with POY of 52-taxon data set using 2: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3968617/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Figs 51 and 52</figureCitation>
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), although there
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1896" box="[296,446,1037,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" genus="Thaumastella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[296,446,1037,1061]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Thaumastella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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becomes the sister group of the
|
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kumar" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[195,409,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthosomatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[454,586,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Lestoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lestoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
under a 1: 1 cost ratio (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[247,331,1098,1122]" captionStart="Figs 49–52. 49" captionStartId="27.[113,152,1804,1823]" captionTargetBox="[181,1384,1071,1772]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 49–52. 49. Single tree derived from analysis of ~470 bp of 28S rRNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 50. Single tree derived from analysis of ~1100 bp of COI mtDNA using 1: 1 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio. 51. Total evidence analysis with POY of 52- taxon data set using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. 52. Total evidence analysis with POY of 52-taxon data set using 2: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3968617/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" box="[587,748,1098,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The 92-taxon combined analyses always place the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[113,301,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a clade containing most of the other ‘‘cydnoid’’ taxa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[311,441,1190,1214]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="28.[135,168,1740,1759]" captionStartId-1="29.[113,146,1878,1897]" captionStartId-2="30.[135,168,1651,1670]" captionTargetBox-0="[177,1432,184,1708]" captionTargetBox-1="[187,1378,184,1843]" captionTargetBox-2="[177,1431,184,1620]" captionTargetId-0="figure@28.[177,1432,183,1708]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[187,1378,183,1843]" captionTargetId-2="figure@30.[177,1432,183,1620]" captionTargetPageId-0="28" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionTargetPageId-2="30" captionText-0="Fig. 53. One of six trees from total evidence analysis with POY of 92-taxon data set using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious." captionText-1="Fig. 54. One of four trees from total evidence analysis with POY of 92-taxon data set using 1: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious." captionText-2="Fig. 55. One of three trees from total evidence analysis with POY of 92-taxon data set using 2: 2 indel ⁄transition–transversion cost ratio, which had the lowest MRI value. Bremer support values are shown." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968619" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968621" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968623" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3968619/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3968621/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3968623/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Figs 53–55</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although it seems abundantly clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1896" box="[346,496,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" genus="Thaumastella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,496,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">Thaumastella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bonatto" box="[113,288,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as opposed to the Lygaeoidea, because it never falls outside the ingroup in any of our analyses, we continue to maintain it at the family level, in the absence of a more clear-cut signal regarding the details of its phylogenetic placement within the group, and more particularly a more rigorous test of the monophyly of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="sensu Dolling." authorityName="sensu Dolling." authorityYear="1981" box="[192,472,1434,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Cydnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Cydnidae
|
||
<emphasis box="[310,369,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Dolling.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Morphological features treated as diagnostic for the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Seidenstucker Historical" box="[473,660,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumastellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="967" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumastellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in our analyses are the short scutellum that at most barely surpasses the posterior margin of the metathorax (
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[705,742,1520,1550]" fontSize="7" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">160</superScript>
|
||
) and the claval commissure reduced, being no more than half the length of the scutellum (
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[491,529,1581,1611]" fontSize="7" pageId="35" pageNumber="967">171</superScript>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |