treatments-xml/data/03/C4/87/03C487A2FFAEFFFCFEFEFC65DB1C5257.xml

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<mods:title id="C9A041FBE63B7A88BD974C2F821537F6">Systematic position of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae), and a critical evaluation of the nymphidiine transtilla</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2B343205288E91606E6DD647850280CC">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A323AAA0D54429203FD1B8C9A87C870F">Devries, Philip J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="79ACAB074ED19BA605C1FC6067635177">2006</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAEFFD2FEFEFC65DC6550D1" box="[264,793,918,944]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAEFFD2FEFEFC65DC6550D1" blockId="14.[264,793,918,944]" box="[264,793,918,944]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEFC65DC6550D1" bold="true" box="[264,793,918,944]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FEFEFC65DD2650D1" authority="Penz &amp; DeVries" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,602,918,944]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEFC65DEF650D1" bold="true" box="[264,394,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Harveyope</emphasis>
Penz &amp; DeVries
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57DDFFAEFFD2FD90FC65DC6550D1" box="[614,793,918,944]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">NEW GENUS</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAEFFD2FEFEFC12DD845099" box="[264,760,993,1017]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAEFFD2FEFEFC12DD845099" blockId="14.[264,760,993,1017]" box="[264,760,993,1017]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus id="54D68816FFAEFFD2FEFEFC12DE415099" box="[264,317,993,1016]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FE69FC11DD845099" authority="Hewitson, 1872" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1872" box="[415,760,993,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FE69FC11DD345098" box="[415,584,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lemonias zerna</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1872
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAEFFD3FEFEFBDADCE55117" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAEFFD2FEFEFBDADE8F5723" blockId="14.[264,1325,1065,1891]" box="[264,499,1065,1090]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEFBDADE8F5723" box="[264,499,1065,1090]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Description (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFAEFFD2FE55FBDADE975723" box="[419,491,1065,1090]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[264,367,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[369,1493,286,1569]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[346,1254,308,1572]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Harveyope zerna: adult male in dorsal and ventral views; wing scheme showing venation and location of dark (heavy stippling), faint (light stippling) and iridescent markings (open); male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, male sternum 8 (note projections). Harveyope glauca: female genitalia (inset: ventral view of ostium bursa). Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646155/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAEFFD3FECEFBA2DCE55117" blockId="14.[264,1325,1065,1891]" lastBlockId="15.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Character state changes from our analysis are indicated by numbers in parentheses. Head: predominantly brown. Frons varying from brown (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FC4EFB8ADC8557F3" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1872" box="[952,1017,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FC4EFB8ADC8557F3" box="[952,1017,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to mostly white (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FB2DFB8ADD6C57DA" authority="(Godman &amp; Salvin))" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FB2DFB8ADA5657F3" box="[1243,1322,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
(Godman &amp; Salvin))
</taxonomicName>
; white marking at center ranging from small (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FB4EFB52DB8557DB" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1872" box="[1208,1273,1185,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FB4EFB52DB8557DB" box="[1208,1273,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to prominent (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FE65FB3ADE9F5783" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[403,483,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FE65FB3ADE9F5783" box="[403,483,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), bordered in white or dull yellow (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FC67FB3ADBA05782" authority="(Hewitson))" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[913,1244,1225,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FC67FB3ADB3D5783" box="[913,1089,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">densemaculata</emphasis>
(Hewitson))
</taxonomicName>
. Frons mostly covered with long hair­like scales projecting anteriorly. Head apex with long scales projecting anteriorly. Second segment of labial palpus laterally white or dull yellow (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FEE4FAB2DEBE563B" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[274,450,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEE4FAB2DEBE563B" box="[274,450,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">densemaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with long hair­like scales projecting ventrally; first and third segments brown. Antenna brown with white rings, club orange at tip. Body: dorsal body scales brown, ventral body and leg scales vary from white (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FC0EFA62DB3456CB" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[1016,1096,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FC0EFA62DB3456CB" box="[1016,1096,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to light brown (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FEE4FA4ADEBE56B3" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[274,450,1465,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEE4FA4ADEBE56B3" box="[274,450,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">densemaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Wings: FW length 
<quantity id="4C959B51FFAEFFD2FD4CFA4ADC4456B2" box="[698,824,1465,1491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">11–15 mm</quantity>
(n=15). Sexes similar. See 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFAEFFD2FB8DFA4ADBBD56B2" box="[1147,1217,1465,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[264,367,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[369,1493,286,1569]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[346,1254,308,1572]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Harveyope zerna: adult male in dorsal and ventral views; wing scheme showing venation and location of dark (heavy stippling), faint (light stippling) and iridescent markings (open); male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, male sternum 8 (note projections). Harveyope glauca: female genitalia (inset: ventral view of ostium bursa). Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646155/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
for wing shape, venation, and location of spots and stripes. Dorsal wing color pattern: brown with darker brown spots ranging from conspicuous (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FCBAF9FADB5C5542" authority="(Stichel)" authorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" box="[844,1056,1545,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sejuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FCBAF9FADCD15543" box="[844,941,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sejuncta</emphasis>
(Stichel)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FBC6F9FADB175543" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[1072,1131,1545,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FBC6F9FADB175543" box="[1072,1131,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to faded (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FEFEF9C2DE35552B" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1872" box="[264,329,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEF9C2DE35552B" box="[264,329,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), to nearly completely obliterated by colored scales (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FC36F9C2DB6C552B" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[960,1040,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FC36F9C2DB6C552B" box="[960,1040,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Green, blue or yellow lines crossing cell boundaries ranging from broad (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FC12F9AADB485513" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[996,1076,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FC12F9AADB485513" box="[996,1076,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), to thin (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FB14F9AADEC455FB" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="zerna" variety="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FB14F9AADA5F5513" box="[1250,1315,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">zerna</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEF972DEC455FB" box="[264,440,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">densemaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or absent (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FDB9F972DD8755FB" box="[591,763,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="sejuncta" variety="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FDB9F972DDCD55FB" box="[591,689,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sejuncta</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FD37F972DD8755FB" box="[705,763,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Ventral wing color pattern: FW slightly paler than dorsal surface, brown spots always conspicuous, bordered or encircled with white to dull yellow scales. HW varies from being similar in color to ventral FW (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FB1FF922DEC45473" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="tinea" variety="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FB1FF922DA5F558B" box="[1257,1315,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tinea</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FEFEF90ADEC45473" box="[264,440,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">densemaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to predominantly white with brown spots (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAEFFD2FBEDF90ADBB55473" box="[1051,1225,1785,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="zerna" variety="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FBEDF90ADB205473" box="[1051,1116,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">zerna</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAEFFD2FB8FF90ADBB55473" box="[1145,1225,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Male terminalia: Sternite 8 extending posteriorly beyond the pleural membrane to form symmetrical, rounded, pointed or squared projections. Genitalic capsule varies from elongate to short and compact (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD8CFEEFDC585254" box="[634,804,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="sejuncta" variety="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD8CFEEFDDA05254" box="[634,732,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sejuncta</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD1CFEEFDC585254" box="[746,804,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Posterior edges of uncus straight and with nubs or spiny projections. Gnathos sickle­shaped with a blunt tip. Vinculum not continuous through anterior edge of tegumen. Aedeagus (=phallus) with a long, acute tip. Coecum penis small or absent (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD63FE67DC3A52CC" box="[661,838,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="sejuncta" variety="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD63FE67DD8B52CC" box="[661,759,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sejuncta</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FCFDFE67DC3A52CC" box="[779,838,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Cornuti constituted of a simple plate (character 29:1), sometimes bearing spines (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FCCAFE4FDC9352B4" box="[828,1007,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="sejuncta" variety="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FCCAFE4FDCE252B4" box="[828,926,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sejuncta</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FC43FE4FDC9352B4" box="[949,1007,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Vesica with prominent sculpturing (character 28:2). Valvae clearly divided into two processes; dorsal processes separated laterally, ventral processes forming a bridge above aedeagus. Tip of ventral process sometimes fused to this bridge (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD0EFDC7DCDB512C" box="[760,935,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="sejuncta" variety="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD0EFDC7DCDB512C" box="[760,935,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sejuncta, tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Lateral, rounded extension of ventral process protruding outward to form a small flap.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAFFFD3FEFEFD5FDD0D567F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FEFEFD5FDD2451A4" blockId="15.[264,1323,684,1070]" box="[264,600,684,709]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFD5FDD2451A4" box="[264,600,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks on female genitalia</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEFD27DA5D574F" blockId="15.[264,1323,684,1070]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The single female of the 
<typeStatus id="54D68816FFAFFFD3FD7CFD27DDC0518F" box="[650,700,724,750]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
species available to us had a broken abdomen, preventing examination of the genitalia. From examination of the female genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FEFEFCD7DE2B505C" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[264,343,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFCD7DE2B505C" box="[264,343,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFAFFFD3FE91FCD7DED1505F" box="[359,429,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[264,367,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[369,1493,286,1569]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[346,1254,308,1572]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Harveyope zerna: adult male in dorsal and ventral views; wing scheme showing venation and location of dark (heavy stippling), faint (light stippling) and iridescent markings (open); male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, male sternum 8 (note projections). Harveyope glauca: female genitalia (inset: ventral view of ostium bursa). Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646155/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FE18FCD7DD54505C" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[494,552,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FE18FCD7DD54505C" box="[494,552,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we note the following: (1) antrum narrow and sclerotized in both species (but less sclerotized in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD7EFCBFDDBF5004" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[648,707,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD7EFCBFDDBF5004" box="[648,707,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), long in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FCB4FCBFDCEE5004" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[834,914,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FCB4FCBFDCEE5004" box="[834,914,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and short in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FBCAFCBFDB0B5004" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[1084,1143,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FBCAFCBFDB0B5004" box="[1084,1143,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FB2DFCBFDA565004" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[1243,1322,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FB2DFCBFDA565004" box="[1243,1322,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ductus bursa with a lightly sclerotized, internally spined enlargement before corpus bursa that seems identical to that found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD4FFC6FDC8D50D4" baseAuthorityName="Spitz" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[697,1009,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paucipuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD4FFC6FDC8D50D4" box="[697,1009,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hallonympha paucipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(this structure is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FEFEFC37DE3E50BC" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[264,322,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFC37DE3E50BC" box="[264,322,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (3) corpus bursa highly elongated; (4) four signa in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FBEAFC37DB1050BC" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[1052,1132,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FBEAFC37DB1050BC" box="[1052,1132,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FB1FFC37DA5F50BC" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[1257,1315,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FB1FFC37DA5F50BC" box="[1257,1315,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differences in female genitalic morphology between 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FC5FFC1FDC855764" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[937,1017,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FC5FFC1FDC855764" box="[937,1017,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FBB7FC1FDB005764" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[1089,1148,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FBB7FC1FDB005764" box="[1089,1148,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be comparable to that in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FDFEFBE7DDD4574C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[520,680,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FDFEFBE7DDD4574C" box="[520,680,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(this study) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FC9AFBE7DA61574F" authority="(Penz &amp; DeVries 2004)" authorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[876,1309,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FC9AFBE7DC82574C" box="[876,1022,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFAFFFD3FBF8FBE7DA69574F" author="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M." box="[1038,1301,1044,1070]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref10221" refString="DeVries, P. J., Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2004) The early stages of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae): myrmecophily, a new caterpillar ant-organ and consequences for classification. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 102, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">Penz &amp; DeVries 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FEFEFB97DEC7571C" blockId="15.[264,1323,1124,1310]" box="[264,443,1124,1149]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFB97DEC7571C" box="[264,443,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Natural history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEFB7FDD0D567F" blockId="15.[264,1323,1124,1310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Collectively, species in this genus range from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FC95FB7FDCA057C7" box="[867,988,1164,1190]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
south to 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FBB8FB7FDBAE57C7" box="[1102,1234,1164,1190]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, and in South America from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FDFDFB47DDFB57AF" box="[523,647,1204,1230]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FD63FB47DC7057AF" box="[661,780,1204,1230]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FCEDFB47DC2D57AF" box="[795,849,1204,1230]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7624FFAFFFD3FC67FB47DCA157AF" box="[913,989,1204,1230]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Early stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FB5CFB47DA5757AC" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1194,1323,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FB5CFB47DA5757AC" box="[1194,1323,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are unknown or undescribed. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFAFFFD3FD49FB2FDC095797" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[703,885,1244,1270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref10186" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1997) The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol II. Riodinidae. Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey. 288 pp." type="book" year="1997">DeVries (1997)</bibRefCitation>
reported natural history observations for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FEC4FAF7DEFE567C" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[306,386,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEC4FAF7DEFE567C" box="[306,386,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FE4CFAF7DD16567C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[442,618,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FE4CFAF7DD16567C" box="[442,618,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">densemaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAFFFD3FEFEFAA7DB1F55E1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FEFEFAA7DE8756DF" blockId="15.[264,1324,1364,1470]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFAA7DEF9560C" box="[264,389,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology</emphasis>
We name this new genus for D. J. Harvey in recognition for his contribution to riodinid systematics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FEFEFA07DE89556C" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[264,501,1524,1549]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FEFEFA07DE89556C" box="[264,501,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species in the genus</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF9E4DC115538" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Based on our phylogenetic analysis (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFAFFFD3FD12F9E4DC555550" box="[740,809,1559,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[363,1493,286,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[358,1240,297,1452]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. One of six equally parsimonious trees, selected by successive approximation weighting and used to trace character state changes. Numbers above and below branches correspond to bootstrap and Bremer support values respectively. Letters correspond to groups listed in Table 2 and in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646151/files/figure.svg" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and generic definition (above), we transfer the following species from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FDBFF9CCDDBC5539" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[585,704,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FDBFF9CCDDBC5539" box="[585,704,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FD13F9CCDC195539" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[741,869,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD13F9CCDC195539" box="[741,869,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF994DB1F55E1" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[312,1123,1638,1665]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FECEF994DDA955E0" authority="(Hewiston, 1872)" authorityName="Hewiston" authorityYear="1872" baseAuthorityName="Hewiston" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[312,725,1639,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FECEF994DD7C55E1" box="[312,512,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope zerna</emphasis>
(Hewiston, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="54D68816FFAFFFD3FD15F994DC6455E0" box="[739,792,1639,1665]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
species], 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FC7BF995DB1F55E1" bold="true" box="[909,1123,1638,1664]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">new combination</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAFFFD3FECEF97CDB5455B1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF97CDB5155C9" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[312,1069,1678,1705]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FECEF97CDC3755C8" authority="(Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886)" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[312,843,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FECEF97CDD6C55C9" box="[312,528,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope glauca</emphasis>
(Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57DDFFAFFFD3FCA1F97DDB5155C9" box="[855,1069,1678,1704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FCA1F97DDB5155C9" bold="true" box="[855,1069,1678,1704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">new combination</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF944DB5455B1" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[312,1064,1718,1745]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FECEF944DC3B55B0" authority="(Hewitson, 1870)" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[312,839,1719,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FECEF944DD1355B1" box="[312,623,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope densemaculata</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57DDFFAFFFD3FCA4F945DB5455B1" box="[850,1064,1718,1744]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FCA4F945DB5455B1" bold="true" box="[850,1064,1718,1744]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">new combination</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFAFFFD3FECEF92CDCF85441" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF92CDCC05599" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[312,956,1758,1785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FECEF92CDDA55598" authority="(Stichel, 1910)" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[312,729,1759,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sejuncta" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FECEF92CDD5D5599" box="[312,545,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope sejuncta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFAFFFD3FDC6F92CDDAC5598" author="Stichel, H." box="[560,720,1759,1785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref10934" refString="Stichel, H. (1910) Riodinidae. Genera Insectorum 112 A, 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1910">Stichel, 1910</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57DDFFAFFFD3FD13F92DDCC05599" box="[741,956,1758,1784]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD13F92DDCC05599" bold="true" box="[741,956,1758,1784]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">new combination</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFAFFFD3FECEF8F4DCF85441" blockId="15.[264,1323,1524,1825]" box="[312,900,1798,1825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFAFFFD3FECEF8F4DDDE5440" authority="(Bates, 1868)" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[312,674,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FECEF8F4DE865441" box="[312,506,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Harveyope tinea</emphasis>
(Bates, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57DDFFAFFFD3FD58F8F5DCF85441" box="[686,900,1798,1824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFAFFFD3FD58F8F5DCF85441" bold="true" box="[686,900,1798,1824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">new combination</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB0FFCCFEFEF9DADB1C55C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646155/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[264,367,1577,1601]" targetBox="[369,1493,286,1569]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB0FFCCFEFEF9DADB1C55C9" blockId="16.[264,1322,1577,1705]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFEFEF9DADEF35520" bold="true" box="[264,399,1577,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFE6AF9D9DD2B5520" baseAuthorityName="Hewiston" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[412,599,1578,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFE6AF9D9DD2B5520" box="[412,599,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Harveyope zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: adult male in dorsal and ventral views; wing scheme showing venation and location of dark (heavy stippling), faint (light stippling) and iridescent markings (open); male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, male sternum 8 (note projections). 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFB43F99CDE2D55C8" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFB43F99CDE2D55C8" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Harveyope glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: female genitalia (inset: ventral view of ostium bursa). Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFB0FFCFFEFEF92FDE8F5060" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB0FFCCFEFEF92FDC5D5594" blockId="16.[264,1323,1756,1902]" box="[264,801,1756,1781]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFEFEF92FDC5D5594" box="[264,801,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Other species possibly included in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFD57F92FDC5D5594" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[673,801,1756,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB0FFCDFECEF8F7DDAD523F" blockId="16.[264,1323,1756,1902]" lastBlockId="17.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
We did not examine 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFDDCF8F7DCB3547F" authority="(Hewitson, 1874)" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1874" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[554,975,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curulis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFDDCF8F7DD87547C" box="[554,763,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Adelotypa curulis</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1874)
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFC01F8F7DE2C5427" authority="(Bates, 1868)" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argiella">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFC01F8F7DBAC547C" box="[1015,1232,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Adelotypa argiella</emphasis>
(Bates, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
. The male 
<typeStatus id="54D68816FFB0FFCCFE22F8DFDD465427" box="[468,570,1836,1862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFD92F8DFDDCA5424" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[612,694,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curulis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFD92F8DFDDCA5424" box="[612,694,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">curulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in the Natural History Museum, London; illustrated in D’Abrera 1994) appears similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB0FFCCFD2CF8A7DC2D540C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[730,849,1876,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB0FFCCFD2CF8A7DC2D540C" box="[730,849,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specimen illustrated in D’Abrera (1994) as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFE89FEEFDEA75254" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[383,475,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argiella">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFE89FEEFDEA75254" box="[383,475,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">argiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFD96FEEFDDBC5254" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[608,704,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFD96FEEFDDBC5254" box="[608,704,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The possible phylogenetic relatedness among these taxa should be verified by future work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFEFEFE48DB4452B4" blockId="17.[264,1080,443,469]" box="[264,1080,443,469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFEFEFE48DB4452B4" bold="true" box="[264,1080,443,469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Comparative morphology of the nymphidiine valva and transtilla</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFEFEFDF4DE8A5141" blockId="17.[264,1324,519,1145]" box="[264,502,519,544]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFEFEFDF4DE8A5141" box="[264,502,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Regions of the valva</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFECEFDDCDBB65718" blockId="17.[264,1324,519,1145]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Based on the dytrisian groundplan (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB1FFCDFD08FDDCDB975128" author="Kristensen, N. P." box="[766,1259,559,585]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="45 - 145" refId="ref10651" refString="Kristensen, N. P. (2004) Skeleton and muscles: adults. In Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.) Handbook of Zoology vol. IV, Lepidoptera, Morths and Butterflies, 2: Morphology, physiology and development. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, pp. 45 - 145." type="book chapter" year="2004">Kristensen 2004 and references therein</bibRefCitation>
), we interpret the valva of species in our ingroup as having two recognizable regions that slightly twist around each other: (1) an outer region curved downward and extended towards the ventral portion of the valva, and (2) an inner region curved upward and extended towards the dorsal portion of the valva (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB1FFCDFCA3FD3CDCE15188" box="[853,925,719,745]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Both ventral and dorsal regions bear a row of setae that can be used to help recognize their spatial orientation and degree of morphological modification. In the ingroup these regions are not sclerotized in their entirety, and a fissure is visible laterally on the valva. The valva regions can diverge from each other and give rise to distinguishable ventral and dorsal processes (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFB4EFC9CDE8850D0" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFB4EFC9CDE1750D1" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Calospila lucianus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFDD8FC64DD8450D1" baseAuthorityName="Hewiston" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[558,760,919,944]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFDD8FC64DD8450D1" box="[558,760,919,944]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Harveyope zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB1FFCDFCF1FC64DC3350D0" box="[775,847,919,945]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), or can merge to produce a simple tube (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFEB8FC4CDD6350B9" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[334,543,959,984]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFEB8FC4CDD6350B9" box="[334,543,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adelotypa bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB1FFCDFDC6FC4CDD0650B8" box="[560,634,959,985]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The ventral and dorsal processes vary in length, width, degree of sclerotization, spatial orientation, and ornamentation. Illustrations in 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB1FFCDFB59FC14DB885760" box="[1199,1268,999,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
will facilitate their identification and comparison. We stress that only through unequivocal identification of the valva processes as a frame of reference can meaningful comparisons across species be made. The following subsection illustrates this particularly well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFEFEFB5CDC2357A9" blockId="17.[264,1324,1199,1905]" box="[264,863,1199,1224]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFEFEFB5CDC2357A9" box="[264,863,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fusion of the valvae and the nymphidiine transtilla</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFECEFB24DB1E5620" blockId="17.[264,1324,1199,1905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFEAEFB24DE8D5790" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[344,497,1239,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
, the fusion of the valvae can be described as pertaining to two general categories of morphological modifications: (1) the longitudinal fusion of the valvae, or (2) the development of an outgrowth that forms a bridge between the valvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCDFECEFABCDEDA55B0" blockId="17.[264,1324,1199,1905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Either the dorsal or the ventral processes of the valva can be fused along their length, and produce unambiguously distinct morphological patterns. For example, the valvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFEFEFA6CDE8E56D9" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[264,498,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthaon">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFEFEFA6CDE8E56D9" box="[264,498,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Calospila parthaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFDC4FA6CDC7956D9" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[562,773,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFDC4FA6CDC7956D9" box="[562,773,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adelotypa bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB1FFCDFCEEFA6CDCEF56D8" box="[792,915,1439,1465]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6, 18</figureCitation>
) are fused dorsally along a large portion of their length by cuticle that is less sclerotized than the remainder of the valvae. In contrast, in species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFDF8FA1CDD0F5569" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[526,627,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Synargis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFDF8FA1CDD0F5569" box="[526,627,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Synargis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., see 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFD1CFA1CDC2F5569" baseAuthorityName="Cramer, [" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[746,851,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Synargis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abaris">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB1FFCDFD1CFA1CDC2F5569" box="[746,851,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. abaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB1FFCDFC03FA1CDB8B5568" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J." box="[1013,1271,1519,1545]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10800" refString="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (1999) The higher level phylogeny of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a preliminary assessment using adult morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2384, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1999">Penz &amp; DeVries 1999</bibRefCitation>
) the valvae are heavily fused ventrally along most of their length. Lateral movement of the valvae is compromised in both cases, and the dorsal or ventral fusions of the valvae likely have distinct effects on the mechanics of copulation. The difference in topological origin suggests that the dorsal and ventral fusions of the valvae evolved independently within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB1FFCDFEFEF944DEDE55B0" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[264,418,1719,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB1FFCFFECEF92CDBDE52CF" blockId="17.[264,1324,1199,1905]" lastBlockId="19.[264,1325,284,769]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
When the entire valvae are sufficiently separated from each other laterally, either the dorsal or the ventral processes may produce an outgrowth that bridges the two valvae above the aedeagus. Here the resulting morphological patterns can be misleadingly similar. A case in point is to compare the bridge formed by the dorsal process of the valva in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFED0FEEFDD785254" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[294,516,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFED0FEEFDD785254" box="[294,516,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Calospila lucianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with that formed by the ventral process in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC0DFEEFDBB85254" baseAuthorityName="Hewiston" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1019,1220,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC0DFEEFDBB85254" box="[1019,1220,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Harveyope zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB3FFCFFB22FEEFDA605257" box="[1236,1308,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="42.[264,368,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[308,1493,285,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[300,1293,326,1550]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 41. Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1). RC:0.464. Fig. 18 and 20. 42. Valva, when dorsal processes separated: dorsal processes extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., dorsal bridge) (0), not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1). RC:0.4. Fig. 6. The dorsal bridge described in 42:0 is likely not homologous to the ventral bridge described in character 48 (see Discussion" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3387209/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Consideration of the different topological origin of these bridges suggests that they are not homologous (see Discussion). For this reason we used separate characters (42 and 48) to address the ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ bridges identified in this study (Appendix 1).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB2FFCEFEFEF950DD995406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646157/files/figure.svg" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[264,368,1699,1723]" targetBox="[385,1493,285,1656]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB2FFCEFEFEF950DD995406" blockId="18.[264,1323,1699,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFEFEF950DEF655DA" bold="true" box="[264,394,1699,1723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Male genitalia in ventrolateral view. Outlines of the genitalic capsules are provided to show the tilting angle (approximately the same for all species). The dorsal process of the valva is shaded in gray to facilitate comparison across species. Note that sclerotized bridges between the valvae have different origins: they arise from the dorsal process in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB2FFCEFC1DF8F8DB395443" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1003,1093,1803,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFC1DF8F8DB395443" box="[1003,1093,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">lucianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but from the ventral process in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB2FFCEFE8BF8DDDD7D5424" baseAuthorityName="Spitz" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[381,513,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paucipuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFE8BF8DDDD7D5424" box="[381,513,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">paucipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB2FFCEFDCEF8DDDD0F5424" baseAuthorityName="Hewiston" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[568,627,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFDCEF8DDDD0F5424" box="[568,627,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">zerna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The bridge is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB2FFCEFC75F8DDDCB05424" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[899,972,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFC75F8DDDCB05424" box="[899,972,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB2FFCEFBF4F8DDDB185424" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1026,1124,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthaon">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB2FFCEFBF4F8DDDB185424" box="[1026,1124,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">parthaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the valvae are in close proximity to each other dorsally.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEFE4FDE8F5060" blockId="19.[264,1325,284,769]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
In sum, within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFE04FE4FDDF452B7" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[498,648,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
we identified four distinct morphological modifications that limit the lateral movement of the valvae. From direct, comparative observation and careful consideration of published studies (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB3FFCFFCB2FDF4DB415140" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[836,1085,519,545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">Hall &amp; Harvey 2002</bibRefCitation>
), we concluded that three of these modifications have been collectively called transtilla: the dorsal fusion of the valvae, plus the two different sclerotized bridges between the valvae described above. We therefore recommend that the term transtilla be replaced by language that precisely defines the structures found within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD5EFD6FDC4251D7" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[680,830,668,694]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
(e.g., characters 41, 42 and 48; Appendix 1). In this way information potentially useful for phylogeny reconstruction can be more rigorously assessed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFB3FFC9FEFEFCA2DBCA563A" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFEFEFCA2DEF0500A" blockId="19.[264,396,849,875]" box="[264,396,849,875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFEFEFCA2DEF0500A" bold="true" box="[264,396,849,875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFEFEFC6FDDA950D7" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" box="[264,725,924,950]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFEFEFC6FDED650D4" box="[264,426,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monophyly of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFE47FC6FDD5750D7" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[433,555,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adelotypa</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFDC5FC6FDD2350D4" box="[563,607,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">and</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD90FC6FDDA950D7" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[614,725,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calospila</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEFC37DBC457C7" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Our initial quest for the generic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC9CFC37DBD450BC" baseAuthorityName="Spitz" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[874,1192,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paucipuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC9CFC37DBD450BC" box="[874,1192,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hallonympha paucipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became a broader venture than anticipated. Our preliminary intuition suggested that 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFB6CFC1FDA575764" baseAuthorityName="Spitz" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1178,1323,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paucipuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFB6CFC1FDA575764" box="[1178,1323,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">paucipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a member of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFE10FBE7DD21574C" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[486,605,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFE10FBE7DD21574C" box="[486,605,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, we found that neither 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC0FFBE7DB13574C" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1017,1135,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC0FFBE7DB13574C" box="[1017,1135,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor its relative 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFEFEFBCFDE065734" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[264,378,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFEFEFBCFDE065734" box="[264,378,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were monophyletic. Although the purpose of our analysis was to provide a generic placement for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFDFBFB97DDE1571C" baseAuthorityName="Spitz" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[525,669,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paucipuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFDFBFB97DDE1571C" box="[525,669,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">paucipuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we also found it necessary to re­define male characters relevant to phylogenetic studies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD54FB7FDC4457C7" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[674,824,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
and to describe two new genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEFB47DB865627" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
In the most recent attempt to sort 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD02FB47DC1757AC" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[756,875,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFD02FB47DC1757AC" box="[756,875,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into species groups, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB3FFCFFB8BFB47DA5657AF" author="Stichel, H." box="[1149,1322,1204,1230]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="545 - 720" refId="ref10952" refString="Stichel, H. (1930) Riodinidae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 38, 1 - 112; 40, 113 - 544; 41, 545 - 720." type="journal article" year="1930">Stichel (1930)</bibRefCitation>
divided the genus (as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFDEBFB2FDDF45794" authorityName="Cassini" authorityYear="1818" box="[541,648,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFDEBFB2FDDF45794" box="[541,648,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) into four groups (
<tableCitation id="C6EF030FFFB3FFCFFC8DFB2FDCA05797" box="[891,988,1244,1270]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="20.[264,352,923,947]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 3. Species groups proposed by Stichel (1910) for the genus Adelotypa (as Echenais), including the author and year of description and type locality of each species. A revised group is proposed after our analysis, and an inferred group is suggested for some species not available for examination based on published illustrations. Dissection and examination of A. lampros (Bates) demonstrated that this species is highly divergent from other Adelotypa, and it was therefore excluded from our analysis (unpublished obs.; a forthcoming manuscript will address this issue). Note that Callaghan &amp; Lamas (2004) synonymized torquata Stichel with annulifera (Godman) and also provided an updated name for alector (Butler), now violacea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12663CFFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="DF12663CFFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4">Table 3</tableCitation>
): aristiformes (15 species), densemaculatiformes (5 species), pentheiformes (4 species), and sentiformes (5 species). Our analysis (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB3FFCFFE5CFADFDD735627" box="[426,527,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[363,1493,286,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[358,1240,297,1452]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. One of six equally parsimonious trees, selected by successive approximation weighting and used to trace character state changes. Numbers above and below branches correspond to bootstrap and Bremer support values respectively. Letters correspond to groups listed in Table 2 and in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646151/files/figure.svg" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 3</figureCitation>
) does not fully confirm Stichel’s classification, as noted below:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEFAA7DDCF5687" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(1) aristiformes: we found that this does not constitute a natural group, but includes members of at least four lineages — the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD04FA8FDC3F56F4" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[754,835,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFD04FA8FDC3F56F4" box="[754,835,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group, part of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC0CFA8FDB0756F4" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1018,1147,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC0CFA8FDB0756F4" box="[1018,1147,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFB7DFA8FDE1956DC" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudocia">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFB7DFA8FDE1956DC" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hallonympha eudocia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the notably divergent 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD50FA57DC7956DC" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[678,773,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFD50FA57DC7956DC" box="[678,773,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lampros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that seems misplaced in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFBDAFA57DBDF56DC" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1068,1187,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFBDAFA57DBDF56DC" box="[1068,1187,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and almost certainly represents a distinct genus;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEFA07DDE5553F" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(2) densemaculatiformes: this group contains three species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFBE7FA07DBED556C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1041,1169,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFBE7FA07DBED556C" box="[1041,1169,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, plus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFB2FFA07DA57556C" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1241,1323,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curulis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFB2FFA07DA57556C" box="[1241,1323,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">curulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFECDF9EFDEF05554" box="[315,396,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">melitta</emphasis>
(not examined by us). Stichel’s densemaculatiformes is therefore paraphyletic with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFE4AF9B7DD62553C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[444,542,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sejuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFE4AF9B7DD62553C" box="[444,542,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sejuncta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFDA1F9B7DDED553C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[599,657,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFDA1F9B7DDED553C" box="[599,657,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">tinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFCFFECEF99FDDA4559F" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(3) pentheiformes: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFDD0F99FDC7455E4" authorityName="Carmer" authorityYear="1777" box="[550,776,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFDD0F99FDC7455E4" box="[550,776,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa penthea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the only species within pentheiformes sampled here, and it grouped with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD5DF967DD8755CC" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[683,763,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFD5DF967DD8755CC" box="[683,763,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFCCEF967DCDC55CC" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" box="[824,928,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFCCEF967DCDC55CC" box="[824,928,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Judging by the large number of character state changes accumulated by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFCE4F94FDC1355B4" authorityName="Carmer" authorityYear="1777" box="[786,879,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFCE4F94FDC1355B4" box="[786,879,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">penthea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Appendix 3), this species seems problematic and warrants further study;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB3FFC8FECEF8FFDECF52CF" blockId="19.[264,1323,924,1870]" lastBlockId="20.[264,1323,284,830]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(4) sentiformes: the 
<typeStatus id="54D68816FFB3FFCFFDDAF8FFDD225447" box="[556,606,1804,1830]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFD1FF8FFDC1C5444" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[745,864,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFD1FF8FFDC1C5444" box="[745,864,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC85F8FFDCBF5444" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[883,963,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC85F8FFDCBF5444" box="[883,963,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) plus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFBE7F8FFDB055444" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" box="[1041,1145,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFBE7F8FFDB055444" box="[1041,1145,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were included by Stichel in the sentiformes, and in our analysis 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFCA8F8C7DCD2542C" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[862,942,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFCA8F8C7DCD2542C" box="[862,942,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB3FFCFFC1DF8C7DB2F542C" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" box="[1003,1107,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB3FFCFFC1DF8C7DB2F542C" box="[1003,1107,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerged as sister taxa, confirming Stichel’s grouping. The nominate species of this group, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FBABFEEFDBE75254" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1853" box="[1117,1179,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FBABFEEFDBE75254" box="[1117,1179,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">senta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was placed in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FE68FEB7DD20523C" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[414,604,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Protonymphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FE68FEB7DD20523C" box="[414,604,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Protonymphidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FD9DFEB7DC79523F" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[619,773,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
:Theopeina) by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FC4BFEB7DB36523F" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[957,1098,324,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref10386" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2000) Two new genera in the Neotropical riodinid tribe Nymphidiini (Riodinidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Hall (2000)</bibRefCitation>
. In agreement with 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FEFEFE9FDD5652E7" author="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M." box="[264,554,364,390]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref10221" refString="DeVries, P. J., Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2004) The early stages of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae): myrmecophily, a new caterpillar ant-organ and consequences for classification. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 102, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">Penz &amp; DeVries (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FDCDFE9FDC7552E7" authority="Godman" authorityName="Godman" authorityYear="1903" box="[571,777,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elpinice">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FDCDFE9FDDE452E4" box="[571,664,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">elpinice</emphasis>
Godman
</taxonomicName>
was moved to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC3DFE9FDB2152E4" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[971,1117,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC3DFE9FDB2152E4" box="[971,1117,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FB67FE9FDED352CF" author="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref9887" refString="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4 A Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. p 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan &amp; Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB4FFC8FECEFE4FDED25147" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,830]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Although our analysis did not include the whole of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC22FE4FDB3652B4" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[980,1098,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC22FE4FDB3652B4" box="[980,1098,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it confirmed the suggestion that the genus is polyphyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FCF4FE17DC02529F" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[770,894,484,510]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref10386" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2000) Two new genera in the Neotropical riodinid tribe Nymphidiini (Riodinidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Hall 2000</bibRefCitation>
), thus establishing a framework for future studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB4FFC8FECEFDC7DB39505F" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,830]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FE4FFDC7DD57512C" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[441,555,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FE4FFDC7DD57512C" box="[441,555,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thought to include 33 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FC40FDC7DB96512F" author="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G." box="[950,1258,564,590]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref9887" refString="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4 A Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. p 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan &amp; Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and acknowledged to be in need of revision (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB4FFC8FD1FFDAFDCEE5117" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[745,914,604,630]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref10186" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1997) The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Vol II. Riodinidae. Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey. 288 pp." type="book" year="1997">DeVries 1997</bibRefCitation>
). We examined a small fraction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFEFD77DE0651FC" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[264,378,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFEFD77DE0651FC" box="[264,378,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but all species grouped with various 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FCC7FD77DCD451FC" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[817,936,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FCC7FD77DCD451FC" box="[817,936,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our trees (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB4FFC8FBB6FD77DBF951FF" box="[1088,1157,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1729,1753]" captionTargetBox="[343,1229,614,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[338,1245,592,1718]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Strict consensus of six equally parsimonious trees from the analysis of 72 male characters (tree length=295, CI=0.3716, RI=0.7207, RC=0.2678, times hit=260 of 300). Generic classification prior to our analysis is indicated on the right. The position of A. cythera close to A. palmerii is of tangential interest inasmuch as this taxon is considered a subspecies of A. mormo (Callaghan &amp; Lamas 2004)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646149/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB4FFC8FB4AFD77DBB051FF" box="[1212,1228,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[363,1493,286,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[358,1240,297,1452]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. One of six equally parsimonious trees, selected by successive approximation weighting and used to trace character state changes. Numbers above and below branches correspond to bootstrap and Bremer support values respectively. Letters correspond to groups listed in Table 2 and in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646151/files/figure.svg" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">3</figureCitation>
). While our sample size is insufficient to justify taxonomic changes, our study provides evidence that 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEB5FD27DEC9518C" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[323,437,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEB5FD27DEC9518C" box="[323,437,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not monophyletic. Finally, based on our analysis it is evident that 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFEFD0FDE025074" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[264,382,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFEFD0FDE025074" box="[264,382,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FE22FD0FDD3A5074" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[468,582,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FE22FD0FDD3A5074" box="[468,582,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have intertwined evolutionary histories and that future phylogenetic studies should examine species representing both genera.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4" ID-Table-UUID="DF12663CFFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12663CFFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[268,1275,1222,1835]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DCB657C4" blockId="20.[264,1323,923,1190]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFEFC68DE0550D2" bold="true" box="[264,377,923,947]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">TABLE 3</emphasis>
. Species groups proposed by Stichel (1910) for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FBE1FC6FDBFF50D2" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1047,1155,924,947]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FBE1FC6FDBFF50D2" box="[1047,1155,924,947]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FB4FFC6FDA6750D2" authorityName="Cassini" authorityYear="1818" box="[1209,1307,924,947]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FB4FFC6FDA6750D2" box="[1209,1307,924,947]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Echenais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including the author and year of description and type locality of each species. A revised group is proposed after our analysis, and an inferred group is suggested for some species not available for examination based on published illustrations. Dissection and examination of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FBAAFBF7DA57577A" authority="(Bates)" authorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[1116,1323,1028,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FBAAFBF7DB10577A" box="[1116,1132,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FB8BFBF7DBAF577A" box="[1149,1235,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">lampros</emphasis>
(Bates)
</taxonomicName>
demonstrated that this species is highly divergent from other 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC31FBD4DB4F575F" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[967,1075,1063,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC31FBD4DB4F575F" box="[967,1075,1063,1086]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adelotypa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it was therefore excluded from our analysis (unpublished obs.; a forthcoming manuscript will address this issue). Note that Callaghan &amp; Lamas (2004) synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FCC7FB9FDCA157E2" authority="Stichel" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1916" box="[817,989,1132,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torquata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FCC7FB9FDCF057E2" box="[817,908,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">torquata</emphasis>
Stichel
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FBECFB9FDB8157E2" authority="(Godman)" authorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1050,1277,1132,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FBECFB9FDBF557E2" box="[1050,1161,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">annulifera</emphasis>
(Godman)
</taxonomicName>
and also provided an updated name for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FD76FB7CDC5657C4" authority="(Butler)" authorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[640,810,1166,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alector">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FD76FB7CDDB757C7" box="[640,715,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">alector</emphasis>
(Butler)
</taxonomicName>
, now 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC9FFB7CDCBF57C7" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[873,963,1167,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC9FFB7CDCBF57C7" box="[873,963,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB4FFC8FEFAFB35DC47544A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<table id="F96DC414FFB40023FEFAFB35DB87544A" box="[268,1275,1222,1835]" colsContinueIn="21.[268,1318,334,1211]" gridcols="4" gridrows="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFB35DB8757BC" box="[268,1275,1222,1245]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFB35DDF557BC" box="[268,649,1222,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Species</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FB35DC1E57BC" box="[678,866,1222,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Type locality</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50FB35DB3D57BC" box="[934,1089,1222,1245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Revised group</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FB97FB35DB8757BC" box="[1121,1275,1222,1245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Inferred group</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFB02DB875668" box="[268,1275,1265,1289]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFB02DB875668" box="[268,1275,1265,1289]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFB02DEEA5668" bold="true" box="[268,406,1265,1289]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">aristiformes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFAEFDB875652" box="[268,1275,1308,1331]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFAEFDDF55652" box="[268,649,1308,1331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAFAEFDEB35652" authority="Stoll, 1790" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1790" box="[268,463,1308,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFAEFDE295652" box="[268,341,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">aristus</emphasis>
Stoll, 1790
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FAEFDC1E5652" box="[678,866,1308,1331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">America mer.</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FB97FAEFDB875652" box="[1121,1275,1308,1331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FB97FAEFDBD75652" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1121,1195,1308,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FB97FAEFDBD75652" box="[1121,1195,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFAB5DB87563F" box="[268,1275,1350,1374]" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFAB5DDF5563F" box="[268,649,1350,1374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFAB4DE17563F" box="[268,363,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">huebneri</emphasis>
Butler, 1867
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FAB5DC1E563F" box="[678,866,1350,1374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pará, Brazil</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50FAB5DB3D563F" box="[934,1089,1350,1374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50FAB4DC8C563F" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[934,1008,1351,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC50FAB4DC8C563F" box="[934,1008,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFA82DB8756E8" box="[268,1275,1393,1417]" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFA82DDF556E8" box="[268,649,1393,1417]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAFA81DE9D56E9" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[268,481,1393,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alector">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFA81DE2456E8" box="[268,344,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">alector</emphasis>
Butler, 1867
</taxonomicName>
(now 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FDD0FA81DDFC56E8" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[550,640,1394,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FDD0FA81DDFC56E8" box="[550,640,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FA82DC1E56E8" box="[678,866,1393,1417]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Brasilia (=Brazil)</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50FA82DB3D56E8" box="[934,1089,1393,1417]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50FA81DC8C56E8" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[934,1008,1394,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC50FA81DC8C56E8" box="[934,1008,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFA6FDB8756D2" box="[268,1275,1436,1459]" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFA6FDDF556D2" box="[268,649,1436,1459]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAFA6FDD7956D2" authority="Hewitson, 1870" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[268,517,1436,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFA6FDE2A56D2" box="[268,342,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1870
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FA6FDC1E56D2" box="[678,866,1436,1459]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecuador</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50FA6FDB3D56D2" box="[934,1089,1436,1459]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50FA6FDC8C56D2" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[934,1008,1436,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC50FA6FDC8C56D2" box="[934,1008,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFA35DB8756BF" box="[268,1275,1478,1502]" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFA35DDF556BF" box="[268,649,1478,1502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAFA34DD7256BC" authority="Geyer, 1837" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1837" box="[268,526,1478,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucocyana">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFA34DEFA56BF" box="[268,390,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">leucocyana</emphasis>
Geyer, 1837
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FA35DC1E56BF" box="[678,866,1478,1502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pará, Brazil</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FB97FA35DB8756BF" box="[1121,1275,1478,1502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FB97FA34DBD756BF" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[1121,1195,1479,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FB97FA34DBD756BF" box="[1121,1195,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAFA02DB87554A" box="[268,1275,1521,1579]" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAFA02DDF5554A" box="[268,649,1521,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAFA01DD795569" authority="Stichel, 1910" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1910" box="[268,517,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epixanthe">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAFA01DE085568" box="[268,372,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">epixanthe</emphasis>
Stichel, 1910
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50FA02DB3D554A" box="[678,1089,1521,1579]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">São Paulo de Olivença, Brazil</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FB97FA02DB87554A" box="[1121,1275,1521,1579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FB97FA01DBD75568" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[1121,1195,1522,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FB97FA01DBD75568" box="[1121,1195,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF9CDDB875537" box="[268,1275,1598,1622]" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF9CDDDF55537" box="[268,649,1598,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF9CCDD735534" authority="Hewitson, 1863" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[268,527,1598,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aminias">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF9CCDE1C5537" box="[268,352,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">aminias</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1863
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F9CDDC1E5537" box="[678,866,1598,1622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amazon</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF99ADB8755E0" box="[268,1275,1641,1665]" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF99ADDF555E0" box="[268,649,1641,1665]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF999DD6255E1" authority="Hubner, 1821" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1821" box="[268,542,1641,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucophaea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF999DEFB55E0" box="[268,391,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">leucophaea</emphasis>
Hübner, 1821
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F99ADC1E55E0" box="[678,866,1641,1665]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">not available</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50F99ADB3D55E0" box="[934,1089,1641,1665]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50F999DC8C55E0" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[934,1008,1642,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC50F999DC8C55E0" box="[934,1008,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF967DB8755CA" box="[268,1275,1684,1707]" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF967DDF555CA" box="[268,649,1684,1707]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF967DD7F55CA" authority="Hewitson, 1863" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[268,515,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balista">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF967DE2955CA" box="[268,341,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">balista</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1863
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F967DC1E55CA" box="[678,866,1684,1707]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amazonas</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FC50F967DB3D55CA" box="[934,1089,1684,1707]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50F967DC8C55CA" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[934,1008,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FC50F967DC8C55CA" box="[934,1008,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF94DDB8755B7" box="[268,1275,1726,1750]" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF94DDDF555B7" box="[268,649,1726,1750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF94CDE9F55B4" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[268,483,1726,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argiella">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF94CDE1C55B7" box="[268,352,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">argiella</emphasis>
Bates, 1868
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F94DDC1E55B7" box="[678,866,1726,1750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Brasilia (=Brazil)</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FB97F94DDB8755B7" box="[1121,1275,1726,1750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FB97F94DDBAA55B4" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1121,1238,1726,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF91ADB875460" box="[268,1275,1769,1793]" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF91ADDF55460" box="[268,649,1769,1793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF919DE8B5461" authority="Stichel, 1910" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1910" box="[268,503,1769,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sejuncta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF919DE195460" box="[268,357,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">sejuncta</emphasis>
Stichel, 1910
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F91ADB3D5460" box="[678,1089,1769,1793]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Nova Friburgo, Brazil 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FC50F91ADB675461" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[934,1051,1769,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB40023FEFAF8E7DB87544A" box="[268,1275,1812,1835]" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB40023FEFAF8E7DDF5544A" box="[268,649,1812,1835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB4FFC8FEFAF8E7DE9D544A" authority="Schaus, 1902" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1902" box="[268,481,1812,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB4FFC8FEFAF8E7DE31544A" box="[268,333,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">malca</emphasis>
Schaus, 1902
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB40023FD50F8E7DC1E544A" box="[678,866,1812,1835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Castro, Brazil</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB4FFC8FB5CF8CCDA5A5435" blockId="20.[1194,1318,1855,1876]" box="[1194,1318,1855,1876]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<tableNote id="768B373AFFB4FFC8FB5CF8CCDA5A5435" box="[1194,1318,1855,1876]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[268,1275,1222,1835]" targetPageId="20">.....continued</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB5FFC9FEFAFED0DD7C525A" box="[268,512,291,315]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[268,1318,334,1211]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FEFAFED0DD7C525A" blockId="21.[268,512,291,315]" box="[268,512,291,315]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFED0DE04525A" bold="true" box="[268,376,291,315]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">TABLE 3</emphasis>
(continued).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FEFAFEBDDB4557DA" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<table id="F96DC414FFB50023FEFAFEBDDA5A57DA" box="[268,1318,334,1211]" colsContinueFrom="20.[268,1275,1222,1835]" gridcols="4" gridrows="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFEBDDA5A5204" box="[268,1318,334,357]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFEBDDD175204" box="[268,619,334,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Species</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FEBDDC1E5204" box="[679,866,334,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type locality</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FEBDDB3D5204" box="[934,1089,334,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Revised group</th>
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FB97FEBDDA5A5204" box="[1121,1318,334,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Inferred group</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFE8ADA5A52F0" box="[268,1318,377,401]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFE8ADD1752F0" box="[268,619,377,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFE89DEB952F1" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[268,453,377,401]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tinea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFE89DE3D52F0" box="[268,321,378,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">tinea</emphasis>
Bates, 1868
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FE8ADC1E52F0" box="[679,866,377,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pará, Brazil</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FE8ADB3D52F0" box="[934,1089,377,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC50FE8ADB6752F1" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[934,1051,377,400]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFE57DA5A52DA" box="[268,1318,420,443]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFE57DD1752DA" box="[268,619,420,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFE57DD1752DA" authority="Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1886" box="[268,619,420,443]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudocia">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFE57DE1C52DA" box="[268,352,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">eudocia</emphasis>
Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FE57DC1E52DA" box="[679,866,420,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mexico</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FE57DB3D52DA" box="[934,1089,420,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC51FE57DB4452DA" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[935,1080,420,443]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hallonympha</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFE3DDA5A5287" box="[268,1318,462,486]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFE3DDD175287" box="[268,619,462,486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFE3CDE9A5284" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[268,486,462,486]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampros">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFE3CDE1E5287" box="[268,354,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">lampros</emphasis>
Bates, 1868
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FE3DDC1E5287" box="[679,866,462,486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amazon</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FB97FE3DDA5A5287" box="[1121,1318,462,486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">likely a new genus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFE0ADA5A5170" box="[268,1318,505,529]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFE0ADA5A5170" box="[268,1318,505,529]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFE0ADE815170" bold="true" box="[268,509,505,529]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">densemaculatiformes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFDD7DA5A515A" box="[268,1318,548,571]" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFDD7DD17515A" box="[268,619,548,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFDD7DD26515A" authority="Hewitson, 1970" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1970" box="[268,602,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densemaculata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFDD7DED0515A" box="[268,428,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">densemaculata</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1970
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FDD7DC1E515A" box="[679,866,548,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FDD7DB3D515A" box="[934,1089,548,571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC50FDD7DB67515A" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[934,1051,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFDBDDA5A5107" box="[268,1318,590,614]" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFDBDDD175107" box="[268,619,590,614]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFDBCDD235104" authority="Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1886" box="[268,607,590,614]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFDBCDE295107" box="[268,341,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">glauca</emphasis>
Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FDBDDC1E5107" box="[679,866,590,614]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FDBDDB3D5107" box="[934,1089,590,614]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC50FDBDDB675104" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[934,1051,590,613]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFD8ADA5A51F0" box="[268,1318,633,657]" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFD8ADD1751F0" box="[268,619,633,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFD89DD7951F1" authority="Hewitson, 1874" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1874" box="[268,517,633,657]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curulis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFD89DE2A51F0" box="[268,342,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">curulis</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1874
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FD8ADC1E51F0" box="[679,866,633,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bolivia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFD57DA5A51DA" box="[268,1318,676,699]" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFD57DD1751DA" box="[268,619,676,699]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFD57DE2A51DA" box="[268,342,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">melitta</emphasis>
Thieme, 1907
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FD57DC1E51DA" box="[679,866,676,699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFD3DDA5A5187" box="[268,1318,718,742]" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFD3DDD175187" box="[268,619,718,742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFD3CDE8A5184" authority="Hewitson, 1872" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1872" box="[268,502,718,742]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerna">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFD3CDE3B5187" box="[268,327,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">zerna</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1872
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FD3DDC1E5187" box="[679,866,718,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brazil</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FD3DDB3D5187" box="[934,1089,718,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC51FD3DDB605184" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[935,1052,718,741]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harveyope</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFD0ADA5A5070" box="[268,1318,761,785]" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFD0ADA5A5070" box="[268,1318,761,785]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFD0ADED35070" bold="true" box="[268,431,761,785]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">pentheiformes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFCD0DA5A505A" box="[268,1318,803,827]" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFCD0DD17505A" box="[268,619,803,827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFCD7DE84505A" authority="Carmer, 1777" authorityName="Carmer" authorityYear="1777" box="[268,504,804,827]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFCD7DE1C505A" box="[268,352,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">penthea</emphasis>
Carmer, 1777
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FCD0DC1E505A" box="[679,866,803,827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">America mer.</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FCD0DB3D505A" box="[934,1089,803,827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC44FCD7DB66505A" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[946,1050,804,827]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FC44FCD7DB66505A" box="[946,1050,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FBDAFCD0DB47505A" bold="true" box="[1068,1083,803,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFCBDDA5A5007" box="[268,1318,846,870]" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFCBDDD175007" box="[268,619,846,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFCBCDE865004" authority="Schaus, 1913" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1913" box="[268,506,846,870]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petronia">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFCBCDE1A5007" box="[268,358,847,870]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">petronia</emphasis>
Schaus, 1913
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FCBDDC1E5007" box="[679,866,846,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFC8ADA5A50F0" box="[268,1318,889,913]" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFC8ADD1750F0" box="[268,619,889,913]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFC89DD6350F1" authority="Godman, 1903" authorityName="Godman" authorityYear="1903" box="[268,543,889,913]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFC89DE0750F0" box="[268,379,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">annulifera</emphasis>
Godman, 1903
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FC8ADC1E50F0" box="[679,866,889,913]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Guiana</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFC57DA5A50DA" box="[268,1318,932,955]" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFC57DD1750DA" box="[268,619,932,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFC57DE8550DA" authority="Stichel, 1916" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1916" box="[268,505,932,955]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torquata">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFC57DE1B50DA" box="[268,359,932,955]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">torquata</emphasis>
Stichel, 1916
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FC57DC1E50DA" box="[679,866,932,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bolivia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFC3DDA5A5087" box="[268,1318,974,998]" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFC3DDA5A5087" box="[268,1318,974,998]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFC3DDEEC5087" bold="true" box="[268,400,974,998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sentiformes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFC0ADA5A5770" box="[268,1318,1017,1041]" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFC0ADD175770" box="[268,619,1017,1041]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFC09DD7B5770" authority="Hewitson, 1853 a" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1853" box="[268,519,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFC09DE385770" box="[268,324,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">senta</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1853 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FE0CFC0ADD7B5770" bold="true" box="[506,519,1017,1041]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FC0ADC1E5770" box="[679,866,1017,1041]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amazon</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFBD0DA5A575A" box="[268,1318,1059,1083]" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFBD0DD17575A" box="[268,619,1059,1083]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFBD7DD65575A" authority="Hewitson, 1863" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[268,537,1060,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFBD7DE17575A" box="[268,363,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">borsippa</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1863
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FBD0DC1E575A" box="[679,866,1059,1083]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amazon</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FBD0DB3D575A" box="[934,1089,1059,1083]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC44FBD7DB66575A" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[946,1050,1060,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FC44FBD7DB66575A" box="[946,1050,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Calospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FBDAFBD0DB47575A" bold="true" box="[1068,1083,1059,1083]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFBBDDA5A5707" box="[268,1318,1102,1126]" gridrow="18" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFBBDDD175707" box="[268,619,1102,1126]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFBBCDD765704" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[268,522,1102,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippina">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFBBCDEFC5707" box="[268,384,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">borsippina</emphasis>
Butler, 1867
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FBBDDC1E5707" box="[679,866,1102,1126]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tapajós, Brazil</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFB8ADA5A57F0" box="[268,1318,1145,1169]" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFB8ADD1757F0" box="[268,619,1145,1169]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFB89DD6457F0" authority="Godman, 1903 c" authorityName="Godman" authorityYear="1903" box="[268,536,1145,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elpinice">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFB89DE1D57F0" box="[268,353,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">elpinice</emphasis>
Godman, 1903 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FDFAFB8ADD6457F0" bold="true" box="[524,536,1145,1169]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FB8ADC1E57F0" box="[679,866,1145,1169]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Colombia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355D34F6FFB50023FEFAFB50DA5A57DA" box="[268,1318,1187,1211]" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768C5D8AFFB50023FEFAFB50DD1757DA" box="[268,619,1187,1211]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FEFAFB57DEA357DA" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[268,479,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFAFB57DE2957DA" box="[268,341,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">bolena</emphasis>
Butler, 1867
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FD51FB50DC1E57DA" box="[679,866,1187,1211]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brasilia (=Brazil)</td>
<td id="768C5D8AFFB50023FC50FB50DB3D57DA" box="[934,1089,1187,1211]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC46FB57DB6557DA" authorityName="Geyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[944,1049,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calospila</taxonomicName>
” b
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FEFEFB28DBCA563A" blockId="21.[264,1322,1243,1371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFEFB28DE695792" bold="true" box="[264,277,1243,1267]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a</emphasis>
currently in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FDFDFB2FDC415792" authority="(Hall 2000)" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2000" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[523,829,1244,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Protonymphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FDFDFB2FDDC45792" box="[523,696,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protonymphidia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB5FFC9FD33FB2FDC495792" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[709,821,1244,1267]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref10386" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2000) Two new genera in the Neotropical riodinid tribe Nymphidiini (Riodinidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Hall 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFEFB0DDE6B5677" bold="true" box="[264,279,1278,1302]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
based strictly on our analysis. Additional 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FCF8FB0DDCEA5674" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[782,918,1278,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
genera are needed to verify these suggestions. 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFEFAB0DE68563A" bold="true" box="[264,276,1347,1371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
currently in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FDFFFAB7DDF2563A" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[521,654,1348,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FDFFFAB7DDF2563A" box="[521,654,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB5FFC9FD6AFAB7DCF6563A" author="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M." box="[668,906,1348,1371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref10221" refString="DeVries, P. J., Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2004) The early stages of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae): myrmecophily, a new caterpillar ant-organ and consequences for classification. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 102, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">Penz &amp; DeVries 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB5FFC9FC62FAB7DBD6563A" author="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G." box="[916,1194,1348,1371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref9887" refString="Callaghan, C. J. &amp; Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4 A Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. p 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan &amp; Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377653FFFB5FFFCFEFEFA2CDB1C5257" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FEFEFA2CDDC35699" blockId="21.[264,1323,1503,1892]" box="[264,703,1503,1528]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FEFEFA2CDDC35699" box="[264,703,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tracing characters of special interest</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FECEF9F4DB3D55A0" blockId="21.[264,1323,1503,1892]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Here we illustrate characters of special interest traced onto the SAW tree (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB5FFC9FB45F9F4DB805540" box="[1203,1276,1543,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1447,1471]" captionTargetBox="[363,1493,286,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[358,1240,297,1452]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. One of six equally parsimonious trees, selected by successive approximation weighting and used to trace character state changes. Numbers above and below branches correspond to bootstrap and Bremer support values respectively. Letters correspond to groups listed in Table 2 and in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646151/files/figure.svg" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). A complete list of character state changes for all branches of this tree is provided in Appendix 3. The aim of the discussion below is to complement the characters listed in 
<tableCitation id="C6EF030FFFB5FFC9FEFEF98CDE1F55F8" box="[264,355,1663,1689]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Character state changes assigned to groups A–I in Figure 3. Abbreviations follow terminology in MacClade (Maddison &amp; Maddison 2000): ho, homoplasious outside; hao, homoplasious above and outside; u, unique, changing above; uu, unique, unchanged above. Unique character state changes are in bold. Groups A and E refer to Hallonympha and Harveyope, respectively." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12663CFFA9FFD5FEFEFEE8DEF352DC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF12663CFFA9FFD5FEFEFEE8DEF352DC">Table 2</tableCitation>
that define 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FE0BF98CDDE155F9" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[509,669,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FE0BF98CDDE155F9" box="[509,669,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FD29F98CDC2355F9" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[735,863,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FD29F98CDC2355F9" box="[735,863,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to summarize our viewpoint on particular characters currently used in the systematics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB5FFC9FC55F954DB4155A0" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[931,1085,1703,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFC9FECEF922DC605472" blockId="21.[264,1323,1503,1892]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FECEF922DEA9558A" bold="true" box="[312,469,1745,1771]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Character 1</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB5FFC9FE1DF921DD44558D" box="[491,568,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="22.[264,368,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[374,1493,284,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[374,1210,282,1746]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 7. Changes for character 1 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646159/files/figure.svg" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FDA3F921DD82558A" box="[597,766,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Location of 3</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB5FFC9FD0BF93CDC605472" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<superScript id="7C189BFCFFB5FFC9FD0BF93CDC7655BC" attach="left" box="[765,778,1743,1757]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">rd</superScript>
abdominal spiracle [in male adult]: above midline (0), at midline (1), below midline (2).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB5FFCBFECEF8D1DE2D52E7" blockId="21.[264,1323,1503,1892]" lastBlockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The original formulation of this character (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB5FFC9FCAEF8D1DC86545D" author="Harvey, D. J." box="[856,1018,1826,1852]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref10578" refString="Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. diss., Univ. Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1987">Harvey 1987</bibRefCitation>
) included two character states: dorsal (closer to tergite than sternite), and ventral (closer to sternite than tergite). The latter character state was considered diagnostic of, and universal to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFB9FFEEFDB835257" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1129,1279,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
(as defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFE64FEB7DD4D523F" author="Harvey, D. J." box="[402,561,324,350]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref10578" refString="Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. diss., Univ. Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1987">Harvey 1987</bibRefCitation>
), and correlated with the ventral position of larval spiracles on A3–7.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB6FFCAFEFEF90FDCD65472" box="[264,938,1788,1812]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646159/files/figure.svg" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[264,368,1788,1812]" targetBox="[374,1493,284,1746]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB6FFCAFEFEF90FDCD65472" blockId="22.[264,938,1788,1812]" box="[264,938,1788,1812]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB6FFCAFEFEF90FDEF65475" bold="true" box="[264,394,1788,1812]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Changes for character 1 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB7FFCBFECEFE64DB135078" blockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
We found scoring the position of the 3 
<superScript id="7C189BFCFFB7FFCBFCDCFE67DC4452C3" attach="left" box="[810,824,404,418]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">rd</superScript>
abdominal spiracle was not completely straightforward. Our measurements indicated that it is located clearly above or below the midline in some species, but in others it is located at midline (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB7FFCBFC11FE14DB4C5160" box="[999,1072,487,513]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="22.[264,368,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[374,1493,284,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[374,1210,282,1746]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 7. Changes for character 1 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646159/files/figure.svg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). In our sample most of the variation in this character was confined to the group including 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFB7BFDFCDA5F5149" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[1165,1315,527,552]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFB7BFDFCDA5F5149" box="[1165,1315,527,552]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFEFEFDC4DEE75131" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[264,411,567,592]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFEFEFDC4DEE75131" box="[264,411,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFE2FFDC4DD255131" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[473,601,567,592]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFE2FFDC4DD255131" box="[473,601,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the A3 spiracle is dorsal in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFC06FDC4DBEC5131" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1008,1168,567,592]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFC06FDC4DBEC5131" box="[1008,1168,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three of five species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFE49FDACDD435119" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[447,575,607,632]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFE49FDACDD435119" box="[447,575,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of further interest is that in the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFBC1FDACDA575119" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1079,1323,607,632]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adelina">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFBC1FDACDA575119" box="[1079,1323,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Catocyclotis adelina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the A3–7 spiracles are dorsal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFD9AFD74DC2951C0" author="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M." box="[620,853,647,673]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref10221" refString="DeVries, P. J., Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2004) The early stages of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae): myrmecophily, a new caterpillar ant-organ and consequences for classification. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 102, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">DeVries et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
), yet the adult A3 spiracle position does not seem to correspond with that of the larva. In sum, the variation in spiracle position strongly suggests that comparative measurements of many more species are needed to improve our understanding of this character and its ontogenetic correlates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB7FFCBFECEFCD4DC355008" blockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFECEFCD4DEAC5020" bold="true" box="[312,464,807,833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Character 3</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB7FFCBFE16FCD4DD545020" box="[480,552,807,833]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,368,1435,1459]" captionTargetBox="[299,1493,284,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[280,1305,283,1419]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Changes for characters 3 and 4 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646161/files/figure.svg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFDC9FCD4DC6B5009" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stn8 with terminal projection extending beyond edge of pleural membrane (0), devoid of such projection (1);</emphasis>
and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB7FFCBFECEFC84DCD250D9" blockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFECEFC84DEA850F0" bold="true" box="[312,468,887,913]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Character 4</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB7FFCBFE1FFC84DD4950F0" box="[489,565,887,913]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,368,1435,1459]" captionTargetBox="[299,1493,284,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[280,1305,283,1419]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Changes for characters 3 and 4 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646161/files/figure.svg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFDA4FC84DCD250D9" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stn8: simple, not divided (0), divided into two symmetrical projections (1), divided into asymmetrical projections (2).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB7FFCBFECEFC34DDD457B0" blockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFECEFC34DE985080" author="Harvey, D. J." box="[312,484,967,993]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref10578" refString="Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. diss., Univ. Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1987">Harvey (1987)</bibRefCitation>
defined his 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFD80FC34DD8C5080" box="[630,752,967,993]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lemoniini">Lemoniini</taxonomicName>
based on the presence of ‘bifurcated rami.’ Due to its highly diverse morphology and clear possession by several taxa of Harvey’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFEFEFBE4DEDD5750" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[264,417,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
, this structure was reinterpreted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFCAAFBE4DB075750" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J." box="[860,1147,1047,1073]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10800" refString="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (1999) The higher level phylogeny of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a preliminary assessment using adult morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2384, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1999">Penz &amp; DeVries (1999)</bibRefCitation>
who used ten characters to describe the range of variation in 15 genera. Subsequently 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFB80FBCCDE2A57E0" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">Hall &amp; Harvey (2002)</bibRefCitation>
used two characters to describe variation in the ‘bifurcated rami’ in an analysis including 11 species in 11 genera, and suggested that this structure probably evolved multiple times within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFDFCFB44DDD857B0" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[522,676,1207,1233]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB7FFCBFECEFB2CDC7F55B8" blockId="23.[264,1324,284,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Our observations suggest that abdominal projections seem to be extraordinarily plastic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFEE6FAF4DDD05640" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J." box="[272,684,1287,1313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10800" refString="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (1999) The higher level phylogeny of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a preliminary assessment using adult morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2384, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1999">Penz &amp; DeVries 1999, this study</bibRefCitation>
). In the context of out­ and ingroups analyzed here, abdominal projections have been lost in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFD12FADCDC375629" baseAuthorityName="Bates" box="[740,843,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apotheta">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFD12FADCDC375629" box="[740,843,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">apotheta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFC73FADCDC945629" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[901,1000,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFC73FADCDC945629" box="[901,1000,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">lucianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB7FFCBFC0FFADCDB3C5628" box="[1017,1088,1327,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,368,1435,1459]" captionTargetBox="[299,1493,284,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[280,1305,283,1419]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Changes for characters 3 and 4 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646161/files/figure.svg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), while both simple projections in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFE44FAA4DD7E5611" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[434,514,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFE44FAA4DD7E5611" box="[434,514,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFDD2FAA4DDF05611" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[548,652,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFDD2FAA4DDF05611" box="[548,652,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFD05FAA4DC385611" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[755,836,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFD05FAA4DC385611" box="[755,836,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group, and the asymmetrical projections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFEDEFA8CDEC256F9" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[296,446,1407,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFEDEFA8CDEC256F9" box="[296,446,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be derived from ancestral divided, symmetrical projections (i.e., bifurcated rami 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFE34FA54DD7F56A1" box="[450,515,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">sensu</emphasis>
Harvey). These patterns suggest that these structures might evolve in any given direction. Even with our limited taxon sampling it seems evident that morphological divergence is unevenly distributed on the tree, and that some groups (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFEFEF9ECDE255559" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[264,345,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFEFEF9ECDE255559" box="[264,345,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group) are less variable than others (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB7FFCBFCA6F9ECDC9F5559" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[848,995,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB7FFCBFCA6F9ECDC9F5559" box="[848,995,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see illustrations in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFB24F9ECDECD5500" author="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref10221" refString="DeVries, P. J., Cabral, B. C. &amp; Penz, C. M. (2004) The early stages of Apodemia paucipuncta (Riodinidae): myrmecophily, a new caterpillar ant-organ and consequences for classification. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 102, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">Penz &amp; DeVries 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Although the projections of the last abdominal sternite may be useful for species level associations, marked differences in morphology, in concert with apparently uneven rates of divergence, may limit their utility in higher­level classification (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFB26F964DED055B8" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10800" refString="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (1999) The higher level phylogeny of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a preliminary assessment using adult morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2384, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1999">Penz &amp; DeVries 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFE4EF94CDDD755B8" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[440,683,1727,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="453 - 490" refId="ref10422" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2001) A phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical riodinid butterfly genera Juditha, Lemonias, Thisbe, and Uraneis, with a revision of Juditha (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Systematic Entomology, 26, 453 - 490." type="journal article" year="2001">Hall &amp; Harvey 2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB7FFCBFD41F94CDD8B55B8" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[695,759,1727,1753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB8FFC4FEFEFA68DC8A56D3" box="[264,1014,1435,1459]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646161/files/figure.svg" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[264,368,1435,1459]" targetBox="[299,1493,284,1411]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB8FFC4FEFEFA68DC8A56D3" blockId="24.[264,1014,1435,1459]" box="[264,1014,1435,1459]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FEFEFA68DEF756D2" bold="true" box="[264,395,1435,1459]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 3 and 4 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB8FFC4FECEFA15DC895546" blockId="24.[264,1323,1510,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FECEFA15DEA15561" bold="true" box="[312,477,1510,1536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Character 24</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFB8FFC4FE1BFA15DD495561" box="[493,565,1510,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="25.[264,368,1663,1687]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,284,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[264,1323,281,1656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 9. Changes for characters 24 and 29 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646163/files/figure.svg" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FDBAFA15DC895546" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Vinculum: continuous through entire anterior edge of tegumen (0), not continuous through entire anterior edge of tegumen (1).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB8FFC5FECEF9C5DBB8543D" blockId="24.[264,1323,1510,1896]" lastBlockId="25.[264,1322,1818,1884]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
This character was first defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB8FFC4FCF3F9C5DB4D5531" author="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J." box="[773,1073,1590,1616]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10800" refString="Penz, C. M. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (1999) The higher level phylogeny of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a preliminary assessment using adult morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2384, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1999">Penz &amp; DeVries (1999)</bibRefCitation>
and used to group 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FEFEF9ADDEE25516" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[264,414,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FEFEF9ADDEE25516" box="[264,414,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FE20F9ADDD505516" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1847" box="[470,556,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FE20F9ADDD505516" box="[470,556,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Theope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFB8FFC4FDCDF9ADDC415519" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[571,829,1630,1656]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">Hall &amp; Harvey (2002)</bibRefCitation>
later termed it ‘incomplete vinculum’ and used it to define their Theopeina, with the caveat that 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FC6FF975DB5355FE" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[921,1071,1670,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FC6FF975DB5355FE" box="[921,1071,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FB9BF975DA7C55FE" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1133,1280,1670,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FB9BF975DA7C55FE" box="[1133,1280,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in their Nymphidiina) also possess an incomplete vinculum. Here we show that character state 24:1 is a synapomorphy for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FD25F925DC0F558E" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[723,883,1750,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FD25F925DC0F558E" box="[723,883,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FC5FF925DB43558E" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[937,1087,1750,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FC5FF925DB43558E" box="[937,1087,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FB83F925DA74558E" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1141,1288,1750,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FB83F925DA74558E" box="[1141,1288,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FEFEF90DDEF45476" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,392,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FEFEF90DDEF45476" box="[264,392,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it also appears in the distant 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FCE2F90DDA795479" authority="(C. Felder &amp; R. Felder)" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" box="[788,1285,1790,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Apodemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormo">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FCE2F90DDC995476" box="[788,997,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apodemia mormo</emphasis>
(C. Felder &amp; R. Felder)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FAE7F90DDE935421" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palmerii">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FAE7F90DDE17545E" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. palmerii</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FDDAF8D5DC565421" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" box="[556,810,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cythera">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FDDAF8D5DDDB545E" box="[556,679,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. cythera</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
(plus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FC81F8D5DBA95421" authority="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1886" box="[887,1237,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Apodemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FC81F8D5DC8E545E" box="[887,1010,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. walkeri</emphasis>
Godman &amp; Salvin
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFB8FFC4FAE7F8D5DEB45409" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Apodemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nais">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB8FFC4FAE7F8D5DE455406" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. nais</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
, not included in our analysis). This character state is therefore more ubiquitous than recognized previously, and its value for subtribal classification requires reassessment through analysis of a broader range of taxa than presently available.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFB9FFC5FEFEF98CDB7355F6" box="[264,1039,1663,1687]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646163/files/figure.svg" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[264,368,1663,1687]" targetBox="[94,1299,284,1647]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFB9FFC5FEFEF98CDB7355F6" blockId="25.[264,1039,1663,1687]" box="[264,1039,1663,1687]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFB9FFC5FEFEF98CDEF655F6" bold="true" box="[264,394,1663,1687]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 24 and 29 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF12663CFFBAFFC6FEFEFA1FDB615562" box="[264,1053,1516,1540]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646165/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[264,368,1516,1540]" targetBox="[284,1493,284,1500]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBAFFC6FEFEFA1FDB615562" blockId="26.[264,1053,1516,1540]" box="[264,1053,1516,1540]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FEFEFA1FDEEB5565" bold="true" box="[264,407,1516,1540]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 39 and 40 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBAFFC6FECEF9C9DB9255AD" blockId="26.[264,1324,1594,1900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FECEF9C9DE9E5535" bold="true" box="[312,482,1594,1620]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Character 29</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBAFFC6FE0EF9C9DD3A5535" box="[504,582,1594,1620]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="25.[264,368,1663,1687]" captionTargetBox="[94,1299,284,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[264,1323,281,1656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 9. Changes for characters 24 and 29 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646163/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FD94F9C8DB9255AD" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cornuti: absent (0); a simple plate (1); a plate with one terminal spine (2); a plate with two terminal spines of uneven size (3); a plate with multiple terminal spines of approximately even size (4); two spines (5); multiple spines, short, thick, heavily sclerotized (6); multiple spines, long, thin, lightly sclerotized (7).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBAFFC7FECEF929DBD452CF" blockId="26.[264,1324,1594,1900]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Cornuti were highly variable within the species sampled here; we identified seven character states. Tracing these onto the tree illustrates that while it is conserved in certain taxa (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FE71F8D8DEA45425" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1870" box="[391,472,1835,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amasis">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FE71F8D8DEA45425" box="[391,472,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">amasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­group, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FDC1F8D8DDE75425" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[567,667,1835,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FDC1F8D8DDE75425" box="[567,667,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">lucianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FD21F8D8DC4C5425" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[727,816,1835,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emylius">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FD21F8D8DC4C5425" box="[727,816,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">emylius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FCA2F8D8DCD85425" box="[852,932,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">cylissa</emphasis>
) it can be variable within others (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FEB8F8A0DEB3540D" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[334,463,1875,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FEB8F8A0DEB3540D" box="[334,463,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FE16F8A0DD0F540D" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[480,627,1875,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FE16F8A0DD0F540D" box="[480,627,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Furthermore, except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBAFFC6FC43F8A0DB4A540D" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[949,1078,1875,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBAFFC6FC43F8A0DB4A540D" box="[949,1078,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where a ‘plate with multiple spines’ seems to have arisen from a ‘spineless plate,’ none of the other character state changes represent intuitive morphological transitions. In sum, although the cornuti can provide phylogenetic information useful for some species­level groupings, high plasticity may limit their utility for higher­level groupings within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FBFCFE67DBD852CF" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1034,1188,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFE48DED55147" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FECEFE48DE9C52B4" bold="true" box="[312,480,443,469]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Character 39</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FE05FE4FDD3252B7" box="[499,590,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[264,368,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[284,1493,284,1500]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[264,1323,281,1506]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Changes for characters 39 and 40 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646165/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FD90FE4FDE135144" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Valva: inner and outer regions forming dorsal and ventral processes that are visibly separated (0); inner and outer regions merging to form a single piece (1)</emphasis>
; and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFDC0DB0E5114" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FECEFDC0DE9C512C" bold="true" box="[312,480,563,589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Character 40</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FE04FDC7DD30512F" box="[498,588,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[264,368,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[284,1493,284,1500]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[264,1323,281,1506]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Changes for characters 39 and 40 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646165/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FD92FDC7DB0E5114" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Dorsal process of valva extends posteriorly beyond ventral process (0), ventral process extends posteriorly beyond dorsal process (1).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFD77DE4A5007" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
When considered together, characters 39 and 40 can be used to propose a hypothesis about the evolution of valva morphology in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FCF9FD5FDCA251A4" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[783,990,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FCF9FD5FDCA251A4" box="[783,990,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adelotypa bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FBE1FD5FDB0351A4" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[1047,1151,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FBE1FD5FDB0351A4" box="[1047,1151,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FB4EFD5FDE19518C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FB4EFD5FDE19518C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Calospila penthea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FE54FD27DE90518C" box="[418,492,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">pirene</emphasis>
(Godman). The valva of these species can be described as a laterally compressed tube that terminates in a single terminal point. Both rows of setae that serve as landmarks of the dorsal and ventral processes converge toward this point (39:1 above; 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FB0AFCD7DE555007" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="43.[264,368,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[283,1298,841,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[264,1323,821,1704]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 20. Valvae in ventral view showing characters used in the analysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646183/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFC87DDD45767" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
However, due to the tube­like configuration found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FC49FC87DB7250EC" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[959,1038,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FC49FC87DB7250EC" box="[959,1038,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FBD6FC87DBF450EC" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[1056,1160,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FBD6FC87DBF450EC" box="[1056,1160,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FB6FFC87DB8A50EC" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" box="[1177,1270,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FB6FFC87DB8A50EC" box="[1177,1270,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">penthea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FEFEFC6FDE2D50D4" box="[264,337,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">pirene</emphasis>
, it was not possible for us to determine 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FCC1FC6FDCEE50D4" box="[823,914,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">a priori</emphasis>
if the valva point originated from the dorsal (40:0) or the ventral process (40:1). These species were thus scored ‘uncertain’ (‘?’) for character 40 (Appendix 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFBE7DEFD567F" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Despite being scored as ‘uncertain’ for character 40, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FC4BFBE7DB71574C" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[957,1037,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolena">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FC4BFBE7DB71574C" box="[957,1037,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">bolena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FBE9FBE7DBFB574C" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1863" box="[1055,1159,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borsippa">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FBE9FBE7DBFB574C" box="[1055,1159,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">borsippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FB6FFBE7DB8A574C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" box="[1177,1270,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penthea">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FB6FFBE7DB8A574C" box="[1177,1270,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">penthea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FEFEFBCFDE2D5734" box="[264,337,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">pirene</emphasis>
fell within a species group where the ventral process of the valva extends posteriorly beyond the dorsal process (40:1; 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FCE4FB97DC15571F" box="[786,873,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[264,368,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[284,1493,284,1500]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[264,1323,281,1506]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Changes for characters 39 and 40 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646165/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Thus, we hypothesize that the dorsal process is reduced in these species, and that the terminal point of their valva corresponds to the ventral process. The combined information from characters 39 and 40 appear to provide a means for understanding morphological evolution within one species lineage in this paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFADFDDDB560F" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FECEFADFDEA25627" bold="true" box="[312,478,1324,1350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Character 41</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FE19FADFDD395627" box="[495,581,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,378,1419,1445]" captionTargetBox="[311,1493,284,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[291,1317,281,1410]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Changes for characters 41 and 48 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646167/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FDAAFADFDD11560C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Valva: dorsal processes closely adjacent to each other, fused or nearly so (0); separated (1)</emphasis>
; and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFA8FDD765687" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FECEFA8FDE9956F7" bold="true" box="[312,485,1404,1430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Character 48</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBBFFC7FE0BFA8FDD2056F7" box="[509,604,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,378,1419,1445]" captionTargetBox="[311,1493,284,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[291,1317,281,1410]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Changes for characters 41 and 48 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646167/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FD8CFA8FDD7E5684" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Valva, when dorsal process separated: ventral process extended to form a sclerotized bridge (i.e., ventral bridge) (0); not extended to form a sclerotized bridge (1)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBBFFC7FECEFA07DCDB55B7" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
In some riodinid species where the entire valvae are sufficiently separated laterally (41:1), sclerotized bridges may join them above the aedeagus (48:0). Character state 48:0 clearly groups the new genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FD6BF9B7DC41553C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[669,829,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FD6BF9B7DC41553C" box="[669,829,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FC7EF9B7DB75553C" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[904,1033,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FC7EF9B7DB75553C" box="[904,1033,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FBABF9B7DB8C553C" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1117,1264,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FBABF9B7DB8C553C" box="[1117,1264,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBBFFC7FEFEF99FDEE255E4" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[264,414,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBBFFC7FEFEF99FDEE255E4" box="[264,414,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the ‘ventral’ bridge present in species of these genera should not be confused with that produced by the dorsal process of the valva (42:0, state changes not illustrated), or with the dorsal fusion of the valvae (41:0).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFBCFFC0FEFEFA78DB1656C4" box="[264,1130,1419,1445]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646167/files/figure.svg" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[264,378,1419,1445]" targetBox="[311,1493,284,1406]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBCFFC0FEFEFA78DB1656C4" blockId="28.[264,1130,1419,1445]" box="[264,1130,1419,1445]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FEFEFA78DED956C4" bold="true" box="[264,421,1419,1445]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 41 and 48 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBCFFC0FECEF9F0DB095524" blockId="28.[264,1323,1539,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FECEF9F0DEA2557C" bold="true" box="[312,478,1539,1565]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Character 58</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBCFFC0FE06F9F0DD34557C" box="[496,584,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[264,368,1438,1462]" captionTargetBox="[94,1300,284,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1310,283,1395]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Changes for characters 58 and 60 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646169/files/figure.svg" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FDA9F9F0DB125525" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">In ventral view, rounded extension of the outer region of the valva: protruding outward to form a ‘flap’ (0), not protruding outward (1)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBCFFC0FECEF9A0DB12546C" blockId="28.[264,1323,1539,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Excepting 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FE34F9A0DD63550D" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1886" box="[450,543,1619,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eudocia">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FE34F9A0DD63550D" box="[450,543,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">eudocia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this ‘flap’ (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBCFFC0FD20F9A0DC44550C" box="[726,824,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="43.[264,368,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[283,1298,841,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[264,1323,821,1704]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 20. Valvae in ventral view showing characters used in the analysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646183/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) was present in all other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FEFEF988DEDB55F5" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,423,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FEFEF988DEDB55F5" box="[264,423,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FE4AF988DD2E55F5" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[444,594,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FE4AF988DD2E55F5" box="[444,594,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FD93F988DD8455F5" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[613,760,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FD93F988DD8455F5" box="[613,760,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FCCDF988DCC055F5" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[827,956,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FCCDF988DCC055F5" box="[827,956,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined here. Because it is easily recognized and scored, and seems consistent within this group of genera (additional 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FEFEF938DEE25585" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[264,414,1739,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FEFEF938DEE25585" box="[264,414,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species need to be examined for confirmation), we believe this character may be useful and highly informative for phylogenetic studies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBCFFC0FC26F900DB16546C" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[976,1130,1779,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBCFFC0FECEF8E8DE4D543C" blockId="28.[264,1323,1539,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FECEF8E8DEA05454" bold="true" box="[312,476,1819,1845]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Character 60</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBCFFC0FE1AF8E8DD385454" box="[492,580,1819,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[264,368,1438,1462]" captionTargetBox="[94,1300,284,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1310,283,1395]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Changes for characters 58 and 60 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646169/files/figure.svg" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBCFFC0FDAEF8E8DE56543D" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">In ventral view, anterior edge of valvae straight (0), projected (1)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFBDFFC1FEFEFA6DDB6156D7" box="[264,1053,1438,1462]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646169/files/figure.svg" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[264,368,1438,1462]" targetBox="[94,1300,284,1394]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBDFFC1FEFEFA6DDB6156D7" blockId="29.[264,1053,1438,1462]" box="[264,1053,1438,1462]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FEFEFA6DDEEB56D7" bold="true" box="[264,407,1438,1462]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 58 and 60 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBDFFC1FECEF9E1DDFC55AD" blockId="29.[264,1323,1554,1899]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
This is one of the characters setting 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBDFFC1FD13F9E1DC1A554A" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[741,870,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FD13F9E1DC1A554A" box="[741,870,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBDFFC1FC57F9E1DB48554A" baseAuthorityName="Penz &amp; DeVries" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[929,1076,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FC57F9E1DB48554A" box="[929,1076,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(60:1, 
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBDFFC1FB7CF9E1DB9C554D" box="[1162,1248,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="43.[264,368,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[283,1298,841,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[264,1323,821,1704]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 20. Valvae in ventral view showing characters used in the analysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646183/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) apart from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBDFFC1FEBAF9C9DE905532" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[332,492,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FEBAF9C9DE905532" box="[332,492,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other genera (60:0). In our analysis, although highly consistent within the ingroup, this character also occurs in the more distantly related outgroups, illustrating the difficulty in finding unique, universal characters to support genus­level relationships within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBDFFC1FE01F941DD0755AD" authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1895" box="[503,635,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBDFFC1FECEF92ADE8D547D" blockId="29.[264,1323,1554,1899]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FECEF92ADEA15592" bold="true" box="[312,477,1753,1779]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Character 63</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBDFFC1FE18F929DD3A5595" box="[494,582,1754,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="30.[264,368,1457,1481]" captionTargetBox="[303,1493,285,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[285,1310,281,1448]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 13. Changes for characters 63 and 64 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646171/files/figure.svg" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FDAAF929DECB547A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Number of spots in ventral hindwing cell Sc+R1: none (0), 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (3)</emphasis>
; and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBDFFC1FECEF8DADE04540A" blockId="29.[264,1323,1554,1899]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FECEF8DADEA05422" bold="true" box="[312,476,1833,1859]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Character 64</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBDFFC1FE1AF8D9DD3E5425" box="[492,578,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="30.[264,368,1457,1481]" captionTargetBox="[303,1493,285,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[285,1310,281,1448]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 13. Changes for characters 63 and 64 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646171/files/figure.svg" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBDFFC1FDA1F8D9DE04540A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Number of spots in ventral hindwing cell Rs: none (0), 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (3).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFBEFFC2FEFEFA42DB6156A9" box="[264,1053,1457,1481]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646171/files/figure.svg" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[264,368,1457,1481]" targetBox="[303,1493,285,1438]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBEFFC2FEFEFA42DB6156A9" blockId="30.[264,1053,1457,1481]" box="[264,1053,1457,1481]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBEFFC2FEFEFA42DEE456A8" bold="true" box="[264,408,1457,1481]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 63 and 64 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBEFFC2FECEFA19DE2A540D" blockId="30.[264,1323,1514,1900]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Characters 63 and 64 were adapted from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFBEFFC2FC87FA19DBE15565" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[881,1181,1514,1540]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">Hall &amp; Harvey (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Excepting 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBEFFC2FEFEF9E1DEE2554A" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[264,414,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBEFFC2FEFEF9E1DEE2554A" box="[264,414,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nymphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the number of spots in the ventral hindwing cell Sc+R1 appeared consistent across species (plesiomorphic in 2 of our taxa) and their position inside the cell varied among taxa. In contrast, the pattern of spots in the neighboring cell Rs was much more variable both in number and position (not illustrated). Based on the study by Hall &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFBEFFC2FEFEF941DECF55AD" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[264,435,1714,1740]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="539 - 569" refId="ref10480" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics, 18, 539 - 569." type="journal article" year="2002">Harvey (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and tracing patterns of characters 63 and 64 (
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBEFFC2FC3CF941DB6355AD" box="[970,1055,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="30.[264,368,1457,1481]" captionTargetBox="[303,1493,285,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[285,1310,281,1448]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 13. Changes for characters 63 and 64 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646171/files/figure.svg" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
), we speculate that the ‘presence of wing spots’ may constitute an ancestral condition within 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBEFFC2FBA2F929DB925595" baseAuthorityName="DeVries et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1108,1262,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
. In a way similar to Schwanwitsch’s nymphalid groundplan (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B45FFBEFFC2FC2EF8F1DB06547D" author="Nijhout, HF" box="[984,1146,1794,1820]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref10736" refString="Nijhout, HF. (1991) The development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press." type="book" year="1991">Nijhout 1991</bibRefCitation>
), it is possible that a ‘spotted’ configuration may contribute the pattern elements from which others have arisen.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12663CFFBFFFC3FEFEFA51DB6156D8" box="[264,1053,1442,1466]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646173/files/figure.svg" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[264,368,1442,1466]" targetBox="[94,1296,285,1429]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBFFFC3FEFEFA51DB6156D8" blockId="31.[264,1053,1442,1466]" box="[264,1053,1442,1466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FEFEFA51DEEB56DB" bold="true" box="[264,407,1442,1466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Changes for characters 70 and 71 traced onto the SAW tree.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBFFFC3FECEFA1CDBFC5553" blockId="31.[264,1324,1519,1906]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FECEFA1CDEA25568" bold="true" box="[312,478,1519,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Character 70</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBFFFC3FE19FA03DD35556B" box="[495,585,1520,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="31.[264,368,1442,1466]" captionTargetBox="[94,1296,285,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[264,1323,282,1434]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 14. Changes for characters 70 and 71 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646173/files/figure.svg" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FDA9FA03DB3B5550" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Second segment of labial palpus, long, erect hair­like scales projecting ventrally beyond the flattened scales: absent (0), present (1)</emphasis>
; and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBFFFC3FECEF9CCDCBC55E3" blockId="31.[264,1324,1519,1906]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FECEF9CCDEA15538" bold="true" box="[312,477,1599,1625]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Character 71</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A31FFBFFFC3FE1BF9B3DD39553B" box="[493,581,1600,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="31.[264,368,1442,1466]" captionTargetBox="[94,1296,285,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[264,1323,282,1434]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 14. Changes for characters 70 and 71 traced onto the SAW tree." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646173/files/figure.svg" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FDACF9B3DCCB55E0" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Frons scales: mixed broad and thin, converging from sides to midline (0); thin scales more prominent and long, erect (1)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236B4FFBFFFFCFECEF963DB1C5257" blockId="31.[264,1324,1519,1906]" lastBlockId="32.[264,1120,284,310]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The presence of projected hair­like scales in the palpi (70:1, homoplasious in our tree), and the long, projected scales on the frons (71:1, plesiomorphic in our tree) are shared by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBFFFC3FEFEF913DED45598" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,424,1760,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FEFEF913DED45598" box="[264,424,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBFFFC3FE16F913DD1C5598" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[480,608,1760,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FE16F913DD1C5598" box="[480,608,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although other characters provided evidence for separating these two genera (
<tableCitation id="C6EF030FFFBFFFC3FE16F8FBDD405443" box="[480,572,1800,1826]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Character state changes assigned to groups A–I in Figure 3. Abbreviations follow terminology in MacClade (Maddison &amp; Maddison 2000): ho, homoplasious outside; hao, homoplasious above and outside; u, unique, changing above; uu, unique, unchanged above. Unique character state changes are in bold. Groups A and E refer to Hallonympha and Harveyope, respectively." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12663CFFA9FFD5FEFEFEE8DEF352DC" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF12663CFFA9FFD5FEFEFEE8DEF352DC">Table 2</tableCitation>
), we note that head morphology provides potential evidence to group them. In the context of our taxon sampling regime, placing 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBFFFC3FBFFF8C3DBD55428" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[1033,1193,1840,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Hallonympha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FBFFF8C3DBD55428" box="[1033,1193,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hallonympha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D37FFBFFFC3FEFEF8ABDEF55410" authorityName="Penz &amp; Devries" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,393,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Harveyope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAA6FFBFFFC3FEFEF8ABDEF55410" box="[264,393,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Harveyope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
increases tree length by six steps. Nonetheless, the usefulness of characters 70 and 71 should be revisited in the context of a more comprehensive study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>