576 lines
66 KiB
XML
576 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="F8AE0AF8CF261C3288D8D739F2EFE4CF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2431183-0748-473a-997d-19f068938b9e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276183" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460310119249" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Valerio, Alejandro A., Masner, Lubomir & Austin, Andrew D." docDate="2010" docId="03D40C35FFC0FFD098DAD09106A0A8F7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02645p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2645" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cyphacolus Priesner" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFED744DFFC3FFD8984DD35B0261A92B" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Cyphacolus Priesner (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae s. l.), an Old World genus of spider egg parasitoid" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698254067544" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7A915F108097883D33C650B295AF7C9F">Systematics of Cyphacolus Priesner (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae s. l.), an Old World genus of spider egg parasitoid</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AC02373E998EE43FF6FB696C2B675798">Valerio, Alejandro A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="161DB609CCB1801DCE2E3A8B9FB9E171">Masner, Lubomir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD23A2B022699C040A6D5877872CC9B1">Austin, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BB5964969E01F507058719CE25420193">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FCDEE718928611101FF60C837DC8F66A">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CD24E64F18469B8475CB599707C6568B">2645</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D40C35FFC0FFD098DAD09106A0A8F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6210253" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119400808" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6210253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D40C35FFC0FFD098DAD09106A0A8F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D40C35FFC0FFD098DAD09106A0A8F7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C367EEA8FFC0FFDB98DAD09103F7AACF" box="[151,406,970,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB98DAD09103F7AACF" blockId="3.[151,406,970,996]" box="[151,406,970,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D08A0A4FFFC0FFDB98DAD09103F7AACF" bold="true" box="[151,406,970,996]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC0FFDB98DAD09103F7AACF" ID-CoL="3YMB" authority="Priesner" authorityName="Priesner" box="[151,406,970,996]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB98DAD09103F7AACF" bold="true" box="[151,406,970,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB98DAD0910344AACF" bold="true" box="[151,293,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
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Priesner
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C367EEA8FFC0FFDB98DAD74906ECAD82" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB98DAD7490687ADA2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1042,1194]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6D9A0DFFC0FFDB98DAD7490687ADA2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC0FFDB98DAD749038BAD02" ID-CoL="3YMB" authority="Priesner, 1951:123" authorityName="Priesner" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,490,1042,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB98DAD7490374AD02" box="[151,277,1042,1065]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB9951D749038BAD02" author="Priesner" box="[284,490,1042,1065]" page="123" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1951">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB9951D74903DDAD02" author="Priesner" box="[284,444,1042,1065]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Priesner, H. (1951) New genera and species of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea) from Egypt. Bulletin de L'Instut Fouad I du Desert, 1, 119 - 149. 83" type="journal article" year="1951">Priesner, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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:123
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. Original description.
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<typeStatus id="54C60381FFC0FFDB9A91D7490174AD02" box="[732,789,1042,1065]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC0FFDB9B6CD7490616AD02" ID-CoL="33DY7" authority="Priesner" authorityName="Priesner" box="[801,1143,1042,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veniprivus">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB9B6CD7490677AD02" box="[801,1046,1042,1065]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cyphacolus veniprivus</emphasis>
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Priesner
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy and original designation.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB991DD76900A1AD62" author="Muesebeck" box="[336,704,1074,1097]" page="345" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1956">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB991DD76900ECAD62" author="Muesebeck" box="[336,653,1074,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Muesebeck, C. F. W. & Walkley, L. M. (1956) Type species of the genera and subgenera of parasitic wasps comprising the superfamily Proctotrupoidea (order Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105, 319 - 419. 80" type="journal article" year="1956">Muesebeck & Walkley, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: 345
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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[citation of
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<typeStatus id="54C60381FFC0FFDB9B0AD7690114AD62" box="[839,885,1074,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
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species];
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB9BAED76906F8AD62" author="Kozlov" box="[995,1177,1074,1097]" page="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1971">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB9BAED7690613AD62" author="Kozlov" box="[995,1138,1074,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Kozlov, M. A. (1971) [Proctotrupoids (Hymenoptera, Proctotruoidea) of the USSR.] Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 54, 3 - 67. 76" type="journal article" year="1971">Kozlov 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 36
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</treatmentCitation>
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[keyed, citation of
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<typeStatus id="54C60381FFC0FFDB9D23D76907FDAD62" box="[1390,1436,1074,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
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species]; Masner 1976: 64 [tribal placement];
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB9AFAD70901E3AD42" author="Johnson" box="[695,898,1106,1129]" page="366" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB9AFAD709012EAD42" author="Johnson" box="[695,847,1106,1129]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Johnson, N. F. (1992) Catalog of world Proctotrupoidea excluding Platygastridae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 51, 1 - 825. 75" type="journal article" year="1992">Johnson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 366
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</treatmentCitation>
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[catalog of world species];
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB9CE2D7090283ADA2" author="Austin" page="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1997">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB9CE2D70907F9AD42" author="Austin" box="[1199,1432,1106,1129]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Austin, A. D. & Field, S. A. (1997) The ovipositor system of scelionid and platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11, 1 - 87. 69" type="journal article" year="1997">Austin & Field, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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: 15
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</treatmentCitation>
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[revised tribal placement, host record];
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC9B32FFC0FFDB9AC0D72901F6ADA2" author="Austin" box="[653,919,1138,1161]" page="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="2005">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC0FFDB9AC0D7290112ADA2" author="Austin" box="[653,883,1138,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Austin, A. D. & Iqbal, I. (2005) A new species of Cyphacolus Priesner (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from Australia with a discussion of generic relationships within the Baeini. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 69, 17 - 23. 70" type="journal article" year="2005">Austin & Iqbal, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 18
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
[diagnosis and key to species].
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB98DAD7C906ECAD82" blockId="3.[151,1437,1042,1194]" box="[151,1165,1170,1194]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB98DAD7C903F3AD81" bold="true" box="[151,402,1170,1194]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:85B4E914-30E6-481C-8678-766A449E5B62
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C367EEA8FFC0FFDB98DAD78C004CACAC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB98DAD78C004CACAC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB98DAD78C037FADDA" bold="true" box="[151,286,1239,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC0FFDB9965D78303DAADDA" box="[296,443,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB9965D78303DAADDA" box="[296,443,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all other genera of Platygastroidea by the following combination of characters: metasoma pedunculate in shape; first metasomal tergite with laterally compressed horn (elliptical in cross-section); fore wing contoured to convex surface of metasoma (elytriform), distal venation absent but with dark infuscate patch at fore wing margin; propodeum with pair of large, spine-like flanges that flank metasomal horn.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C367EEA8FFC0FFDC9888D6C903AEA9D7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB9888D6C90680AC87" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" box="[197,1249,1426,1452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB9888D6C9033CAC87" bold="true" box="[197,349,1426,1452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</emphasis>
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Body mainly appearing smooth and shiny, often with dichromatic markings.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB988BD6E301A2AF69" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB988BD6E30367ACFA" box="[198,262,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head</emphasis>
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. In anterior view suboval or subtriangular, not elongate in buccal region; female antenna 7- segmented, clava large and unsegmented or with indistinct suture lines; male antenna short, 11-segmented but appearing to be 10–segmented as last two funicle segments are closely joined, distal funicular segments becoming progressively broader so that antenna is almost subclavate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDB988BD516019BAE47" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC0FFDB988BD5160322AF4D" box="[198,323,1613,1638]" class="Crustacea" family="Sclerosomatidae" genus="Mesosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB988BD5160322AF4D" box="[198,323,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mesosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Notauli usually present as distinct grooves reaching no more than about half way to anterior margin of mesoscutum, sometimes hidden by coarse longitudinal sculpture; mesoscutellum either flat and transverse, with posterior margin usually straight in middle part, or dorsally convex and semicircular or oval in shape; propodeum with pair of broad, elongate spines which are blunt or truncate apically; macropterous, never brachypterous, fore wing narrow basally with transverse fold about 1/3 distance from body, broad in apical half, remainder of fore wing surface sinuate, convex apically, molded to dorsal surface of metasoma; fore wing venation lacking except submarginal vein, pronounced infuscate patch at position of marginal (C+R) and stigmal veins (r-rs) and sometimes elsewhere. Vein r-rs absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC0FFDC988BD42303AEA9D7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC0FFDB988BD4230329AEBA" box="[198,328,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Metasoma.</emphasis>
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Pedunculate in dorsal view, i.e. T1 square or rectangular (rarely more transverse) with parallel or slightly curved lateral margins, metasoma otherwise broad, oval, in lateral view dorsal surface slightly to strongly convex; T1 with large, laterally compressed horn-like process (i.e. ellipsoidal in cross-section); T3 slightly longer than T2, sometimes subequal in length with T2; ovipositor at least 1.5x length of metasoma, with shaft curled back on itself within rounded head of the horn on T1; gonoplacs elongate, approximately 0.75x length of metasoma.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C367EEA8FFC7FFD09888D25C06A0A8F7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDC9888D25C0140AB97" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9888D25C0332A80A" bold="true" box="[197,339,263,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Comments.</emphasis>
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The taxonomy and likely phylogenetic affinities of the genus have been discussed by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9D03D2530331A86C" author="Austin" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Austin, A. D. & Iqbal, I. (2005) A new species of Cyphacolus Priesner (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from Australia with a discussion of generic relationships within the Baeini. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 69, 17 - 23. 70" type="journal article" year="2005">Austin & Iqbal (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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. The genus is putatively monophyletic based on the unusual shape and venation of the fore wing, and the shape of the metasomal horn, the latter character otherwise found only in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9CE9D20907FCA847" authority="Kieffer." authorityName="Kieffer." box="[1188,1437,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9CE9D209075BA840" box="[1188,1338,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Odontacolus</emphasis>
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||
Kieffer.
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</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC98DAD2230344A8BA" authority="Odontacolus" authorityName="Odontacolus" box="[151,293,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC98DAD2230344A8BA" box="[151,293,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC990BD2230381A8BA" box="[326,480,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC990BD2230381A8BA" box="[326,480,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Odontacolus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
clearly form a monophyletic group within the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C56D223060CA8B9" box="[1051,1133,376,402]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the metasomal horn, presence of large blunt spines on the propodeum, and the pedunculate metasoma. As discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC98DAD29903FFA8F7" author="Austin" box="[151,414,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Austin, A. D. & Iqbal, I. (2005) A new species of Cyphacolus Priesner (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from Australia with a discussion of generic relationships within the Baeini. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 69, 17 - 23. 70" type="journal article" year="2005">Austin & Iqbal (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the shape of the horn is apparently linked to the functional mechanics of the ovipositor system, as the ovipositor is retracted within the metasoma and is curled around in the curved head of the horn so that it forms an elongated, bent U-shape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9A8DD156013EAB0C" author="Austin" box="[704,863,525,551]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Austin, A. D. (1983) Morphology and mechanics of the ovipositor system of Ceratobaeus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and related genera. International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 12, 139 - 155. 66" type="journal article" year="1983">Austin 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C27D156069AAB0D" box="[1130,1275,525,550]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9C27D156069AAB0D" box="[1130,1275,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is putatively monophyletic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC990BD16903BBAB67" box="[326,474,562,588]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Odontacolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not possess any obvious synapomorphies, and thus may be paraphyletic with respect to the former genus. We are currently revising the Old World species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C19D103068BAB59" box="[1108,1258,600,626]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Odontacolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, as part of that study, we intend to examine this question by undertaking a morphological phylogenetic analysis including a broad sampling of members of both genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDC988BD19303A8AA5C" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
More problematic is the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9A22D193009BABCA" box="[623,762,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9A22D193009BABCA" box="[623,762,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9B79D19301ABABCA" box="[820,970,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9B79D19301ABABCA" box="[820,970,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C1DD19306C1ABC9" box="[1104,1184,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is an extremely diverse tribe of platygastroid wasps with generally uncertain relationships, whose members are presumed to be all endoparasitoids of spider eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9A15D049008FAA07" author="Austin" box="[600,750,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Austin, A. D. (1985) The function of spider egg sacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Australian fauna. Journal of Natural History, 19, 359 - 376. 68" type="journal article" year="1985">Austin 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9AB1D0490195AA07" author="Austin" box="[764,1012,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Austin, A. D. & Field, S. A. (1997) The ovipositor system of scelionid and platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11, 1 - 87. 69" type="journal article" year="1997">Austin & Field 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Austin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9C15D04906F5AA00" box="[1112,1172,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005). More recently, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9884D0630332AA7A" box="[201,339,824,849]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9884D0630332AA7A" box="[201,339,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Australian species was reared from an unknown spider’s egg sac, potentially confirming this trend for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9962D006031DAA5C" box="[303,380,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDC9888D0D900A8AC8C" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The preliminary analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9A59D0D9017DAAB7" author="Iqbal" box="[532,796,898,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Iqbal, M. & Austin, A. D. (2000) A preliminary phylogeny for the Baeini (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): endoparasitoids of spider eggs. In: Austin A. D. & Dowton M. (Eds.): The Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 178 - 191. 74" type="journal article" year="2000">Iqbal & Austin (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
employing 35 morphological characters, placed these two genera within a basal clade along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9AFDD0F301C4AAE9" authority="Austin" authorityName="Austin" box="[688,933,936,962]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Hickmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9AFDD0F3012DAAEA" box="[688,844,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hickmanella</emphasis>
|
||
Austin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9D2FD0F3029AAACC" authority="Foerster" authorityName="Foerster" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Idris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9D2FD0F307FDAAEA" box="[1378,1436,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Idris</emphasis>
|
||
Foerster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9949D0960327AACD" box="[260,326,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s. str.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC99CED09600FCAACC" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[387,669,973,999]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Ceratobaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC99CED096007EAACD" box="[387,543,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratobaeus</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter possessing a metasomal horn and being treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9961D0A90305AD20" box="[300,356,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Idris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9961D0A90305AD20" box="[300,356,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Idris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by some authors (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9A3DD0A90178AD27" author="Johnson" box="[624,793,1010,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Johnson, N. F. (1992) Catalog of world Proctotrupoidea excluding Platygastridae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 51, 1 - 825. 75" type="journal article" year="1992">Johnson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the results of this analysis lacked stability because of the extremely high level of reductional synapomorphies (i.e. character losses) displayed by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC98DAD766028CAD7C" box="[151,237,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly the reduction of wing length and convergence of the highly fusiform body shape associated with cryptobiotic habits of some taxa, typified by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9B38D7380645AD57" authority="Haliday" authorityName="Haliday" box="[885,1060,1122,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Baeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9B38D73801DFAD57" box="[885,958,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Baeus</emphasis>
|
||
Haliday
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Austin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9CC2D73806ADAD57" box="[1167,1228,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9D6DD739034AAD89" author="Stevens" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Stevens, N. B. & Austin, A. D. (2007) Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs. Zootaxa, 1499, 1 - 45. 84" type="journal article" year="2007">Stevens & Austin 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, these reductional states do not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9B85D7D30635AD8A" box="[968,1108,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9B85D7D30635AD8A" box="[968,1108,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9CC2D7D30747AD8A" box="[1167,1318,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9CC2D7D30747AD8A" box="[1167,1318,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they show no apparent specializations for searching out host egg sacs in leaf-litter, with possibly one exception, i.e., the contoured to convex surface of metasoma-like fore wings of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C7CD78806A1ADC7" box="[1073,1216,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9C7CD78806A1ADC7" box="[1073,1216,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This character is strongly reminiscent of the situation in the ambositrine diapriid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9C42D7A30772AC39" authority="Dodd" authorityName="Dodd" box="[1039,1299,1272,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" genus="Acanthobetyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9C42D7A306A2AC3A" box="[1039,1219,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acanthobetyla</emphasis>
|
||
Dodd
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the contoured fore wings of the female also lack venation and the wings are heavily sclerotised and deeply infuscate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9942D61903ABAC77" author="Naumann" box="[271,458,1346,1372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Naumann, I. D. (1982) Systematics of the Australian Ambositrinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), with a synopsis on non- Australian genera of the subfamily. Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series, 85, 1 - 239. 82" type="journal article" year="1982">Naumann 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This arrangement presumably protects the surface of the fore wings when females are moving through litter, and the same may also apply to members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9B90D6330606ACAA" box="[989,1127,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9B90D6330606ACAA" box="[989,1127,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although at this stage we know very little about the biology of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDC988BD6E9000CAF87" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFECC0D2FFC7FFDC9976D6E90078ACE7" box="[315,537,1458,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Carey, D., Murphy, N. P. & Austin, A. D. (2006) Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of wing reduction in a tribe of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae: Baeini). Invertebrate Systematics, 20, 489 - 501. 72" type="journal article">
|
||
Carey
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC99C4D6E803A5ACE7" box="[393,452,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9BD9D6E90181ACE7" box="[916,992,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
using sequence data from the nuclear
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC98DAD6830371ACDA" box="[151,272,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">28S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
and mitochondrial
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9A4DD6830058ACDA" box="[512,569,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CO1</emphasis>
|
||
genes for an exemplar set of 21 ingroup taxa. Although preliminary in nature given the immense diversity of the tribe, the results of this study are interesting in that they show 1) the tribe is only monophyletic with the exclusion of the Australian genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9B89D57806D0AF17" authority="Dodd" authorityName="Dodd" box="[964,1201,1570,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Mirobaeoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9B89D5780604AF17" box="[964,1125,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mirobaeoides</emphasis>
|
||
Dodd
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2) that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9D42D5780736AF17" box="[1295,1367,1571,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Baeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9D42D5780736AF17" box="[1295,1367,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Baeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister taxa to all remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC99ADD5130050AF49" box="[480,561,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Baeini">Baeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 3) that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9AD9D513014CAF4A" box="[660,813,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9AD9D513014CAF4A" box="[660,813,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to a clade comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9CE9D51307F9AF49" authority="Austin" authorityName="Austin" box="[1188,1432,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Hickmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9CE9D513075CAF4A" box="[1188,1341,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hickmanella</emphasis>
|
||
Austin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC98DAD53602AEAFAD" box="[151,207,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Idris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC98DAD53602AEAFAD" box="[151,207,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Idris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9944D53603FEAFAD" box="[265,415,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Ceratobaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9944D53603FEAFAD" box="[265,415,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratobaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 4) that neither of the latter two genera are monophyletic. Nonetheless, this study did not include any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9932D5C80068AF87" box="[383,521,1683,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9932D5C80068AF87" box="[383,521,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDC9888D5E100D0AEA4" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9888D5E1006AAFFF" bold="true" box="[197,523,1722,1748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Link to distribution map.</emphasis>
|
||
16
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC7FFDC9A51D5E000C8AFFF" box="[540,681,1723,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC7FFDC9A51D5E000C8AFFF" box="[540,681,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found throughout the Old World tropics and subtropics, but extends into seasonally arid and semiarid regions outside of the tropics. It is found in South, West and East Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC98B8D45E03F9AE34" box="[245,408,1797,1823]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC99E8D45E004BAE34" box="[421,554,1797,1823]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9A7AD45E00D8AE34" box="[567,697,1797,1823]" name="Cameroon" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9A8BD45E0140AE34" box="[710,801,1797,1823]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9B63D45E01A0AE34" box="[814,961,1797,1823]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9B83D45E0643AE34" box="[974,1058,1797,1823]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9C75D45E06ACAE34" box="[1080,1229,1797,1823]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Middle East (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC98D2D471028BAE6F" box="[159,234,1834,1860]" name="Egypt" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC98BAD471032CAE6F" box="[247,333,1834,1860]" name="Yemen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9917D4710005AE6F" box="[346,612,1834,1860]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9A34D4710080AE6F" box="[633,737,1834,1860]" name="Pakistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9AA0D471014CAE6F" box="[749,813,1834,1860]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9B77D47101D3AE6F" box="[826,946,1834,1860]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9BF2D4710648AE6F" box="[959,1065,1834,1860]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9C2ED47106B5AE6F" box="[1123,1236,1834,1860]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It has so far not been recorded from south-east Asia south of latitude
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE49DBE4FFC7FFDC9B6CD40B0118AE41" box="[801,889,1872,1898]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="5555" value="16.5">16.5°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
but very likely has a continuous distribution between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC994DD42E035DAEA4" box="[256,316,1909,1935]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC7FFDC9992D42E002AAEA4" box="[479,587,1909,1935]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1346A1A6FFC7FFDC9A16D42E00C5AEA4" box="[603,676,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,320,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,320,1959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distributional map of the genus Cyphacolus Priesner. * = species that are known from a single location." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276185/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC7FFDD98DAD4870640AE87" blockId="4.[151,945,2012,2035]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,1601,2038]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
16. http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/map-large.html?id=468
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD988BD51A0056AF70" bold="true" box="[198,567,1601,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Relationships among species.</emphasis>
|
||
The phylogenetic analysis found eight trees of 141 steps from which a strict consensus tree was calculated (CI=0.530, RI=0.663,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1346A1A6FFC6FFDD9BC0D53C01BDAFAA" box="[909,988,1639,1665]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,196,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1495]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Strict consensus tree for species of Cyphacolus Priesner under Maximum Parsimony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276186/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9BBBD53C06EDAFAB" box="[1014,1164,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9BBBD53C06EDAFAB" box="[1014,1164,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was confirmed to be monophyletic (bootstrap = 75; Bremer = 4), as was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9AB9D5D701EBAF8E" box="[756,906,1676,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9AB9D5D701EBAF8E" box="[756,906,1676,1701]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bootstrap = 60; Bremer = 5) which was also recovered as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD99D4D5E90045AFE0" box="[409,548,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD99D4D5E90045AFE0" box="[409,548,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9AA8D5E90111AFE0" box="[741,880,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9AA8D5E90111AFE0" box="[741,880,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by four character-states: lack of a facial keel, glabrous compound eyes, lack of a stigmal vein (r-rs) in the forewing, and the convexity of the fore wings. The main characters supporting the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9BC6D5A70645AE3E" box="[907,1060,1788,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9BC6D5A70645AE3E" box="[907,1060,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the longer mid-mandibular tooth when compared with the upper and lower teeth, the very setose compound eyes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9CC3D4790778AE10" box="[1166,1305,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9CC3D4790778AE10" box="[1166,1305,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compound eyes are glabrous), and the presence of a well-defined netrion. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9C5BD41C06D0AE4B" box="[1046,1201,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9C5BD41C06D0AE4B" box="[1046,1201,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is resolved here as monophyletic we have included only three of an estimated 40 species for the genus, and further testing of the monophyly of the genus is needed with a broader set of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9B6AD4C901DCAE80" box="[807,957,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9B6AD4C901DCAE80" box="[807,957,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Odontacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF02EDABFFC6FFDD98DAD55A0696AF33" box="[151,1271,1537,1561]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276184/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1514]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC6FFDD98DAD55A0696AF33" blockId="5.[151,1271,1537,1561]" box="[151,1271,1537,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD98DAD55A0378AF32" bold="true" box="[151,281,1537,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD996DD559006CAF32" box="[288,525,1538,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="copelandi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD996DD559006CAF32" box="[288,525,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus copelandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23ADC4AFFC6FFDD9A59D558002BAF33" box="[532,586,1539,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9A59D558002BAF33" bold="true" box="[532,586,1539,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
dorsal view, water color illustration by Rev. Anthony Watsham.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC6FFDE988BD4EC03ADA9D7" blockId="5.[151,1437,1601,2038]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,252]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9953D4EC03C9AEFB" box="[286,424,1975,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9953D4EC03C9AEFB" box="[286,424,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
two major clades are resolved which we attribute here to species groups. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9D0CD4EC07FDAEFB" box="[1345,1436,1975,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bouceki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9D0CD4EC07FDAEFB" box="[1345,1436,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">bouceki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group is composed of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9A49D4870621AEDE" box="[516,1088,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9A49D48700E1AEDE" box="[516,640,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="axfordi">C. axfordi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9AC0D4870173AEDE" box="[653,786,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bouceki">C. bouceki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9B53D48701FBAEDE" box="[798,922,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sallyae">C. sallyae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9BEAD487065DAEDE" box="[935,1084,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">C. jenningsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC6FFDD9C30D4870692AEDE" box="[1149,1267,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tullyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC6FFDD9C30D4870692AEDE" box="[1149,1267,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. tullyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This clade is supported by the mainly smooth metasomal horn having some longitudinal costate sculpture on the posterior edge. This group contains only species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC5FFDE9AE8D3E60175A9FC" box="[677,788,189,215]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC5FFDE9B17D3E601A4A9FD" box="[858,965,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC5FFDE9B17D3E601A4A9FD" box="[858,965,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. tessae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the only taxon from the continent not included in this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF02EDABFFC5FFDE98DAD49B070AAEF3" box="[151,1387,1984,2008]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276185/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1436,320,1955]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC5FFDE98DAD49B070AAEF3" blockId="6.[151,1387,1984,2008]" box="[151,1387,1984,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC5FFDE98DAD49B0378AEF3" bold="true" box="[151,281,1984,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributional map of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC5FFDE9A35D49A013BAEF3" authority="Priesner." authorityName="Priesner." box="[632,858,1985,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC5FFDE9A35D49A0097AEF3" box="[632,758,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
Priesner.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
*= species that are known from a single location.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF02EDABFFC4FFDF98DAD6B706CAAF2F" box="[151,1195,1516,1540]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1431,196,1470]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC4FFDF98DAD6B706CAAF2F" blockId="7.[151,1195,1516,1540]" box="[151,1195,1516,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF98DAD6B70373AF2F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1516,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Strict consensus tree for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9ADAD6B60112AF2F" authority="Priesner" authorityName="Priesner" box="[663,883,1517,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9ADAD6B60174AF2F" box="[663,789,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cyphacolus</emphasis>
|
||
Priesner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under Maximum Parsimony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC4FFDF988BD569010FAFC9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1586,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF98B2D56903F9AF60" box="[255,408,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhowaliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF98B2D56903F9AF60" box="[255,408,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bhowaliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group includes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9AF3D5690055AF5A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9AF3D569014FAF60" box="[702,814,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessae">C. tessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9B70D56901A0AF60" box="[829,961,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hardeni">C. hardeni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9B9DD5690625AF60" box="[976,1092,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diazae">C. diazae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9C19D56906A7AF60" box="[1108,1222,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asheri">C. asheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9C98D5690710AF60" box="[1237,1393,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="copelandi">C. copelandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9DCCD569029EAF5A" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianae">C. lucianae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9946D50303F5AF5A" box="[267,404,1624,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="normani">C. normani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF99ECD5030055AF5A" box="[417,564,1624,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watshami">C. watshami</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9A23D503014AAF5A" box="[622,811,1624,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhowaliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9A23D503014AAF5A" box="[622,811,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. bhowaliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This clade is supported by the presence of posterior lateral carinae on the metasomal horn, and by the absence of sculpture on the posterior area of the horn. With the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9910D5F903A9AF90" box="[349,456,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9910D5F903A9AF90" box="[349,456,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. tessae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC4FFDF9A56D5F900EDAF97" box="[539,652,1698,1724]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), all species comprising this group are found from Africa to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC4FFDF9D15D5F907F6AF97" box="[1368,1431,1698,1724]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9987D593003EAFCA" box="[458,607,1736,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="copelandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9987D593003EAFCA" box="[458,607,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. copelandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AFDB3FFC4FFDF9AB3D593010BAFC9" box="[766,874,1736,1762]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2BD23FFC4FFD09888D5B606A0A8F7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1586,2023]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,476]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF991CD5B60392AE2D" box="[337,499,1773,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhowaliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF991CD5B60392AE2D" box="[337,499,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bhowaliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group the relationships among several species are noteworthy. The species
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF98B9D44900F6AE00" box="[244,663,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF98B9D4490302AE00" box="[244,355,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessae">C. tessae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF993DD4490381AE00" box="[368,480,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diazae">C. diazae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9A50D44900F6AE00" box="[541,663,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harteni">C. harteni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
do not have longitudinal costate sculpture on the mesoscutum, a character that is present for the remainder of species within the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9B34D463066BAE7A" box="[889,1034,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bhowalensis</emphasis>
|
||
clade. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9CB0D463070AAE7A" box="[1277,1387,1848,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diazae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9CB0D463070AAE7A" box="[1277,1387,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. diazae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF98DAD4060373AE5D" box="[151,274,1885,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harteni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF98DAD4060373AE5D" box="[151,274,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. harteni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9A60D40600FAAE5D" box="[557,667,1885,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9A60D40600FAAE5D" box="[557,667,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. tessae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occipital carina which is well separated from the orbital carina. Also contained within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9A67D4D900A4AEB0" box="[554,709,1922,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhowaliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9A67D4D900A4AEB0" box="[554,709,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bhowaliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is a tightly knit group of species comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFC4FFDF9D62D4D907FDAEB0" box="[1327,1436,1922,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFC4FFDF9D62D4D907FDAEB0" box="[1327,1436,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. asheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the six taxa in the unresolved clade at the apex of the tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1346A1A6FFC4FFDF9BCED4F301ADAEE9" box="[899,972,1960,1986]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,196,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1495]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Strict consensus tree for species of Cyphacolus Priesner under Maximum Parsimony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). These conspicuous species are united by having an unusual and pronounced globular mesoscutellum and the notauli absent. Members of the unresolved clade (comprising
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD099B2D3C3060DA99A" box="[511,1132,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD099B2D3C300FAA99A" box="[511,667,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="copelandi">C. copelandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09AEAD3C30152A99A" box="[679,819,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianae">C. lucianae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09B0DD3C301AAA99A" box="[832,971,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="normani">C. normani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09B95D3C3060DA99A" box="[984,1132,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watshami">C. watshami</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09CEAD3C30707A99A" box="[1191,1382,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bhowaliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD09CEAD3C30707A99A" box="[1191,1382,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. bhowaliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are further distinguished by a range of character states including antennal scrobes and malar space with confused sinuate transverse costate sculpture throughout, and the propodeal spines with lobate areas apically and being wider apically than at their base. This group of species has the metasoma very strongly convex and normally polished dorsally, and the anterior margin of the fore wing sinuate just basal of the mid-point.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD09D42D2760289A840" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09D42D2760282A840" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asheri">Cyphacolus asheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
according to the present analysis, potentially belongs to this group but currently is known only from a single male, and there is the possibility that the female will show a different morphology based on the sexually dimorphic nature of this genus. The exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09AAED2C60130A89D" box="[739,849,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD09AAED2C60130A89D" box="[739,849,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. asheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the analysis hardly affects the relationships depicted in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1346A1A6FFCBFFD09952D29903E2A8F7" box="[287,387,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,196,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1495]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Strict consensus tree for species of Cyphacolus Priesner under Maximum Parsimony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, the only significant change being that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09B1DD29901A6A8F0" box="[848,967,450,475]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harteni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD09B1DD29901A6A8F0" box="[848,967,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. harteni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is basal to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7DC6A0FFCBFFD09C06D29906D8A8F0" box="[1099,1209,450,475]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Cyphacolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diazae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9096131FFCBFFD09C06D29906D8A8F0" box="[1099,1209,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. diazae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |