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<document id="5CBB8AF57487B0F98A9FDA058A2489B6" ID-CLB-Dataset="2897" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e821345c-e11b-4789-b3d7-ccf922a03dd7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792783" ID-ZooBank="D868FB39-82D3-4413-B0FD-33808CE1CCB3" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1639991507219" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R." docDate="2021" docId="038D87B5A136A626FF560D0211C6FD11" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5082.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5082 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="379" masterDocId="FFB4FFCDA137A620FFC10C251544FF94" masterDocTitle="Second records and redescriptions of two rare thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the southwestern Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="383" masterPageNumber="373" pageNumber="374" updateTime="1699472806903" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="32F04FBE0A0574DB0464A03DA9099149">Second records and redescriptions of two rare thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the southwestern Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="23719582D3AD4313D575CCBB5F2F2B0F">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038D87B5A136A626FF560D0211C6FD11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792785" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191682791" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87B5A136A626FF560D0211C6FD11" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D87B5A136A626FF560D0211C6FD11" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
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<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A136A621FF560D02178FFED5" blockId="1.[151,715,295,357]" box="[151,715,295,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A136A621FF560D02178FFED5" ID-CoL="RG9G" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,715,295,322]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF560D02178FFED5" bold="true" box="[151,715,295,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF560D0214C2FED6" bold="true" box="[151,390,295,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A136A621FE4C0D02178FFED5" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[397,715,295,321]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33E6528A136A621FF560D6E141DFEF1" box="[151,345,331,357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A136A621FF560D6E141DFEF1" blockId="1.[151,715,295,357]" box="[151,345,331,357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FF560D6E15BFFEF1" box="[151,251,331,357]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionStartId-2="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" captionStartId-3="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionStartId-4="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionStartId-5="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetBox-4="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetBox-5="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId-0="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId-1="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetId-2="figure-104@2.[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetId-3="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId-4="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId-5="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="2" captionTargetPageId-3="3" captionTargetPageId-4="4" captionTargetPageId-5="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE3. Carpocladusfertilis Vervoort&amp;Watson,2003.A–C.Phylactocarp with femalegonothecae,at variousmagnifications. Scale bars: C = 500 µm; A, B = 1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792793" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5792793/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6A60318A136A621FEC70D6E141DFEF1" box="[262,345,331,357]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,404,428]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003, in µm. N.A. stands for not available. *No distinction was made between the axillar and inferior stem nematothecae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5B662BA132A625FF560DB116ECFE44" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" tableUuid="DF5B662BA132A625FF560DB116ECFE44">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6528A136A621FF560DAF17B1FE36" box="[151,757,394,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A136A621FF560DAF17B1FE36" blockId="1.[151,757,394,418]" box="[151,757,394,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB34118DA136A621FF560DAF17B1FE36" box="[151,757,394,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8510B2A136A621FF560DAF17E5FE36" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[151,673,394,418]" page="282" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" year="2003">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A136A621FF560DAF17E5FE36" ID-CoL="RG9G" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 282" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityPageNumber="282" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,673,394,418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF560DAF1426FE36" box="[151,354,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A136A621FEA90DAE17E5FE36" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[360,673,394,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 282</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 67.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF560DEE14C6FE71" bold="true" box="[151,386,459,485]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3CFEA136A621FE4A0DEE14F0FDBA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420010302" collectingDate="2019-09-29" collectingDateMax="2019-09-30" collectingDateMin="2019-09-29" collectorName="Stn. DW &amp; Stn. CP" country="New Caledonia" elevation="1274" latitude="-23.633333" location="Mount Munida" longLatPrecision="929" longitude="167.885" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" specimenCount="1">
MNHN-IK-2015-3028, KANADEEP 2,
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5107, off southern
<collectingCountry id="F3337633A136A621FB520DE91000FE71" box="[1171,1348,459,486]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8EFB6078A136A621FA930DE915B5FD9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87B5A136A626FF560D0211C6FD11:8EFB6078A136A621FA930DE915B5FD9D" country="New Caledonia" latitude="-23.633333" longLatPrecision="929" longitude="167.885" name="Mount Munida" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Mount Munida</location>
,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="EE105064A136A621FE430DCA174EFD9E" box="[386,522,495,522]" degrees="168" direction="east" minutes="14.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" precision="92" value="168.24">168°14.4’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="FF9A1063A136A621FDD70DCA17E2FD9D" box="[534,678,495,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" value="2019-09-30">
<collectingDate id="EFDEE98BA136A621FDD70DCA17E2FD9D" box="[534,678,495,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" value="2019-09-30">30 Sep 2019</collectingDate>
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, 1151–
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, a
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FCAF0DD516CCFD9D" box="[878,904,496,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">ca</emphasis>
.
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high cormoid bearing two phylactocarps with female gonothecae.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3CFEA136A621FE720E361777FDE1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420010303" collectingDate="2019-09-29" collectingDateMax="2019-09-30" collectingDateMin="2019-09-29" collectorName="Stn. DW &amp; Stn. CP" country="New Caledonia" elevation="1274" latitude="-23.633333" location="Mount Munida" longLatPrecision="929" longitude="167.885" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" specimenCount="1">
—MNHN-IK-2015-3026, KANADEEP 2,
<collectorName id="26D15375A136A621FC640E361145FDBA" box="[933,1025,531,558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Stn. CP</collectorName>
5095, off southern
<collectingCountry id="F3337633A136A621FB220E3110DCFDB9" box="[1251,1432,531,558]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, Capucine Bassin,
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,
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFDEE98BA136A621FDBC0E121650FDC5" box="[637,788,567,593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" value="2019-09-29">29 Sep 2019</collectingDate>
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, 1087–
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, a
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FC2D0E1D1142FDC5" box="[1004,1030,568,593]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A136A621FBD80E121110FDC6" box="[1049,1108,567,594]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
high cormoid bearing three phylactocarps with male gonothecae
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5B662BA136A621FF5608EF14BAFABE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" startId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" targetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" targetPageId="1">
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<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF5608EF1456FB76" bold="true" box="[151,274,1226,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A136A621FED908EE17AFFB77" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[280,747,1227,1251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FED908EE14A6FB77" box="[280,482,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A136A621FE2608EE17AFFB77" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[487,747,1227,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33E6528A136A624FF0609581663FDA9" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A136A624FF0609581663FDA9" blockId="1.[151,1437,1405,2043]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A136A621FF0609581415FA03" bold="true" box="[199,337,1405,1431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies up to
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high, arising from rhizoid stolons firmly attached to pebbles (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FB2D09581000FA03" box="[1260,1348,1405,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Stems unbranched, lightly fascicled proximally, unable to support themselves when out of liquid; divided into a proximal, acladiate part of varied length, and a generally longer, distal part bearing alternate hydrocladia; both parts separated by up to five prosegments delimited by deeply-incised hinge-joints, each bearing one or two frontal nematothecae; hinge-joint region distinctly flattened laterally, allowing the colony to swing freely in the water currents; upper part of stem regularly-divided into internodes by means of oblique constrictions of the perisarc; internodes moderatelylong, each with a lateral apophysis in upper half, an axillar nematotheca, and a centrally-placed nematotheca in the lower half (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FED90A5C1436F907" box="[280,370,1657,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); cauline nematothecae scoop-shaped: axillar ones narrower, lower ones comparatively broader (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FF610AB8145FF923" box="[160,283,1693,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2B–D</figureCitation>
); apophyses short, alternate, given off at an angle of about 60° with the long axis of the internodes, and slightly frontally (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FEA60AE41486F94F" box="[359,450,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
); apophyses separated by the corresponding cladia by a slightly oblique node. Cladia unbranched, up to
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A136A621FEA80AC014FDF96B" box="[361,441,1765,1791]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
long, arching gracefully downward distally; divided into up to 14 internodes by regular, transverse nodes; internodes long, each accommodating a hydrotheca occupying upper 4/5 of their length (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FA830B2C15EBF8D3" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2E, H</figureCitation>
). Hydrothecae deep, slightly inverted-conical, laterally-flattened, fully adnate, aperture ovoid, distal, slightly tilted forwards (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FECB0B7414CCF8FF" box="[266,392,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Figs 1B–D</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FE550B74149EF8FF" box="[404,474,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">2E–H</figureCitation>
); an internal, transverse, upwardly-directed septum projecting into the lower fourth of the lumen, distal edge backwardly-rolled (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FDB40B501794F81B" box="[629,720,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
); above, two lateral, sigmoid septa meeting frontally divide the hydrothecal lumen into a lower third and an upper two-thirds, leaving a V-shaped passage for the hydranth (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A136A621FAAE0BBC159FF843" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="374">Fig. 2K, L</figureCitation>
); several short perisarc plugs project into the internode behind the adaxial hydrothecal wall: one prolongs the transverse septum in the opposite direction, another one is given off at junction between the hydrothecal base and the adaxial wall (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FE92095F14E8FA00" box="[339,428,1402,1428]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
), and two others are occasionally present behind the adaxial wall (not shown); an additional perisarc plug is to be found proximally on the adaxial side of the cladial internode (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FB8009BB11D8FA2C" box="[1089,1180,1438,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
); below the intrathecal transverse septum, there is a round hydropore surrounded by whorl of spines (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FBE509E71138FA48" box="[1060,1148,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
); hydrothecal rim with a broad, median, rounded cusp with thickened perisarc (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FD3F09C31612F994" box="[766,854,1510,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), and four lateral pairs of triangular cusps, those of the first pair distinctly blunted, and those of the fourth pair partly fused to the lateral nematothecae (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FB2A0A2F102DF9B0" box="[1259,1385,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Figs 1C, D</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FAB50A2F10CBF9B0" box="[1396,1423,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">2I</figureCitation>
); adaxially, hydrothecal rim broadly scooped; most hydrothecae are provided with a slender, horn-like, upwardlycurved, hollow perisarc projection (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FDE90A7717E3F9F8" box="[552,679,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Figs 1B, C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FD720A7717AEF9F8" box="[691,746,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">2E, I</figureCitation>
) of varied development (though generally unmistakable) and prolonged proximally into a short, longitudinal, median carina. Three nematothecae associated to each hydrotheca: a mesial one and a pair of laterals; mesial nematotheca originating slightly below the hydrothecal base, long, tubular, adnate for 4/5 of its length, aperture gutter-shaped, rim distinctly crenulate (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FC2A0A9B1101F94C" box="[1003,1093,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
); lateral nematothecae slightly surpassing the hydrothecal rim, monothalamic, urn-shaped, with deep, adaxial emargination, rim crenulate (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FAAE0AC715F6F8B4" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[151,1436,181,1184]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2I</figureCitation>
). Phylactocarps borne on the proximal-most cormidia (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FCE60B2316C7F8B4" box="[807,899,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE3" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-104@2.[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE3. Carpocladusfertilis Vervoort&amp;Watson,2003.A–C.Phylactocarp with femalegonothecae,at variousmagnifications. Scale bars: C = 500 µm; A, B = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792793/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
), and given off slightly in front of the cormoid (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FF610B0F15BCF8D0" box="[160,248,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-111@1.[151,1435,653,1203]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003.A. Fertile colony. B–D. Hydrothecae seen frontally (B) and laterally (C, D), with (C) and without (D) a median spine. E. Foramen for the passage of the hydranth, showing spines. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm; A = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792787/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
); up to
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A134A623FE8D0B0F14C9F8D0" box="[332,397,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
long; first cormidium with a short, lateral, athecate apophysis inserted below the hydrothecal base, thus displacing the mesial nematotheca towards the proximal end of the internode, and forcing it to adopt the same shape as the cauline nematothecae (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FDA30B5717FBF818" box="[610,703,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FD0B0B5417B4F818" box="[714,752,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">6A</figureCitation>
); phylactocarp composed of a proximal-most, short internode bearing a median nematotheca (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FDCB0BB3172FF824" box="[522,619,1942,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FDBA0BB01780F824" box="[635,708,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">5A, B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FD150BB017BDF824" box="[724,761,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">6A</figureCitation>
), followed by a regular succession of up to 16 geniculate internodes forming its rachis (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A134A623FE3A0B9F171DF840" box="[507,601,1978,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
); rachial internodes geniculate, moderately-long, composed of a lateral apophysis supporting a costa (apophyses alternate), an axillar nematotheca, and another nematotheca proximally (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FF610CB215B8FF26" box="[160,252,151,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
); nematothecae scoop-shaped; costae widely-spaced (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FCA50CB216FBFF25" box="[868,959,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
), phylactocarp open (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FB790CB211BAFF25" box="[1208,1278,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE3" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-104@2.[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE3. Carpocladusfertilis Vervoort&amp;Watson,2003.A–C.Phylactocarp with femalegonothecae,at variousmagnifications. Scale bars: C = 500 µm; A, B = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792793/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); costae bifid (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FF5E0C9E15BAFF41" box="[159,254,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE3" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-104@2.[151,1436,1364,1923]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE3. Carpocladusfertilis Vervoort&amp;Watson,2003.A–C.Phylactocarp with femalegonothecae,at variousmagnifications. Scale bars: C = 500 µm; A, B = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792793/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Figs 3C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FECD0C9F1475FF41" box="[268,305,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">5A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FE810C9E1421FF42" box="[320,357,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">6A</figureCitation>
), with a basal, smaller hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FCC30C9E161EFF41" box="[770,858,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
) whose modified mesial nematotheca is displaced proximally; hydrothecate internode prolonged distally by up to six short, collinear internodes, each provided with a single or a pair of elongate nematothecae set laterally; between the mesial nematotheca and the hydrothecal base, a slightly laterally-projecting apophysis supporting the second branch of the costa; second branch with up to four nematothecate internodes (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FE020D6E1759FEF2" box="[451,541,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
); nematothecae half-adnate, gutter-shaped distally, with crenulate rim (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FAF70D6E10CBFEF1" box="[1334,1423,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Gonothecae borne on inconspicuous swellings of the rachial apophyses supporting the costae, the latter arching over the gonothecae; gonothecae fusiform, sexually dimorphic, female (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FC440DB616A6FE39" box="[901,994,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FC2F0DB61155FE3A" box="[1006,1041,403,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">6D</figureCitation>
) comparatively longer and curving away distally (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FEFA0D9214D7FE46" box="[315,403,439,466]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), and with wider distal apertures than the male ones (compare
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FB910D9211ABFE45" box="[1104,1263,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Fig. 4C and B</figureCitation>
, and
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FAEB0D9210DCFE45" box="[1322,1432,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">6D and B</figureCitation>
, respectively); apertures set distally, transverse, circular in shape, prolonged downward as long slits (
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FB2E0DFE102FFE61" box="[1263,1387,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-15@3.[151,1435,181,1163]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Figs 4B, C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FAB40DFF10D3FE61" box="[1397,1431,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-215@4.[166,1420,597,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">5E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A133A624FF560DDA159AFD8D" box="[151,222,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">6B, D</figureCitation>
). Coenosarc poorly-preserved, the number of tentacles in hydranths and of oocytes in the female gonothecae could not be ascertained. Perisarc of colony straw colored.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5B662BA135A622FF56089D163FFAA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792789/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" startId="2.[151,250,1208,1232]" targetBox="[157,1425,185,1181]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A135A622FF56089D163FFAA8" blockId="2.[151,1436,1208,1340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A135A622FF56089D1456FB44" bold="true" box="[151,274,1208,1232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A135A622FED6089D17ADFB44" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[279,745,1208,1232]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A135A622FED6089D14A5FB44" box="[279,481,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A135A622FE27089D17ADFB44" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[486,745,1208,1232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.A–D. Stem internode seen frontally (A); the same, enlarged, to show its nematothecae either frontally (B) or laterally (C, D). E–H. Hydrothecae with (E–G) or without (H) a median spine, seen laterally (E, H), apically (F) and frontally (G). I, J. Hydrothecal aperture seen both laterally (I) and apically (J). K, L. Intrathecal septa seen both laterally (K) and apically (L). Scale bars: A–L = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B662BA135A622FF560BBE175BF843" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792793/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" startId="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" targetBox="[151,1436,1364,1923]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A135A622FF560BBE175BF843" blockId="2.[151,1437,1947,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A135A622FF560BBE1454F827" bold="true" box="[151,272,1947,1971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A135A622FED50BBE179AF827" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[276,734,1947,1971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A135A622FED50BBE1498F827" box="[276,476,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A135A622FE210BB9179AF827" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[480,734,1947,1971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.A–C. Phylactocarp with female gonothecae, at various magnifications. Scale bars: C = 500 µm; A, B = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B662BA134A623FF5608861148FABC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792795" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792795/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" startId="3.[151,250,1187,1211]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1163]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A134A623FF5608861148FABC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1187,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A134A623FF560886145CFB2F" bold="true" box="[151,280,1187,1211]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A134A623FEE508861651FB28" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[292,789,1187,1212]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A134A623FEE5088614B0FB2F" box="[292,500,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A134A623FE3E08811651FB28" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[511,789,1188,1212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A. A stem internode bearing the proximal most cormidium (following cormidia voluntarily removed) supporting a phylactocarp (only its proximal part is shown). B. Central part of the same phylactocarp seen from below, showing its rachis, alternate costae, and male gonothecae. C. Isolated female gonotheca; note its broader aperture compared to its male counterparts. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B662BA133A624FF560A0E14FFF888" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792799" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5792799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" startId="4.[151,250,1579,1603]" targetBox="[166,1420,597,1556]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A133A624FF560A0E14FFF888" blockId="4.[151,1437,1579,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A133A624FF560A0E1451F9D0" bold="true" box="[151,277,1579,1604]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A133A624FEDC0A0917BBF9D0" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[285,767,1580,1604]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A133A624FEDC0A0914AFF9D0" box="[285,491,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A133A624FE320A0917BBF9D0" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[499,767,1580,1604]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Proximal most part of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial cormidium, the proximal nematothecate internode, and the first regular rachial internode with male gonotheca, bifid costa and axillar hydrotheca. B. Detail of the origin of a phylactocarp, showing the proximal most cladial hydrotheca, its lateral apophysis, the first (nematothecate only) rachial internode, and the first regular rachial internode. C. Detail of the branching site of a costa, showing the axillar hydrotheca, the peculiar position and shape of its mesial nematotheca, and the apophysis supporting the frontal branch of the costa. D. Nematothecae of a costa. E. Detail of the aperture of a male gonotheca. Scale bars: B–E = 200 µm; A = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33E6528A133A626FF060B4B1107FDA9" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A133A625FF060B4B10D9FF41" blockId="4.[151,1436,1902,2036]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,358]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="378" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A133A624FF060B4B1470F81C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1902,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Remarks</emphasis>
. Cormoids in the present material are comparatively smaller (
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A133A624FC180B4B1168F81C" box="[985,1068,1902,1929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 cm</quantity>
high) than in the
<typeStatus id="549F8801A133A624FB280B4B100FF81C" box="[1257,1355,1902,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
colony (
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A133A624FF610BB715A1F838" box="[160,229,1938,1964]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
high). Consequently, their stems are less fascicled, and their cladia shorter (up to
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A133A624FBB20BB71185F838" box="[1139,1217,1938,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A133A624FB060BB6119AF838" box="[1223,1246,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">vs</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A133A624FB2D0BB71020F838" box="[1260,1380,1938,1965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">25–30 mm</quantity>
long in the
<typeStatus id="549F8801A133A624FF1B0B931404F845" box="[218,320,1974,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), comprising lesser cormidia (14
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A133A624FD6C0B921780F844" box="[685,708,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">vs</emphasis>
. up to 35) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A133A624FCFE0B93111CF844" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[831,1112,1974,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Reportedly, up to 5 internal, incomplete, annular ridges can be found in the internode behind the hydrotheca. Unlike in the present material, the pedicel of the phylactocarp could be quite long, and composed of up to 12 nematothecate internodes, as noted in the
<typeStatus id="549F8801A132A625FF030C9E146CFF41" box="[194,296,187,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Not stated in the original account, the nematothecae of this species have distinctly crenulated rims.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A132A625FF060CFA141AFEF2" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
Prior to this study, only the male gonothecae have been described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A132A625FC2B0CFA105CFF6D" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1002,1304,223,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003</bibRefCitation>
). However, one of the cormoids examined here bears phylactocarps with female gonothecae. Similar in shape to their male counterparts, but larger, they nevertheless possess comparatively broader apertures apically (compare
<figureCitation id="131F2A26A132A625FAD70D0215FEFEF1" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,711,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-232@6.[151,1436,705,1669]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003. A. Line drawing of the same gonosomal portion illustrated in Fig. 5A, to show fine details. B–D. Male (B) and female (C, D) gonothecae seen either frontally (B, D) or laterally (C). Scale bars: A–D = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5792801/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Fig. 6D and 6B</figureCitation>
, respectively).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B662BA132A625FF560DB116ECFE44" ID-Table-UUID="DF5B662BA132A625FF560DB116ECFE44" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5B662BA132A625FF560DB116ECFE44" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" startId="5.[151,239,404,428]" targetBox="[166,1420,481,1954]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A132A625FF560DB116ECFE44" blockId="5.[151,1437,403,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FF560DB11441FE38" bold="true" box="[151,261,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">TABLE 1</emphasis>
. Measurements of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A132A625FE160DB1168BFE39" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[471,975,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FE160DB117EBFE38" box="[471,687,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Carpocladus fertilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A132A625FD770DB0168BFE39" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[694,975,405,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in µm. N.A. stands for not available.
<superScript id="7C519BEBA132A625FAB50DB61038FE35" attach="right" box="[1396,1404,403,417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">*</superScript>
No distinction was made between the axillar and inferior stem nematothecae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A132A625FC900DC411F4F836" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<table id="F924C403A13259DFFF670DC410C8F836" box="[166,1420,481,1954]" gridcols="3" gridrows="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670DC410C8FE6D" box="[166,1420,481,505]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900DC4169DFE6D" box="[849,985,481,505]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Present study</th>
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0DC410C8FE6D" box="[1150,1420,481,505]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A132A625FBBF0DC410C8FE6D" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1150,1420,481,505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670E2D10C8FDB4" box="[166,1420,520,544]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670E2D10C8FDB4" box="[166,1420,520,544]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FF670E2D1599FDB4" bold="true" box="[166,221,520,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Stem</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670E1410C8FDDD" box="[166,1420,561,585]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670E1417B2FDDD" box="[166,758,561,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- internode length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900E14169DFDDD" box="[849,985,561,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">860–920</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0E1410C8FDDD" box="[1150,1420,561,585]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670E7C10C8FDE5" box="[166,1420,601,625]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670E7C17B2FDE5" box="[166,758,601,625]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- diameter at nodes</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900E7C169DFDE5" box="[849,985,601,625]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">150–190</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0E7C10C8FDE5" box="[1150,1420,601,625]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">225–280</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670EA710C8FD0E" box="[166,1420,642,666]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670EA717B2FD0E" box="[166,758,642,666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- cladial apophysis length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900EA7169DFD0E" box="[849,985,642,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">190–220</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0EA710C8FD0E" box="[1150,1420,642,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670E8F10C8FD56" box="[166,1420,682,706]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670E8F17B2FD56" box="[166,758,682,706]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- distance between 2 successive apophyses (same side)</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900E8F169DFD56" box="[849,985,682,706]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">1590–1780</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0E8F10C8FD56" box="[1150,1420,682,706]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670EF410C8FD7E" box="[166,1420,721,746]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670EF417B2FD7E" box="[166,758,721,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- axillar nematotheca, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900EF4169DFD7E" box="[849,985,721,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">175–215</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0EF410C8FD7E" box="[1150,1420,721,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">180–195*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670EDC10C8FC86" box="[166,1420,761,786]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670EDC17B2FC86" box="[166,758,761,786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- axillar nematotheca, maximum width</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900EDC169DFC86" box="[849,985,761,786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">80–100</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0EDC10C8FC86" box="[1150,1420,761,786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">135–150*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670F0710C8FCAF" box="[166,1420,802,827]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670F0717B2FCAF" box="[166,758,802,827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- axillar nematotheca, diameter at aperture</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900F07169DFCAF" box="[849,985,802,827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">25–35</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0F0710C8FCAF" box="[1150,1420,802,827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">45–55*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670F6F10C8FCF7" box="[166,1420,842,867]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670F6F17B2FCF7" box="[166,758,842,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- inferior nematotheca, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900F6F169DFCF7" box="[849,985,842,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">170–200</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0F6F10C8FCF7" box="[1150,1420,842,867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">180–195*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670F5710C8FC1F" box="[166,1420,882,907]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670F5717B2FC1F" box="[166,758,882,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- inferior nematotheca, maximum width</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900F57169DFC1F" box="[849,985,882,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">110–130</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0F5710C8FC1F" box="[1150,1420,882,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">135–150*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670FBF10C8FC27" box="[166,1420,922,947]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670FBF17B2FC27" box="[166,758,922,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- inferior nematotheca, diameter at aperture</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900FBF169DFC27" box="[849,985,922,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">75–100</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0FBF10C8FC27" box="[1150,1420,922,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">45–55*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670FE610C8FC4F" box="[166,1420,963,987]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670FE610C8FC4F" box="[166,1420,963,987]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FF670FE615AAFC4F" bold="true" box="[166,238,963,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Cladia</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670FC910C8FB90" box="[166,1420,1004,1028]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670FC917B2FB90" box="[166,758,1004,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- internode length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900FC9169DFB90" box="[849,985,1004,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">880–1055</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0FC910C8FB90" box="[1150,1420,1004,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">820–985</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67083110C8FBB8" box="[166,1420,1044,1068]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67083117B2FBB8" box="[166,758,1044,1068]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- diameter at nodes</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900831169DFBB8" box="[849,985,1044,1068]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">95–120</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF083110C8FBB8" box="[1150,1420,1044,1068]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">145–195</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67081910C8FBC0" box="[166,1420,1084,1108]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67081910C8FBC0" box="[166,1420,1084,1108]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FF6708191462FBC0" bold="true" box="[166,294,1084,1108]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Hydrotheca</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67084110C8FBE9" box="[166,1420,1124,1149]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67084117B2FBE9" box="[166,758,1124,1149]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- total depth</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900841169DFBE9" box="[849,985,1124,1149]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">700–800</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF084110C8FBE9" box="[1150,1420,1124,1149]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">615–645</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF6708A810C8FB31" box="[166,1420,1165,1189]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF6708A817B2FB31" box="[166,758,1165,1189]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- diameter at aperture</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC9008A8169DFB31" box="[849,985,1165,1189]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">280–315</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF08A810C8FB31" box="[1150,1420,1165,1189]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">250–280</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67089010C8FB59" box="[166,1420,1205,1229]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67089017B2FB59" box="[166,758,1205,1229]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- spine length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900890169DFB59" box="[849,985,1205,1229]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">&lt;220</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF089010C8FB59" box="[1150,1420,1205,1229]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF6708F810C8FB61" box="[166,1420,1245,1269]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF6708F817B2FB61" box="[166,758,1245,1269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- mesial nematotheca, total length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC9008F8169DFB61" box="[849,985,1245,1269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">365–380</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF08F810C8FB61" box="[1150,1420,1245,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">335–365</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67092010C8FA8A" box="[166,1420,1285,1310]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67092017B2FA8A" box="[166,758,1285,1310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- mesial nematotheca, length adnate part</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900920169DFA8A" box="[849,985,1285,1310]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">300–315</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF092010C8FA8A" box="[1150,1420,1285,1310]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67090B10C8FAD2" box="[166,1420,1326,1350]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67090B17B2FAD2" box="[166,758,1326,1350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- mesial nematotheca, diameter at aperture (lateral view)</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC90090B169DFAD2" box="[849,985,1326,1350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">80–95</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF090B10C8FAD2" box="[1150,1420,1326,1350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67097310C8FAFA" box="[166,1420,1366,1390]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67097317B2FAFA" box="[166,758,1366,1390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- lateral nematotheca, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900973169DFAFA" box="[849,985,1366,1390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">180–190</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF097310C8FAFA" box="[1150,1420,1366,1390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">225–230</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67095B10C8FA02" box="[166,1420,1406,1430]" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67095B17B2FA02" box="[166,758,1406,1430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- lateral nematotheca, maximum width</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC90095B169DFA02" box="[849,985,1406,1430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">85–100</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF095B10C8FA02" box="[1150,1420,1406,1430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">85–90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF67098310C8FA2B" box="[166,1420,1446,1471]" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF67098317B2FA2B" box="[166,758,1446,1471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- lateral nematotheca, diameter at aperture</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900983169DFA2B" box="[849,985,1446,1471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">40–45</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF098310C8FA2B" box="[1150,1420,1446,1471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">28–34</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF6709EB10C8FA72" box="[166,1420,1486,1510]" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF6709EB10C8FA72" box="[166,1420,1486,1510]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FF6709EB1472FA72" bold="true" box="[166,310,1486,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Phylactocarp</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF6709D210C8F99B" box="[166,1420,1527,1551]" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF6709D217B2F99B" box="[166,758,1527,1551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- rachial internode length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC9009D2169DF99B" box="[849,985,1527,1551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">530–580</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF09D210C8F99B" box="[1150,1420,1527,1551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670A3A10C8F9A3" box="[166,1420,1567,1591]" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670A3A17B2F9A3" box="[166,758,1567,1591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- rachial internode, diameter at node</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900A3A169DF9A3" box="[849,985,1567,1591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">195–210</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0A3A10C8F9A3" box="[1150,1420,1567,1591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670A6210C8F9F4" box="[166,1420,1607,1632]" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670A6217B2F9F4" box="[166,758,1607,1632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- costa, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900A62169DF9F4" box="[849,985,1607,1632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">&lt;1980</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0A6210C8F9F4" box="[1150,1420,1607,1632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670A5510C8F91C" box="[166,1420,1648,1672]" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670A5517B2F91C" box="[166,758,1648,1672]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- costa, internode length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900A55169DF91C" box="[849,985,1648,1672]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">310–365</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0A5510C8F91C" box="[1150,1420,1648,1672]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670ABD10C8F924" box="[166,1420,1688,1712]" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670ABD17B2F924" box="[166,758,1688,1712]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- costa, length of nematothecae</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900ABD169DF924" box="[849,985,1688,1712]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FC900ABC162DF924" box="[849,873,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">ca</emphasis>
. 280
</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0ABD10C8F924" box="[1150,1420,1688,1712]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670AE510C8F94C" box="[166,1420,1728,1752]" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670AE517B2F94C" box="[166,758,1728,1752]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- female gonotheca, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900AE5169DF94C" box="[849,985,1728,1752]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FC900AE4162DF94C" box="[849,873,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">ca</emphasis>
. 1640
</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0AE510C8F94C" box="[1150,1420,1728,1752]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A. (unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670ACD10C8F895" box="[166,1420,1768,1793]" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670ACD17B2F895" box="[166,758,1768,1793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- female gonotheca, maximum width</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900ACD169DF895" box="[849,985,1768,1793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FC900ACC162DF894" box="[849,873,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">ca</emphasis>
. 485
</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0ACD10C8F895" box="[1150,1420,1768,1793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A. (unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670B3410C8F8BD" box="[166,1420,1809,1833]" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670B3417B2F8BD" box="[166,758,1809,1833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- female gonotheca, diameter at aperture (lateral view)</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900B34169DF8BD" box="[849,985,1809,1833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FC900B37162DF8BD" box="[849,873,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">ca</emphasis>
. 180
</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0B3410C8F8BD" box="[1150,1420,1809,1833]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A. (unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670B1C10C8F8C5" box="[166,1420,1849,1873]" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670B1C17B2F8C5" box="[166,758,1849,1873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- male gonotheca, length</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900B1C169DF8C5" box="[849,985,1849,1873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">1200–1300</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0B1C10C8F8C5" box="[1150,1420,1849,1873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">1470–1500</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670B4410C8F8ED" box="[166,1420,1889,1913]" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670B4417B2F8ED" box="[166,758,1889,1913]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- male gonotheca, maximum width</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900B44169DF8ED" box="[849,985,1889,1913]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">350–385</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0B4410C8F8ED" box="[1150,1420,1889,1913]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">410–490</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434E1A13259DFFF670BAC10C8F836" box="[166,1420,1929,1954]" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<th id="76C55D9DA13259DFFF670BAC17B2F836" box="[166,758,1929,1954]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">- male gonotheca, diameter at aperture (apex, lateral view)</th>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFC900BAC169DF836" box="[849,985,1929,1954]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A132A625FC900BAF162DF835" box="[849,873,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">ca</emphasis>
. 60
</td>
<td id="76C55D9DA13259DFFBBF0BAC10C8F836" box="[1150,1420,1929,1954]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">N.A.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A131A626FF060CB2169CFE39" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FE880CB2149EFF25" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[329,474,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FE880CB2149EFF25" box="[329,474,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Carpocladus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was created to accommodate
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FCFB0CB2168FFF25" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1874" box="[826,971,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Cladocarpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FCFB0CB2168FFF25" box="[826,971,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Cladocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like hydroids producing rather complex phylactocarps whose lateral, alternate costae are bifid, each being provided with an axillar hydrotheca between two flanking nematothecate ramuli. In
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FDA00CFA16EFFF6D" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[609,939,223,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson’s (2003)</bibRefCitation>
view, their genus showed closer affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FF120D26175AFE89" authority="Bogle, 1984" authorityName="Bogle" authorityYear="1984" box="[211,542,259,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Cladocarpoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FF120D2614C2FE89" box="[211,390,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Cladocarpoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FE4E0D26175AFE89" author="Bogle, M. A." box="[399,542,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="135 - 140" refId="ref4565" refString="Bogle, M. A. (1984) Cladocarpoides yucatanicus, a new genus and species of Aglaopheniinae (Coelenterata: Hydroida: Plumulariidae) from Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Channel. Bulletin of Marine Science, 34 (1), 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="1984">Bogle, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the exceedingly long phylactocarps have costae also provided with a hydrotheca (ending in a “nematophorous spine”), in front of which (between the proximally-displaced mesial nematotheca and the hydrothecal base) arises an antler-shaped, “nematophorous branchlet” or “phylactogonium” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FF5E0D4A1463FE1D" author="Bogle, M. A." box="[159,295,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="135 - 140" refId="ref4565" refString="Bogle, M. A. (1984) Cladocarpoides yucatanicus, a new genus and species of Aglaopheniinae (Coelenterata: Hydroida: Plumulariidae) from Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Channel. Bulletin of Marine Science, 34 (1), 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="1984">Bogle 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Strikingly, the relationships between
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FD210D4A1635FE1D" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[736,881,367,393]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FD210D4A1635FE1D" box="[736,881,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Carpocladus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FC680D4A10C0FE1D" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[937,1412,367,393]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Wanglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FC680D4A111CFE1D" box="[937,1112,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Wanglaophenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FB9E0D4A10C0FE1D" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1119,1412,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a hydroid genus forming nearly identical phylactocarps, were not discussed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A131A626FF060D921107FDA9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
Given the lack of genetic material, not only of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FD190D921606FE45" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[728,834,439,465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FD190D921606FE45" box="[728,834,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. fertilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but also of many
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FBD40D9211BAFE45" box="[1045,1278,439,465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Cladocarpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FBD40D9211E2FE45" box="[1045,1190,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Cladocarpus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and members of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FF790DFE140DFE61" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1874" box="[184,329,475,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Cladocarpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FF790DFE140DFE61" box="[184,329,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Cladocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like genera, and the unpredictable relationships between the few species for which genetic data are already available (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FE500DDA1727FD8D" author="Moura &amp; Lessios H. &amp; Cortes J. &amp; Nizinski M. S. &amp; Reed J. &amp; Santos R. S. &amp; Collins A. G." box="[401,611,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="17986" refId="ref5147" refString="Moura C., Lessios H., Cortes J., Nizinski M. S., Reed J., Santos R. S. &amp; Collins A. G. (2018) Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy. Scientific Reports, 8, 17986. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 35528 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Moura
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FE270DDA175CFD8D" box="[486,536,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), it is impossible for the time being to ascertain the validity of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FF560E06146CFDA9" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,296,547,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Carpocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FF560E06146CFDA9" box="[151,296,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Carpocladus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as its phylogenetic position within the family
<taxonomicName id="4C244D20A131A626FC4B0E06117BFDA9" authorityName="Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityYear="1890" box="[906,1087,547,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aglaopheniidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6528A131A626FF060E6311C6FD11" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9B36A3A131A626FF060E6311C6FD11" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="B950EAB1A131A626FF060E63141DFDF4" bold="true" box="[199,345,582,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Distribution</emphasis>
. Tasman Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FE3F0E62165BFDF5" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[510,799,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003</bibRefCitation>
), off southern
<collectingCountry id="F3337633A131A626FC020E621136FDF5" box="[963,1138,583,609]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(present study). Occurs at depths between
<quantity id="4CDC9B46A131A626FE8D0E4E149DFD11" box="[332,473,619,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265" metricValueMax="1.274" metricValueMin="0.979" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" unit="m" value="1126.5" valueMax="1274.0" valueMin="979.0">979–1274 m</quantity>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B52A131A626FE240E4E1657FD11" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[485,787,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref5474" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and present study, respectively].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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