575 lines
68 KiB
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575 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" ID-PMC="PMC3310194" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-10-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" ID-PubMed="22461730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576110" ModsDocID="1314-2003-10-25" checkinTime="1451252035118" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saarela, Jeffery M." docDate="2012" docId="C1E292C555B65DFDA0E7A3873CD2F61A" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 10: 25-82" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 10" docPubDate="2012-03-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" docTitle="Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76 (4): 364. 1978." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1668138964632" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saarela, Jeffery M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Research & Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, P. O. Box 3443 Stn. D, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 P 6 P 4, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jsaarela@mus-nature.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-03-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>25</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-10-25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576110</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229443" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1E292C555B65DFDA0E7A3873CD2F61A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1E292C555B65DFDA0E7A3873CD2F61A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName LSID="C1E292C5-55B6-5DFD-A0E7-A3873CD2F61A" authority="C. E. Hubb., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76 (4): 364. 1978." authorityName="C. E. Hubb., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76 (4): 364. 1978." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spartina anglica" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76(4): 364. 1978.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Groves & J. Groves" authorityYear="1881" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="townsendii">Spartina townsendii</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">anglica</emphasis>
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(C.E. Hubb.) Lambinon & Maquet, Nouv. Fl. Belgique, Luxembourg, N. France (ed. 3) 923: 1983.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Type.</emphasis>
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United Kingdom. West Sussex: Bosham, fruiging shore on mud-flats and muddy shingle, extending into water of Chichester Harbour, forming extensive masses, 17 Aug 1968, C.E.Hubbard S.17868A, sheet II (lectotype:K [K000710270!], here designated; isotypes: K [K000710269!], L [L100190!], US[US2907471!]). Note:The collection designated as the holotype by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hubbard, CE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ecology" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" refId="B81" refString="Hubbard, CE, 1978. Gramineae. (290) Spartina Schreb. In: Heywood AVH (Ed) Flora Europaea Notulae Systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes no. 20. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 384." title="Gramineae. (290) Spartina Schreb. In: Heywood AVH (Ed) Flora Europaea Notulae Systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes no. 20. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 384." year="1978">Hubbard (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Hubbard S.17868A</emphasis>
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, is mounted on two sheets at K: K000710269 and K000710270. The latter is clearly labeled 'sheet
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II’">II'</normalizedToken>
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, but the former is not reciprocally cross-labeled as 'sheet
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I’">I'</normalizedToken>
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therefore the two sheets are duplicates according to the Code. The specimen indicated as 'sheet II" is more robust, and is here designated as the lectotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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Culms 32-104 cm tall, thick, fleshy,rhizomatous, forming clumps and dense swards. Sheaths glabrous, occasionally with short, scattered hairs, when present hairs to 0.2 mm long; ligules 1-3 mm long; blades 6-45 cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4-10 mm wide, flat proximally, moderately to strongly involute distally, divergent 30-60° from culms, adaxial surfaces glabrous, occasionally sparsely pubescent proximally, when present hairs to 0.2 mm long, abaxial surfaces glabrous, occasionally sparsely pubescent proximally, when present hairs to 0.5 mm long, margins smooth. Inflorescences 12-21.5(-31.5) cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7-25 mm wide at midpoint, erect, with (2)3-5(-11) branches; branches (7-)8-15(-20) cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(3-)4-5(-6) mm wide, appressed to main axis or ascending; rachises 1-2.2 mm wide between spikelets, extending 2-20 mm beyond the distal spikelet, glabrous, margins glabrous, occasionally sparsely pubescent, when present the hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long. Spikelets (15-)16.5-25 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.8-2.5(-2.8) mm wide, weakly appressed, weakly overlapping, calluses (1.5-)2-4.5 mm long. Glumes (weakly) moderately or densely pubescent, hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long, hairs usually denser and to 0.6 mm long proximally; keels scabrous or ciliate, hairs to 0.5 mm long; lower glumes 8-14 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5-0.7 mm wide, 1-veined, tips acute or obtuse; upper glumes 13-22 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-1.5 mm wide, 3-6 veined, tips obtuse or acute; lemmas 11-17 mm long, 1-3-veined, appressed pubescent distally, glabrous proximally, margins membranous; paleas exceeding lemmas by 1-2 mm; anthers 7-10 mm long, yellowish, usually fully exserted at maturity, dehiscent, pollen fertile. 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">n</emphasis>
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= 120, 122, 124 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Coastal Research" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" publicationUrl="10.1038/199929a0" refId="B90" refString="Marchant, CJ, 1963. Corrected chromosome numbers for Spartina xtownsendii and its parent species. Nature 199: 929. ., 10.1038/199929a0" title="Corrected chromosome numbers for Spartina xtownsendii and its parent species. Nature 199: 929." url="10.1038/199929a0" year="1963">Marchant 1963</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="411 - 417" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" refId="B92" refString="Marchant, CJ, 1968b. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): III. Species chromosome numbers and their taxonomic significance. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 60: 411 - 417, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): III. Species chromosome numbers and their taxonomic significance." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" volume="60" year="1968 b">1968b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">English cordgrass; common cordgrass.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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The Latin epithet
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">anglica</emphasis>
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means English, given to the species in reference to England, its place of origin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="illustrations">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Illustrations.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
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:248,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cope, T" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Society of the British Isles, London" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B38" refString="Cope, T, Gray, A, 2009. Grasses of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 612 pp." title="Grasses of the British Isles." year="2009">Cope and Gray 2009</bibRefCitation>
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:551.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
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Britain, China (
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<bibRefCitation author="An, SQ" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="183 - 191" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" refId="B4" refString="An, SQ, Gu, BH, Zhou, CF, Wang, ZS, Deng, ZF, Zhi, YB, Li, HL, Chen, L, Yu, DH, Liu, YH, 2007. Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research. Weed Research 47: 183 - 191, 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" title="Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research." url="10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" volume="47" year="2007">An et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bixing, S" editor="Zhengyi, W" journalOrPublisher="Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="493 - 494" refId="B24" refString="Bixing, S, Phillips, SM, 2006. Spartina. In: Zhengyi, W, Raven, PH, Deyuan, H, Eds., Flora of China: Poaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis: 493 - 494" title="Spartina." volumeTitle="Flora of China: Poaceae." year="2006">Bixing and Phillips 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Australia (Tasmania, Victoria,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kriwoken, LK" journalOrPublisher="Ocean & Coastal Management" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="573 - 584" publicationUrl="10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00047-8" refId="B86" refString="Kriwoken, LK, Hedge, P, 2000. Exotic species and estuaries: managing Spartina anglica in Tasmania, Australia. Ocean & Coastal Management 43: 573 - 584, 10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00047-8" title="Exotic species and estuaries: managing Spartina anglica in Tasmania, Australia." url="10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00047-8" volume="43" year="2000">Kriwoken and Hedge 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), New Zealand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Partridge, TR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" pagination="567 - 575" refId="B107" refString="Partridge, TR, 1987. Spartina in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 567 - 575" title="Spartina in New Zealand." volume="25" year="1987">Partridge 1987</bibRefCitation>
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), France (western coastal Brittany,
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<bibRefCitation author="Baumel, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="1689 - 1701" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01299.x" refId="B18" refString="Baumel, A, Ainouche, ML, Levasseur, JE, 2001. Molecular investigations in populations of Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (Poaceae) invading coastal Brittany (France). Molecular Ecology 10: 1689 - 1701, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01299.x" title="Molecular investigations in populations of Spartina anglica C. E. Hubbard (Poaceae) invading coastal Brittany (France)." url="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01299.x" volume="10" year="2001">Baumel et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), United States of America (Washington, California), and Canada (British Columbia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="37" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="37" start="start">Comments</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an amphidiploid taxon that arose in Britain in the 18th century from chromosome doubling of the sterile F1 hybrid taxon
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
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Spartina
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see the discussion under that species for details, and reviews in Marchant 1968 and
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<bibRefCitation author="Grevstad, FS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="32 - 42" publicationUrl="10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00181-0" refId="B61" refString="Grevstad, FS, Strong, DR, Garcia-Rossi, D, Switzer, RW, Wecker, MS, 2003. Biological control of Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington using the planthopper Prokelisia marginata: agent specificity and early results. Biological Control 27: 32 - 42, 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00181-0" title="Biological control of Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington using the planthopper Prokelisia marginata: agent specificity and early results." url="10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00181-0" volume="27" year="2003">Gray et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). The origin of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a remarkable and well-studied example of allopolyploid evolution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a problematic invasive species in coastal areas of western North America, and has been present on the continent for over fifty years. In the United States it is known from Washington and California. It was planted in Puget Sound, Washington in 1961 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spicher, D" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" pagination="158 - 167" refId="B132" refString="Spicher, D, Josselyn, M, 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32: 158 - 167" title="Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes." volume="32" year="1985">Spicher and Josselyn 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Frenkel, R" journalOrPublisher="Northwest Environmental Journal" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="152 - 154" refId="B56" refString="Frenkel, R, 1987. Introduction and spread of cordgrass (Spartina) into the Pacific Northwest. Northwest Environmental Journal 3: 152 - 154" title="Introduction and spread of cordgrass (Spartina) into the Pacific Northwest." volume="3" year="1987">Frenkel 1987</bibRefCitation>
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) to provide forage for cattle and to stabilize a dike system (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hacker, SD" journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" pagination="211 - 217" refId="B66" refString="Hacker, SD, Heimer, D, Hellquist, CE, Reeder, TG, Reeves, B, Riordan, TJ, Dethier, MN, 2001. A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control. Biological Invasions 3: 211 - 217" title="A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control." volume="3" year="2001">Hacker et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). By 1997, it had expanded substantially in Puget Sound, occurring in 73 sites and covering 397 solid hectares of intertidal habitat (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hacker, SD" journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" pagination="211 - 217" refId="B66" refString="Hacker, SD, Heimer, D, Hellquist, CE, Reeder, TG, Reeves, B, Riordan, TJ, Dethier, MN, 2001. A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control. Biological Invasions 3: 211 - 217" title="A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control." volume="3" year="2001">Hacker et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Hedge, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Aquatic Plant Management" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" pagination="82 - 90" refId="B68" refString="Hedge, P, Kriwoken, LK, Patten, K, 2003. A review of Spartina management in Washington State, US. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 41: 82 - 90" title="A review of Spartina management in Washington State, US." volume="41" year="2003">Hedge et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). Eradication efforts in this region began in 1997 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hacker, SD" journalOrPublisher="Biological Invasions" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" pagination="211 - 217" refId="B66" refString="Hacker, SD, Heimer, D, Hellquist, CE, Reeder, TG, Reeves, B, Riordan, TJ, Dethier, MN, 2001. A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control. Biological Invasions 3: 211 - 217" title="A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: potential mechanisms of invasion and control." volume="3" year="2001">Hacker et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). In 1977
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was deliberately transplanted from Puget Sound to California where it was introduced at Creekside Park Marsh in San Francisco Bay, Marin County (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spicher, D" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" pagination="158 - 167" refId="B132" refString="Spicher, D, Josselyn, M, 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32: 158 - 167" title="Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes." volume="32" year="1985">Spicher and Josselyn 1985</bibRefCitation>
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), and it persists at this single location in the state (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grijalva, E" journalOrPublisher="Cal-IPC News [Quarterly Newsletter of the California Invasive Plant Council]" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="6 - 7" refId="B62" refString="Grijalva, E, Kerr, D, Zaremba, K, 2006. Project Update: Controlling Spartina hybrids in S.F. Bay. Cordgrass and clapper rails. Cal-IPC News [Quarterly Newsletter of the California Invasive Plant Council] 13: 6 - 7" title="Project Update: Controlling Spartina hybrids in S. F. Bay. Cordgrass and clapper rails." volume="13" year="2006">Grijalva et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina, Project." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="33" pageNumber="58" refId="B124" refString="San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina, Project., 2012. http://www.spartina.org [accessed 4 January 2012]." title="http: // www. spartina. org [accessed 4 January 2012]" year="2012">San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mentioned, but not treated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baird, JR" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" refId="B16" refString="Baird, JR, Thieret, JW, 2012. Spartina. In: Baldwin BG et al. (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed 28 January 2012]." title="Spartina. In: Baldwin BG et al. (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. http: // ucjeps. berkeley. edu / IJM. html [accessed 28 January 2012]" year="2012">Baird and Thieret (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered in British Columbia in 2003 on Roberts Banks in the Fraser River estuary and in Boundary Bay along the British Columbia and Washington border (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the infestation to be in its early stages in 2003, and estimated the species to have arrived in the area some three to five years earlier. Additional collections were made in 2004 in Boundary Bay (Lim s.n., V-two specimens) and on Roberts Banks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-1, 2004-2 [
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina anglica collected in Boundary Bay, south of Vancouver, British Columbia (Williams 2004 - 2, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10018" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
], 2004-3). Following this initial documentation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in British Columbia, extensive field surveys and mapping exercises were undertaken to determine the extent of the species at Roberts Bank and in Boundary Bay, and an eradication plan was implemented (Dresen et al. 2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" editor="Ayres, D" journalOrPublisher="San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project of the California State Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" pagination="235 - 242" refId="B141" refString="Williams, G, Baumann, J, Buffett, D, Goldstone, R, Kucy, V, Lim, P, Mather, W, Moore, K, Murray, T, 2010. Discovery and management of Spartina anglica in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada. In: Ayres, D, Kerr, DW, Ericson, SD, Olofson, PR, Eds., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive Spartina, San Francisco, California,November 8-10, 2004. San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project of the California State Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA: 235 - 242" title="Discovery and management of Spartina anglica in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive Spartina, San Francisco, California, November 8 - 10, 2004." year="2010">Williams et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite removal and eradication efforts, by 2009
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had increased dramatically in these regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ducks Unlimited Canada," journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B46" refString="Ducks Unlimited Canada, , 2010. British Columbia Spartina eradication program 2009 progress report. http://www.spartina.org/referencemtrl/BC_Spartina_Progress_Report_09.pdf [accessed 18 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2fjppD)." title="British Columbia Spartina eradication program 2009 progress report. http: // www. spartina. org / referencemtrl / BC _ Spartina _ Progress _ Report _ 09. pdf [accessed 18 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 fjppD)" year="2010">Ducks Unlimited Canada 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is currently reproducing by seed production and vegetatively by outward clonal growth forming meadows and by drifting plant parts (R. Knight, personal communication 2010). There are only a few herbarium collections documenting
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the province, collected by G. Williams and P. Lim when the taxon was first found. Additional collections should be made at these and other sites where the species is found, to properly document its continued existence and spread.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10018" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in Boundary Bay, south of Vancouver, British Columbia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-2, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" type="morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
The description here is based on collections from Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia, and Old World material housed at CAN and UBC (see Specimens Examined).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the two can be challenging to distinguish. Differences between these species were characterized in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany)" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 24" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" refId="B91" refString="Marchant, AD, 1968a. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 60: 1 - 24, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" volume="60" year="1968 a">Marchant (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and my observations here are in general accordance with his findings.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented only briefly on their differences in his treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the name under which both ploidal forms of the taxon were recognized at the time. Only a few taxonomic keys in North America include both taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, EN" journalOrPublisher="Timber Press, Portland, Oregon" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" refId="B85" refString="Kozloff, EN, 2005. Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 512 pp." title="Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia." year="2005">Kozloff 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), emphasizing variation in ligule
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="38" start="start">length</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, anther length, and anther dehiscence for identification. In addition to these characters, the key presented here includes spikelet length, upper glume venation, and upper glume length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Overall, plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tend to be larger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the lengths of reproductive structures useful in distinguishing the taxa. The species can be distinguished with careful measurements on herbarium specimens, though there is some overlap in the diagnostic morphological characteristics. When making a determination, multiple characters should be examined and multiple measurements should be made on a single plant when possible.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its longer spikelets [(15-)16.5-25 mm long vs. 14-17.5 mm long]; longer anthers [7-10 mm long vs. 5-7(-8.5) mm long]; anthers that are fully exserted and dehiscent [vs. anthers that are not or incompletely exserted and indehiscent;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Anthers of a Spartina anglica [U. S. A., Washington, Pacific Co., Zika 17595, WTU], bar = 3 mm. b Spartina xtownsendii [England, Hythe, Southampton, Marchant s. n., UBCV 221074], bar = 3 mm. Anthers of Spartina anglica are fully exserted at anthesis, dehiscent, and the pollen is fertile. The longitudinal splitting of the anthers is a good indicator of dehiscence. Anthers in Spartina xtownsendii are not or incompletely exserted at anthesis, indehiscent, and the pollen is sterile. Photos: J. M. Saarela." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10019" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
]; fertile pollen [vs. sterile pollen (see below and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Pollen stained with lactophenol cotton blue. a, b Spartina anglica, fertile pollen [Canada, British Columbia, Williams 2004 - 3 (CAN)] c Spartina xtownsendii, sterile pollen [England, Hampshire, 1877, Groves s. n. (CAN)] d Spartina xtownsendii, sterile pollen [Canada, British Columbia, Saarela & Percy 791 (CAN)]" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10020" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
)]; longer ligules [1-3 mm long vs. 1-1.5 mm long]; 3-6-veined upper glumes [vs. 3-veined upper glumes]; and longer upper glumes [13-22 mm long vs. 12.5-16.5 mm long].
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany)" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 24" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" refId="B91" refString="Marchant, AD, 1968a. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 60: 1 - 24, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" volume="60" year="1968 a">Marchant (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that leaf blade angle with respect to the culm can be used to differentiate the taxa, as the blades tend to be more erect in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[blades forming an angle 30-40° with respect to the culm] and more spreading in S.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">anglica</emphasis>
|
||
[blades forming an angle of 30-60°with respect to the culm], and this character is noted in many of the recent field identification resources for the Pacific Northwest. Leaf angle is sometimes difficult to determine on herbarium specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany)" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 24" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" refId="B91" refString="Marchant, AD, 1968a. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 60: 1 - 24, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" volume="60" year="1968 a">Marchant (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted swards of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field (in England) differed from swards of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as being less dense in tillers (ca. 52/100 cm2 vs. ca. 96/100 cm2) and having more robust but fewer rhizomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10019" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Anthers of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">a</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[U.S.A., Washington, Pacific Co., Zika 17595, WTU], bar = 3 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">b</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[England, Hythe, Southampton, Marchant s.n., UBCV221074], bar = 3 mm. Anthers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fully exserted at anthesis, dehiscent, and the pollen is fertile. The longitudinal splitting of the anthers is a good indicator of dehiscence. Anthers in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not or incompletely exserted at anthesis, indehiscent, and the pollen is sterile. Photos: J.M. Saarela.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its longer spikelets [(15-)16.5-25 mm long vs. 8-14(-16.5) mm long], moderately to densely pubescent glumes (vs. glabrous or weakly pubescent glumes) and its longer anthers (7-10 mm long vs. 3-6 mm long).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is readily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its glabrous leaf blade margins [vs. scabrous leaf blade margins].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" type="pollen fertility">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Pollen fertility.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Determining pollen fertility by staining anthers with lactophenol cotton blue is a useful way to distinguish male sterile hybrid plants from those that are fertile, as the cytoplasm of fertile pollen grains readily takes up the stain whereas sterile (i.e., aborted) pollen grains do not. Pollen staining is thus an effective, though more technically involved method, to definitively distinguish the fertile
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the sterile F1 hybrid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as demonstrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany)" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 24" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" refId="B91" refString="Marchant, AD, 1968a. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 60: 1 - 24, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1967.tb00076.x" volume="60" year="1968 a">Marchant (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. To confirm identifications of these taxa here, and to demonstrate the utility of this technique, I determined pollen fertility for multiple herbarium specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using lactophenol cotton blue; collections examined in this manner are identified with the symbol † in the specimen list below and under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One to three anthers were sampled from a spikelet on each specimen, and these were macerated with forceps in a drop of water on a glass slide to release the pollen. One or a few drops of lactophenol cotton blue were added to the slide and after sitting for a minimum of ten minutes, the slides were examined at 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
to 60
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification with a compound microscope. In general, the number of pollen grains recovered per specimen
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="39" start="start">varied</pageBreakToken>
|
||
with the stage of pollen development. For example, in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that had been collected during or after dehiscence, fewer pollen grains were available for study, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dehiscence does not occur and abundant pollen grains were recovered from the anthers. In fertile pollen grains the cytoplasm was evidently visible and stained, whereas in sterile pollen there was no or little evidence of cytoplasmic staining (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Pollen stained with lactophenol cotton blue. a, b Spartina anglica, fertile pollen [Canada, British Columbia, Williams 2004 - 3 (CAN)] c Spartina xtownsendii, sterile pollen [England, Hampshire, 1877, Groves s. n. (CAN)] d Spartina xtownsendii, sterile pollen [Canada, British Columbia, Saarela & Percy 791 (CAN)]" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10020" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). All plants that were determined morphologically to be
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had fertile pollen, and all plants determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had sterile pollen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10020" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Pollen stained with lactophenol cotton blue.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fertile pollen [Canada, British Columbia,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-3 (CAN)]
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">c</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sterile pollen [England, Hampshire, 1877, Groves s.n. (CAN)]
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">d</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sterile pollen [Canada, British Columbia, Saarela & Percy 791 (CAN)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Canada. British Columbia:</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Vancouver Regional District: Lower Fraser Valley, Boundary Bay, foot of 104th Street,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="49.033333">49°02'00"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-122.933334">122°56'00"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 26 May 2004, P.Lim s.n. (V [V191319]); Lower Fraser Valley, Boundary Bay, foot of 112th Street,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="49.033333">49°02'00"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-122.933334">122°56'00"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 16 Jun 2004, P.Lim s.n. (V [V191320]]); Delta, Boundary Bay Regional Park, off 12th Avenue,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.0">49°00'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-123.03333">123°02'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 Jul 2004, G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-3 (UBC [UBCV220132†, Suppl. Fig. 4], V [V191495]); Delta, 50 m E of Beach Grove dike, Boundary Bay,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.033333">49°02'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-123.05">123°03'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 July 2004, G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-2 (CAN [CAN592131†, Suppl. Fig. 5], UBC [UBCV220131†,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina anglica collected in Boundary Bay, south of Vancouver, British Columbia (Williams 2004 - 2, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10018" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
], V [V191494]); Robert Banks Causeway, S shore,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.083332">49°05'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-123.183334">123°11'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 Jul 2004, G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Applied Ecology" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B140" refString="Williams, G, 2004. Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3Kz4Nzl)." title="Discovery of a new salt marsh invasive to British Columbia, English cordgrass (Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb.) and management initiatives in 2003. Botanical Electronic News 324. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 324. html [accessed 17 Dec 2010] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 Kz 4 Nzl)" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-1 (UBC [UBCV220130†, Suppl. Fig. 6], V [V191493]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">United States of America. Washington:</emphasis>
|
||
Island Co.: W side of Cornet Bay mudflat N of group camp in Deception Pass State Park, NE
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
|
||
of NE
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
|
||
of Sec. 35, T.34N, R.1 E., 7 Aug 2008, J.Walker 382 (WTU [WTU373426†, Suppl. Fig. 7], Suppl. Fig. 7); Puget Sound, Whidbey Island, N shore of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kennedy’s">Kennedy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Lagoon, E side of Route 525, SW of S end of Zylstra Road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.233334">48°14'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="43.9" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-122.73167">122°43.9'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 22 Aug 2002, P.F.Zika 17595 (WTU [WTU365225†, Suppl. Fig. 8); Livingston Bay, Iverson Spit,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="26" value="48.22389">48°13'26"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-122.438614">122°26'19"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 20 July 1983, R.E.Frenkel 3045 (UBC [UBCV196071†, Suppl. Fig. 9], WTU [WTU305390†, Suppl. Fig. 10]). Jefferson Co.: intertidal zone on the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="40" start="start">N</pageBreakToken>
|
||
side of the mouth of Chimacum Creek on the Quimper Peninsula, T29N R1W S35, 2 Aug 2004, F.Weinmann & A.Weinmann 233 (WTU [WTU370619†, Suppl. Fig. 11]). Snohomish Co.: island at W end/mouth of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ebey’s">Ebey's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Slough,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="02.555" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="48.042583">48°02.555'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="12.535" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-122.208916">122°12.535'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15 Sep 2005, D.Giblin & B.Legler 244 (WTU [WTU364297†], Suppl. Fig. 12); mouth of Hat Slough, S side,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="11.782" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="48.196365">48°11.782'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="22.463" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-122.37438">122°22.463'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 Sep 2005, D.Giblin & B.Legler 270 (WTU [WTU364317†], Suppl. Fig. 13); Puget Sound, Camano Island, E side of Davis Slough, N side of Route 532, 1.5 air km W of Stanwood,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="14.4" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="48.24">48°14.4'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="23.3" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-122.388336">122°23.3'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, P.F.Zika 19170 (WTU [WTU355103†], Suppl. Fig. 14).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Denmark.</emphasis>
|
||
Jutland,NE coast of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rømø">Romo</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="55" direction="north" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="55.133335">55°08'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="08" direction="east" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="8.516666">08°31'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 25 Aug 1970, I.B.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
|
||
& J.Svendsen 368 (CAN [CAN358861†, Suppl. Fig. 15]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">England.</emphasis>
|
||
England, 1879, H.Groves & J.Groves s.n. (US [US747577]); Poole Harbour, Fitzworth Point, R.O.Sherring s.n. (US [US1271872]). Devon Co.: South Devon, Combeinteignhead, between Newton Abbot and Teignmouth, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="50" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="50.533333">50°32'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-3.5333333">03°32'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 Aug 1979, G.A.Matthews s.n. (CAN [CAN448159†, Suppl. Fig. 16]). Dorset Co.: Poole,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="50" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="50.716667">50°43'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="01" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-1.9833333">01°59'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Oct 1905, W.H.J.Riddelsdell 1734 (CAN [CAN467908†, Suppl. Fig. 17]); Dorset, E of Poole Harbour,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.6863" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="50.6863">50.6863°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="2.0181" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-2.0181">2.0181°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncertainty 2195 m, Sep 1910, H.S.Thompson s.n. (UBC [UBCV1679, Suppl. Fig. 18]). Hampshire Co.: Hayling Island, Hants,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.7999" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="50.7999">50.7999°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="0.9667" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-0.9667">0.9667°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncertainty 7194 m, 20 July 1938, T.M.C.Taylor 5378 (UBC [UBCV69243, Suppl. Fig. 19, UBCV20934, Suppl. Fig. 20]); between the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sturt”">"Sturt"</normalizedToken>
|
||
Pond, [illegible], and Hurst Castle, South Hants, Sep 1910, J.C.Melvill 1841 (UBC [UBCV1678, Suppl. Fig. 21]); Lymington, towards Lymington Spit almost one mile from land, G.Stapf s.n. (US [US1271838]); Hythe, S of town and near road and Admiraly buildings, 28 Jun 1961, C.E.Hubbard 286961 (US [US3055889]). Isle of Wight, near Quarr Abbey, Oct 1907, O.Stapf (US [US1271833]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">FRANCE.</emphasis>
|
||
Baie de Mont Saint Michel, Sep 1933, P.de la Varde s.n. (US [US1611439]); mouth of river at Saranelle, near Cannes,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="05" value="43.551388">43°33'05"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="07" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-7.0125">07°00'45"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Oliver s.n. (CAN [CAN421006†, Suppl. Fig. 22]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |