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<mods:title id="F98599B25AB62E6E347D1731C4603A54">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C50B865462F93C453271412E4BD896B5">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="964E90AC19C7BE0B76A4216C8937BAA8">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D2384DA8757CCEBBBC7EB01A37D1D94C">Thomas, Evan W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="921649EB297F3C50CD56670288E806E9">Biology Department, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FB04C23E364847A781DE78A63CCA6003">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5199DEF7F217D70BC28F7EB7D9613050">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italia</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C32184B6FF8C2F76FF61F76EFC10F8D1" box="[136,1022,1858,1883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8C2F76FF61F76EFC10F8D1" blockId="22.[136,1022,1858,1883]" box="[136,1022,1858,1883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
<heading id="D0CC6051FF8C2F76FF61F76EFC10F8D1" box="[136,1022,1858,1883]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8C2F76FF61F76EFDEAF8D1" authority="Grunow" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" box="[136,516,1858,1883]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="commutata">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FF61F76EFE4FF8D1" bold="true" box="[136,417,1858,1883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FF61F76EFF1BF8D1" bold="true" box="[136,245,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">Amphora</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FEC9F76EFE4FF8D1" bold="true" box="[288,417,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">commutata</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Grunow
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8C2F76FDCEF76EFD16F8D1" author="Van Heurck, H." box="[551,760,1858,1883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" pagination="57 - 91" refId="ref27581" refString="Van Heurck, H. (1880) Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique. Ducaju &amp; Cie., Anvers. Vilicic, D., Marasovic, I. &amp; Miokovic, D. (2002) Checklist of phytoplankton in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta Botanica Croatica 61: 57 - 91." type="journal article" year="1880">Van Heurck (1880</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 1, fig. 14) (
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF8C2F76FC4DF76EFC18F8D1" box="[932,1014,1858,1883]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–74" captionStartId="21.[136,243,1957,1978]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetId="figure-14@21.[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 62–74. Marine benthic diatoms in coral reefs off Basra.Fig. 62. Pleurosigma diverse-striatum, Fig. 63. Pleurosigma strigosum, Figs 64, 65. Plagiotropis lepidoptera, Fig. 66. Stauroneis sp., Fig. 67. Amphora arcuata, Fig. 68. Amphora arenaria, Fig. 69. Amphora cf. commutata, Fig. 70. Amphora cingulata, Fig. 71. Halamphora coffeaeformis, Fig. 72. Halamphora costata, Figs 73,74. Amphora graeffeana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13728836/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32184B6FF8C2F76FF61F745FBA8F84B" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8C2F76FF61F745FBF1F8F4" blockId="22.[136,1055,1897,1918]" box="[136,1055,1897,1918]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FF61F745FF1EF8F4" box="[136,240,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8C2F76FF14F745FE3DF8F4" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[253,467,1897,1918]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref27775" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Witkowski
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FE82F745FE7BF8F4" box="[363,405,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 134, pl. 169, figs 5–7;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8C2F76FD27F745FC89F8F4" author="Sato, S. &amp; Tamotsu, M. &amp; Mann, D. G." box="[718,871,1897,1918]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" pagination="225 - 238" refId="ref26863" refString="Sato, S., Tamotsu, M. &amp; Mann, D. G. (2013) Morphology and life history of Amphora commutata (Bacillariophyta). I: the vegetative cell and phylogenetic position. Phycologia: 52: 225 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 12 - 072.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Sato
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FD16F745FCC7F8F4" box="[767,809,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 229,
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF8C2F76FC50F745FBF5F8F4" box="[953,1051,1897,1918]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11–20" captionStartId-0="4.[136,243,1990,2011]" captionStartId-1="7.[136,243,1957,1978]" captionTargetBox-0="[212,1399,216,1946]" captionTargetBox-1="[216,1364,210,1915]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@4.[177,1412,190,1968]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@7.[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–10. Marine benthic diatoms in the coral reefs off Basra. Fig. 2. Cyclotella striata, Fig. 3. Cyclotella stylorum, Fig. 4. Tryblioptychus cocconeiformis, Figs 5, 6. Podosira stelliger, Fig. 7. Paralia sulcata, Fig. 8. Coscinodiscus centralis, Fig. 9. Coscinodiscus marginatus, Fig. 10. Triceratium robertsianum." captionText-1="FIGURES 11–20. Marine benthic diatoms in the coral reefs off Basra. Fig. 11. Actinocyclus curvatulus, Fig. 12. Actinocyclus octonarius, Fig. 13. Lyrella abrupta, Fig. 14. Lyrella clavata, Fig. 15. Lyrella hennedyi, Fig. 16. Lyrella hennedyi var. subcarinata, Fig. 17, Lyrella spectabilis, Fig. 18. Petroneis granulata, Fig. 19. Petroneis marina, Fig. 20. Petroneis sp." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728826" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728828" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13728826/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13728828/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">Figs 5–12</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8C2F76FF61F784FBA8F84B" blockId="22.[136,1452,1960,2093]" box="[136,1094,1960,1985]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FF61F784FF04F84B" box="[136,234,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">Features</emphasis>
: Length 70–95 μm, width 12–16 μm, striae
<quantity id="4CC37AD8FF8C2F76FD35F784FCCDF84B" box="[732,803,1960,1985]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 in</quantity>
10 μm on the dorsal side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32184B6FF8C2F77FF54F7E0FADFFEC3" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="22" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8C2F76FF54F7E0FE88F7A7" blockId="22.[136,1452,1960,2093]" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8C2F76FF54F7E0FEAFF86F" box="[189,321,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="133">Description</emphasis>
: Valves linear lunate with ventrally bent rostrate apices. Dorsal margin weakly arched, ventral margin slightly curved. Raphe weakly arcuate, more close to ventral margin, proximal endings bent towards dorsal side. Central area absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF54F08CFD71FEAF" blockId="23.[136,1452,160,329]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF54F08CFEF1FF33" box="[189,287,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species looks similar to the illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8D2F77FCD4F08CFC36FF33" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" box="[829,984,160,185]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="commutata">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FCD4F08CFC36FF33" box="[829,984,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">A. commutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presented in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8D2F77FB86F08CFA92FF33" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[1135,1404,160,185]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref27775" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Witkowski
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FB06F08CFAC6FF33" box="[1263,1320,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
, but slightly different in striae density (9–13 versus
<quantity id="4CC37AD8FF8D2F77FD4DF0E8FD02FF57" box="[676,748,196,221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 in</quantity>
10 μm for this species). In the observed specimens striae run deeper from the dorsal towards ventral margins. The same species was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8D2F77FBCCF0C4FAC3FE8B" author="Al-Kandari, M. &amp; Al-Yamani, F. &amp; Al-Rifaie, K." box="[1061,1325,232,257]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" refId="ref22374" refString="Al-Kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F. &amp; Al-Rifaie, K. (2009) Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, 354 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Al-Kandari
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FB42F0C4FB0DFE8B" box="[1195,1251,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">et al.</emphasis>
(2009
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 66, fig. A) as
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8D2F77FF22F120FE86FEAF" box="[203,360,268,293]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-2">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF22F120FEDDFEAF" box="[203,307,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Amphora</emphasis>
sp.2
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F32C97ADFF8D2F77FE44F120FE11FEAF" box="[429,511,268,293]" name="Kuwait" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
coastal water.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF54F11CFADFFEC3" blockId="23.[136,1452,160,329]" box="[189,1329,304,329]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF54F11CFD38FEC3" box="[189,726,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
Ecology and Distribution:
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8D2F77FE03F11CFD38FEC3" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" box="[490,726,304,329]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="commutata">Amphora commutata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is a brackish water species. Common in
<collectingRegion id="49FF19DFFF8D2F77FB49F11CFB0EFEC3" box="[1184,1248,304,329]" country="Iraq" name="Al Basrah" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Basra</collectingRegion>
corals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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