223 lines
19 KiB
XML
223 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA71FF9DCFA53BBDFCD4F9BF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mustela nigripes Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="653" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="652" updateTime="1658242128427" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714189" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714189" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA71FF9DCFA53BBDFCD4F9BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA71FF9DCFA53BBDFCD4F9BF" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="653" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<heading pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<subSubSection box="[1472,1530,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1471,2292,1973,2060]" box="[1472,1530,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<figureCitation box="[1472,1530,1973,2019]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">49.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1546,1947,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1471,2292,1973,2060]" box="[1546,1947,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<vernacularName box="[1546,1947,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Black-footed Ferret</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1961,2271,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1471,2292,1973,2060]" box="[1961,2271,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1961,2271,1973,2019]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">
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<emphasis box="[1961,2271,1973,2019]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Mustela nigripes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1472,2292,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1471,2292,1973,2060]" box="[1472,2292,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[1472,1549,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1558,1742,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Putois d’Amérique</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1763,1854,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1864,2014,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Schwarzful3iltis</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[2036,2127,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2136,2292,2037,2058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Turon patinegro</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[2086,2672,2104,2530]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[2086,2240,2104,2137]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Audubon & Bachman, 1851" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Putorius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">Putorius nigripes Audubon & Bachman, 1851</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2320,2541,2147,2176]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[2086,2672,2104,2530]" box="[2320,2541,2147,2176]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806326" box="[2320,2541,2147,2176]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<collectingRegion box="[2320,2456,2147,2176]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2473,2537,2147,2176]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2087,2242,2186,2215]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[2086,2672,2104,2530]" box="[2087,2242,2186,2215]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714265/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" targetBox="[1470,2054,2114,2524]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[2086,2672,2104,2530]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[2086,2261,2225,2254]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Great Plains of
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<collectingCountry box="[2526,2589,2225,2254]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">USA</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2179,2311,2269,2294]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2338,2433,2269,2294]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Kansas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2459,2585,2269,2294]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Montana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2206,2398,2304,2333]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2414,2481,2304,2333]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Utah</collectingRegion>
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&
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<collectingRegion box="[2522,2658,2304,2333]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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) and N
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<collectingCountry box="[2182,2287,2343,2372]" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[2086,2672,2104,2530]" lastBlockId="33.[1469,2672,2536,3473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[2086,2361,2383,2412]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40-50 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[2213,2378,2426,2451]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.14" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="cm" value="13.2" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.4">11.4-15 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[2507,2672,2426,2451]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.021" metricValueMax="1.0779999999999998" metricValueMin="0.964" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="g" value="1021.0" valueMax="1078.0" valueMin="964.0">964-1078 g</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[2212,2352,2461,2490]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.09" metricValueMax="8.54" metricValueMin="7.64" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="g" value="809.0" valueMax="854.0" valueMin="764.0">764-854 g</quantity>
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(females), adult males are larger than females. The Black-footed Ferret has a long body and short limbs. The pelage is yellowish-buff or beige with black hairs throughout; the underparts are paler. The forehead, muzzle, and throat are nearly white. The top of the head and middle of the back are brown. There is a distinctive, broad, horizontal black stripe across the face. The feet and terminal fourth of the tail are black. There are three pairs of mammae. Dental formula: 13/3, C 1/1, P3/3,M1/2=34
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1469,2672,2536,3473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[1471,1582,2776,2805]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Black-footed Ferrets are found on short/mid-grass prairies and semi-arid grasslands, in close association with prairie dogs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1469,2672,2536,3473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[1471,1738,2854,2883]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Black-footed Ferrets specialize in preying on prairie dogs (Cynomys), which they hunt by pursuing them inside their burrow systems. Occasionally, they may also eat other small mammals, such as microtine rodents and ground squirrels. One scat study revealed a diet that comprised 87% White-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), 6% mice, and 3% lagomorphs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1469,2672,2536,3473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1697,3051,3080]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Activity pattern.</emphasis>
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Primarily nocturnal, although daytime activity is not uncommon. Black-footed Ferrets are active throughout the year and continue to hunt prairie dogs during the winter, even though they are in hibernation. Prairie dog burrows are used as den/rest sites and may be modified for their own use.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="652" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1469,2672,2536,3473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">
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<emphasis box="[1471,2192,3204,3237]" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Black-footed Ferrets are solitary, except during the breeding season. They seldom move from one prairie dog colony to another. The average nightly movement during winter is
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<quantity box="[2278,2380,3287,3316]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.406" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="m" value="1406.0">1406 m</quantity>
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. The average prairie dog town size occupied by a Black-footed Ferret is 8 ha, but the average size occupied by females with young is 36 ha (range = 10-120 ha). The mean distance between two towns occupied by Black-footed Ferrets is 5-
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<quantity box="[2083,2157,3401,3434]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="652" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
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. Population density in
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<collectingRegion box="[2479,2615,3401,3434]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="33" pageNumber="652">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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was estimated to be one ferret per 50 ha of prairie dog colonies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[140,1349,285,1577]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[145,279,285,314]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating occurs in March and April. Gestation lasts 42-45 days and births occur in May and June. Litter size can range from one to six; the average is three. The young emerge from the burrow in early July and separate from the mother in September or early October. Young males disperse a considerable distance, but young females often remain in the vicinity of their mother’s territory. Sexual maturity is attained by one year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[140,1349,285,1577]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[145,506,517,550]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Listed as Extinct in the Wild in 1996, but the success of conservation measures has changed their status to Endangered in The
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<collectionCode box="[1147,1227,556,589]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List. The Black-footed Ferret may once have been common in southern
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<collectingCountry box="[1101,1208,604,629]" name="Canada" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[1230,1338,604,629]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[211,413,643,668]" country="Canada" name="Saskatchewan" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Saskatchewan</collectingRegion>
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), west-central
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<collectingCountry box="[621,685,643,668]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">USA</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[709,840,643,668]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Montana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[859,1060,643,668]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1079,1278,643,668]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[253,392,678,707]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[406,520,678,707]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[599,684,678,707]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Texas</collectingRegion>
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), and northern
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<collectingCountry box="[913,1020,678,707]" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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. Destruction of prairie dog colonies for the sake of agriculture led to a decline in Black-footed Ferret numbers and eventually they became so rare that many people considered them to be extinct. However, unconfirmed sigh things continued from several states, and in 1981 a small population of Black-footed Ferrets was discovered in Wyoming. Intensive field studies were initiated, and byJuly 1984, the population was estimated to contain 129 individuals. However, the number of ferrets then began to fall, apparently due to a decline in their prairie dog prey; also, canine distemper was somehow introduced into the wild population. By 1987, the remaining 18 individuals were brought into captivity to start a breeding program. By 1991, there were 180 individuals in captivity and 49 ferrets were released into south-eastern Wyoming; 91 more were released in 1992, and another
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<quantity box="[464,536,1115,1140]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="in" value="48.0">48 in</quantity>
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1993. Most of these animals are thought to have died, but some are known to have survived and reproduced; at least six litters were born in the wild in 1993. Additional reintroductions were carried out in Montana, South Dakota, and Arizona. Today, they are known from 18 reintroduction efforts, only three of which are self sustaining. These self-sustaining populations are in South Dakota and Wyoming; four populations of limited success are in Arizona, Colorado, South Dakota, and Utah; eight populations recently introduced are in Arizona, Kansas, Montana, New
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<collectingRegion box="[426,532,1390,1415]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mexico</collectingRegion>
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, South Dakota, and
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<collectingCountry box="[837,943,1390,1415]" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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; and three other declining or extirpated populations are in Montana. The current status of this species is still extremely precarious.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[140,1349,285,1577]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[142,292,1508,1533]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Biggins et al. (1986), Campbell et al. (1987), Hillman & Clark (1980),
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<collectionCode box="[1014,1068,1508,1533]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">IUCN</collectionCode>
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(2008), Svendsen (2003),
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<collectingRegion box="[141,211,1550,1571]" country="Venezuela" name="Vargas" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Vargas</collectingRegion>
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& Anderson (1998), Wozencraft (2005), Young et al. (2001).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |