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<document id="0170D2128C74D40A26E5EBA59F987FD3" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.192.4.5" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13641847" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725348209712" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Calonje, Michael, Morales, Gustavo, López-Gallego, Cristina &amp; Roldán, Francisco Javier" docDate="2015" docId="038F87B22E669B2BFF6FFF105844FE06" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.192.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 192 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.192.4.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Zamia oligodonta Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="288" masterDocId="FFB6FFCA2E609B22FFE7FF8E5C4BFFB3" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Zamia montana and Zamia oligodonta, with notes on their conservation status" masterLastPageNumber="289" masterPageNumber="279" pageNumber="285" updateTime="1725354753056" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="4D010887C5E1E0C7635E23FC4ECA626C">A taxonomic revision of Zamia montana and Zamia oligodonta, with notes on their conservation status</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E27C52A2FF4921172107D4FA40671A2A">Calonje, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="03B0B40AE03798E8F7098520C1CCF8AC">Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6946EC88E944F368C3C5D130A77DF30F">Morales, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="85D7D5D748C0152C2E1F37458E22A949">Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Avenida 63 # 68 - 95, Bogotá, Bogotá, D. C. 111071, Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="740CDDE530A6084E74F5BF78061950B9">López-Gallego, Cristina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F8A29D9F5E61D2C01B9EB5B952FF033A">Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53 - 108, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="233BB75F7D7074912D461C9A934ED14B">Roldán, Francisco Javier</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B9936A42E669B24FF6FFF105FEDFF0A" blockId="6.[136,934,158,185]" box="[136,934,158,185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E669B24FF6FFF105F78FF0A" ID-CoL="5CVRD" authority="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson (2003: 486)" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityPageNumber="486" authorityYear="2003" box="[136,819,158,185]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FF6FFF105D1EFF0A" bold="true" box="[136,341,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
Calderón-Sáenz &amp; Stevenson (2003: 486)
</taxonomicName>
. 
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, 
<figureCitation id="131D2A212E669B24FC74FF2E5FE9FF0A" box="[915,930,160,185]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1699,1720]" captionTargetBox="[264,1324,175,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[264,1324,175,1682]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Zamia oligodonta in habitat in Risaralda, Colombia.A–C. New leaves at different sequential stages of development. D–G. Ovulate strobili at sequential stages of development. H–I. Juvenile pollen strobili approximately 1 month away from pollen dehiscience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13641859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13641859/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">5</figureCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="8B9936A42E669B24FF6FFF665C96FE96" blockId="6.[136,1452,232,437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
Type:— 
<collectingCountry id="F33176342E669B24FF04FF665D1EFEB2" box="[227,341,232,257]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, cultivated by 
<collectionCode id="ED37AE612E669B24FE1CFF665E44FEB2" box="[507,527,232,257]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
. Calderón Sáenz, originally collected in 
<collectingRegion id="49E2F8462E669B24FC3DFF66580CFEB2" box="[986,1095,232,257]" country="Colombia" name="Risaralda" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Risaralda</collectingRegion>
, 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FBB5FF665973FEB2" box="[1106,1336,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Calderón-Sáenz 174</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="549D88062E669B24FAAFFF6659E7FEB2" box="[1352,1452,232,257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED37AE612E669B24FF6FFE825C86FE96" box="[136,205,268,293]" country="Colombia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13314" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13314" name="Instituto Alexander von Humboldt" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="Herbarium">FMB</collectionCode>
!).
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<paragraph id="8B9936A42E669B24FF5AFEBE5946FEFA" blockId="6.[136,1452,232,437]" box="[189,1293,304,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FF5AFEBE5D14FEFA" bold="true" box="[189,351,304,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Literature:—</emphasis>
Calderón-Sáenz &amp; Stevenson (2003), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E669B24FCEFFEBE5F83FEFA" author="Lindstrom, A. J." box="[776,968,304,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" pagination="265 - 270" refId="ref6945" refString="Lindstrom, A. J. (2009) Typification of some species names in Zamia L. (Zamiaceae), with an assessment of the status of Chigua D. Stev. Taxon 58: 265 - 270." type="journal article" year="2009">Lindstrom (2009</bibRefCitation>
, as synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E669B24FB9AFEBE58B6FEFA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1875" box="[1149,1277,304,329]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FB9AFEBE58B6FEFA" box="[1149,1277,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Z. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
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<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FF5AFEDA5D96FEDE" bold="true" box="[189,477,340,365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Illustrations / figures:—</emphasis>
Calderón-Sáenz &amp; Stevenson (2003), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E669B24FC61FEDA583CFEDE" author="Galeano, G. &amp; Bernal, R. &amp; Calderon, E. &amp; Garcia, N. &amp; Cogollo, A. &amp; Idarraga, A." box="[902,1143,340,365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" pagination="387 - 436" refId="ref6634" refString="Galeano, G., Bernal, R., Calderon, E., Garcia, N., Cogollo, A. &amp; Idarraga, A. (2005) Zamias. In: Calderon E., Galeano, G., &amp; Garcia, N. (Eds.) Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Volumen 2: palmas, frailejones y Zamias. Serie libros rojos de especies amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt - Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogota, Colombia, pp. 387 - 436." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Galeano 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FC0DFEDA5868FEDE" box="[1002,1059,340,365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
.
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<subSubSection id="C33C652F2E669B24FF5AFEF65F74FE06" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E669B24FF5AFEF65F74FE06" blockId="6.[136,1452,232,437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FF5AFEF65D2FFE22" bold="true" box="[189,356,376,401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Etymology:—</emphasis>
The specific epithet is derived from the greek roots 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FC4EFEF65FA8FE22" box="[937,995,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">oligo</emphasis>
(few) and 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FBBAFEF658E0FE22" box="[1117,1195,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">odonto</emphasis>
(=teeth), in allusion to the presence of a few teeth in the apical region of each leaflet.
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<paragraph id="8B9936A42E669B24FF6FF81F5FD4F85D" blockId="6.[136,1451,1937,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FF6FF81F5CB5F815" bold="true" box="[136,254,1937,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E669B24FEE2F81F5DFAF815" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[261,433,1937,1958]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E669B24FEE2F81F5DFAF815" box="[261,433,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
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in habitat in Risaralda, Colombia. A. Eophyll leaflets. B. Leaf of juvenile plant. C. Petiole base showing sparse prickles. D. Slightly arborescent ovulate plant with 30 cm. ruler for scale. E. Adult sized plant with completely subterranean stem and two leaves, each approximately 2.7 m long. F. Middle leaflet from adult plant.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9936A42E679B25FF6FF92D59EEF96F" blockId="7.[136,1445,1699,1756]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FF6FF92D5CB6F90B" bold="true" box="[136,253,1699,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E679B25FEE4F92D5DE4F90B" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[259,431,1699,1720]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FEE4F92D5DE4F90B" box="[259,431,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
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in habitat in Risaralda, Colombia. A–C. New leaves at different sequential stages of development. D–G. Ovulate strobili at sequential stages of development. H–I. Juvenile pollen strobili approximately 1 month away from pollen dehiscience.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FF5AF8835D26F895" bold="true" box="[189,365,1805,1830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Description:—</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FE8AF8835DE8F895" box="[365,419,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Stem</emphasis>
s typically subterranean, rarely arborescent, to 40 × 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FBE4F8835806F895" box="[1027,1101,1805,1830]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
, erect or decumbent, typically solitary but occasionally branched. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FDF9F8BF5EDCF8F9" box="[542,663,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Cataphylls</emphasis>
chartaceous, narrowly triangular, grey-tomentose with glabrous dark brown margin, to 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FEA8F8DB5DCDF8DD" box="[335,390,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
long, and 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FE1CF8DB5E0DF8DD" box="[507,582,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
wide at base. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FD03F8DB5F79F8DD" box="[740,818,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Leaves</emphasis>
pinnately compound, 1–3 per stem apex, held straight to slightly arching, to 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FE86F8F75DF8F821" box="[353,435,1913,1938]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="290.0">290 cm</quantity>
long. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FE1EF8F75E03F821" box="[505,584,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Petiole</emphasis>
to 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FD8CF8F75EF5F821" box="[619,702,1913,1938]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="162.0">162 cm</quantity>
long, sparsely armed with prickles to 
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long, base swollen and glabrous, to 
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wide. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FE7EF8135DAEF805" box="[409,485,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Rachis</emphasis>
to 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E679B25FDECF8135E2AF805" box="[523,609,1949,1974]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="cm" value="131.0">131 cm</quantity>
, unarmed or sparsely armed with prickles in the proximal third, carrying 2 to 26 opposite to suboppositely arranged leaflets. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E679B25FD52F84F5F45F869" box="[693,782,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Leaflets</emphasis>
narrowly elliptic to elliptic, straight to very slightly falcate, cuneate basally, acuminate to caudate apically, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, more or less flat and appearing undulate, veins forming grooves on adaxial surface, strongly protruding on abaxial surface, margins revolute on proximal third, transitioning to straight on distal half, entire but often uneven and slightly sinuous at the distal end and appearing as if broadly toothed. Middle leaflets 
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× 
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, spaced 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E689B2AFC65FF4A5FAFFF6E" box="[898,996,196,221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="cm" value="11.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="8.0">8–14 cm</quantity>
apart and sometimes slightly imbricate, apical leaflets 26.5–39 × 
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, basal leaflets 35.5–47.5 × 8.0– 
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. New leaf flushes carry leaflets that are white tomentose at first, quickly becoming glabrous and light yellow-green in color, maturing acropetally to a bronze color before turning a glossy bright green at maturity. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFCD7FEBF5FD9FEF9" box="[816,914,305,330]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Eophylls</emphasis>
carrying 2 narrowly elliptic leaflets 20.0–23.7 × 
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, petioles 
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long, rachis 
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long. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFCD2FEDB5F9EFEDD" box="[821,981,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Pollen strobili</emphasis>
1–3 per stem apex, to 7–11 × 2.0– 
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, emerging yellow-green tomentose, maturing to yellow-beige tomentose, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, apex obtuse to acute, peduncle to 3.6 × 
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, similar in color to rest of strobilus. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFC99FE105808FE04" box="[894,1091,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Microsporophylls</emphasis>
arranged in 16–20 orthostichies of 18–28 fertile sporophylls each, 5.0–5.2 × 3.0– 
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, sterile apex encompassing 1/3 of total length of sporophyll, microsporangia 8–13, 0.7–1.0 mm, limited to the abaxial surface and arranged in two separate groups arranged along sporophyll margin. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFE48FD845E2AFD90" box="[431,609,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Ovulate strobili</emphasis>
1 per stem apex, erect, ellipsoid, emerging reddish-brown tomentose and transitioning to brown and light tan at maturity, to 17 × 
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, sterile apices obtuse or pungent, 
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long, peduncles obscured by cataphylls 2–3 × 
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. similar in color to sporophylls. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFC7BFDDD5816FDDF" box="[924,1117,595,620]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Megasporophylls</emphasis>
arranged in 6–7 orthostichies of 3–5 sporophylls each, bullae truncate with hexagonal to oblong-hexagonal distal face 2.5–3.5 × 5.0–6.0 cm and 
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thick, terminal facet broad, slightly protruding, and indented. Seeds ovoid-pyramidal, 3.5–4.2 × 
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, sarcotesta ripening from pink to orange, 
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thick.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AFD6A5E09FBAC" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF5AFD6A5DBDFD4E" bold="true" box="[189,502,740,765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Distinguishing features:—</emphasis>
Although the specific epithet of the species refers to the presence of a few teeth in the apical region of each leaflet, the leaflet margins of this species can be considered mostly entire but in some cases are unevenly sinous (repand) at the distal end. This unevenness in some cases (such as in the 
<typeStatus id="549D88062E689B2AFB83FCA25883FCF6" box="[1124,1224,812,837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) is strongly marked, giving the leaflets the appearance of having broad teeth at the distal end. However, the irregularity of the distal margin is quite variable, with some margins being completely entire and others only slightly sinuous. Moreover, the margins cannot be considered truly serrate such as in the case of 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFCE8FC175FC3FC01" box="[783,904,921,946]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="disodon">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFCE8FC175FC3FC01" box="[783,904,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. disodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFC70FC175FA3FC01" authorityName="Wallnofer (1996:" authorityYear="1056" box="[919,1000,921,946]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urep">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFC70FC175FA3FC01" box="[919,1000,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. urep</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFB29FC175D47FC64" authority="Dietrich (1851: 146)" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1851" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="skinneri">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFB29FC17590CFC01" box="[1230,1351,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. skinneri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E689B2AFAB7FC175D47FC64" author="Dietrich, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="287" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref6585" refString="Dietrich, A. (1851) Bericht uber zwei neue Zamien. Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 19: 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1851">Dietrich (1851: 146)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
species complex in which every individual vein terminates in a distinct tooth. The repand distal margins are not a consistent character in 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFE1FFC6C5EDBFC48" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[504,656,994,1019]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFE1FFC6C5EDBFC48" box="[504,656,994,1019]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are also present in some leaflets of 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFBBBFC6C5897FC48" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1875" box="[1116,1244,994,1019]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFBBBFC6C5897FC48" box="[1116,1244,994,1019]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so they cannot be considered a good diagnostic character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AFBA45E4CFB3F" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFF5AFBA45DCFFBF0" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[189,388,1066,1091]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF5AFBA45DCFFBF0" box="[189,388,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily distinguished by its broad narrowly elliptic to elliptic leaflets which are prominently-veined, undulate, and with long acuminate to caudate tips, its (mostly) subterranean stem carrying few (up to 3) leaves, and sparse prickles on its petioles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C652F2E689B2AFF5AFB195929FA45" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AFB195EA0FAD6" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF5AFB195E47FB03" bold="true" box="[189,524,1175,1200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFDEBFB195E9CFB03" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[524,727,1175,1200]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFDEBFB195E9CFB03" box="[524,727,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the department of 
<collectingRegion id="49E2F8462E689B2AFBB8FB195887FB03" box="[1119,1228,1175,1200]" country="Colombia" name="Risaralda" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Risaralda</collectingRegion>
, where it occurs in premontane rain forests (sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E689B2AFE15FB355EEDFB67" author="Holdridge, L. R." box="[498,678,1211,1236]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" refId="ref6818" refString="Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp." type="book" year="1967">Holdridge 1967</bibRefCitation>
) on the Western Cordillera at elevations between 
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. Rainfall averages 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E689B2AFEB1FB6E5E43FB4A" box="[342,520,1248,1273]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="2650.0" valueMax="2700.0" valueMin="2600.0">2600–2700 mm</quantity>
per year and is bimodal, with rainfall peaks occurring in October–November and April–May, and the driest months being January–March and July–August. The mean annual temperature is 18.8 ° C, with temperature ranging from 13.6° to 24.3° C (climate data derived from GIS analysis using Worldclim 1.4 [release 3] climate layers as described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E689B2AFE1AFAC25E94FAD6" author="Hijmans, R. J. &amp; Cameron, S. E. &amp; Parra, J. L. &amp; Jones, P. G. &amp; Jarvis, A." box="[509,735,1356,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" pagination="1965 - 1978" refId="ref6748" refString="Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. &amp; Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965 - 1978. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / joc. 1276" type="journal article" year="2005">
Hijmans 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFD84FAC25ED0FAD6" box="[611,667,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AFAFF5929FA45" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF5AFAFF5E41FA39" bold="true" box="[189,522,1393,1418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Reproductive phenology:—</emphasis>
Very little is known about the reproductive phenology of this species. New and developing ovulate strobili as well as new and juvenile pollen strobili were observed in late March of 2014, mature seeds have been reported in October. All previously observed pollen strobili were completely rotten by early July, and based on their stage of development observed in March, pollen release likely occurred between April and May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C652F2E689B2BFF6FF98F5844FE06" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF6FF98F5F9EF9A9" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" box="[136,981,1537,1562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF6FF98F5D47F9A9" bold="true" box="[136,268,1537,1562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Ecology:—</emphasis>
No herbivory or pollinators have been observed on this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AF9A85CF0F918" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFF5AF9A85D9BF98C" bold="true" box="[189,464,1574,1599]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Conservation status:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFE37F9A85ED3F98C" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[464,664,1574,1599]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFE37F9A85ED3F98C" box="[464,664,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Zamia oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from only five subpopulations with an estimated total 1,000 adult plants total within a total extent of occurrence of 
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. The area of occupancy for the species, calculated by adding the areas with the known altitudinal range for the species within its extent of occurrence, is estimated to be 
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E689B2AFA79F9E05CE7F918" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
<superScript id="7C539BEC2E689B2AFF4BF91F5CFFF92C" attach="left" box="[172,180,1681,1695]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">2</superScript>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AF9395FE4F8AB" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
In all five populations recruitment appears to be healthy, with plants of different ages observed. Fertile seed strobili at different stages of maturity have been observed in two populations, indicating that reproduction is occurring normally. One of the populations is within a protected area in 
<collectingRegion id="49E2F8462E689B2AFCD9F9715FE7F8AB" box="[830,940,1791,1816]" country="Colombia" name="Risaralda" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Risaralda</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2AFF5AF8AD5E5BF87E" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
The region where 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E689B2AFE6AF8AD5E6FF88F" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[397,548,1827,1852]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFE6AF8AD5E6FF88F" box="[397,548,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Z. oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native appears to still have a considerable amount of forest cover left. As the species was recently described (Calderón–Sáenz &amp; Stevenson 2003), little is known about its population demographic dynamics, although deforested areas of otherwise suitable habitat suggest that the species is declining. The main threat to this species appears to be habitat destruction for the creation of cattle pastures as well as agricultural production, primarily of coffee and sugar cane.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E689B2BFF5AF8575E89FF6E" blockId="8.[136,1452,160,2070]" lastBlockId="9.[136,1452,160,437]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
The species was previously classified as Data Deficient in the Red List of Colombian cycads (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B552E689B2AFAEFF8575C8FF7A5" author="Galeano, G. &amp; Bernal, R. &amp; Calderon, E. &amp; Garcia, N. &amp; Cogollo, A. &amp; Idarraga, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="287" pagination="387 - 436" refId="ref6634" refString="Galeano, G., Bernal, R., Calderon, E., Garcia, N., Cogollo, A. &amp; Idarraga, A. (2005) Zamias. In: Calderon E., Galeano, G., &amp; Garcia, N. (Eds.) Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Volumen 2: palmas, frailejones y Zamias. Serie libros rojos de especies amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt - Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogota, Colombia, pp. 387 - 436." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Galeano 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E689B2AFA97F85759E7F841" box="[1392,1452,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), but we now have enough field data to recommend its classification as Endangered based on IUCN Criteria B1ab(i–v)+2ab(i–v); C1. Specific locality information has been purposefully withheld from this paper to minimize the risk of illegal harvesting of this threatened species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E699B2BFF5AFF665875FEFA" blockId="9.[136,1452,160,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFF5AFF665DEBFEB2" bold="true" box="[189,416,232,257]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Historical notes:—</emphasis>
The original description for 
<taxonomicName id="4C264D272E699B2BFD07FF665F3CFEB2" authorityName="Calderon-Saenz &amp; Stevenson" authorityYear="2003" box="[736,887,232,257]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Zamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligodonta">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFD07FF665F3CFEB2" box="[736,887,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Z. oligodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on a few plants cultivated by Eduardo Calderón Sáenz. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFEABFE825DDEFE96" box="[332,405,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">In situ</emphasis>
observations carried out during this study confirmed that wild plants attained much larger dimensions than the cultivated plants upon which the original description was based.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9936A42E699B2BFF5AFEDA5844FE06" blockId="9.[136,1452,160,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFF5AFEDA5E2DFEDE" bold="true" box="[189,614,340,365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Additional specimens examined:—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F33176342E699B2BFD96FEDA5F41FEDE" box="[625,778,340,365]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
. Cultivated by E. Calderón Sáenz, originally collected in 
<collectingRegion id="49E2F8462E699B2BFF6FFEF65CBEFE22" box="[136,245,376,401]" country="Colombia" name="Risaralda" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Risaralda</collectingRegion>
, 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFF18FEF65DAAFE22" box="[255,481,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Calderón Sáenz 175</emphasis>
(JAUM!), 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFDBAFEF65ECCFE22" box="[605,647,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">182</emphasis>
(COL!), 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFD08FEF65F52FE22" box="[751,793,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">183</emphasis>
(FMB!, NY!). Live plants cultivated by E. Calderón Sáenz also studied. 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFEFCFE125DD2FE06" bold="true" box="[283,409,412,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingRegion id="49E2F8462E699B2BFEFCFE125DDFFE06" box="[283,404,412,437]" country="Colombia" name="Risaralda" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Risaralda</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CDE9B412E699B2BFE47FE125E76FE06" box="[416,573,412,437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.775" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="m" value="1775.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1750.0">1750–1800 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FF9810642E699B2BFDAEFE125E84FE06" box="[585,719,412,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" value="2014-07-09">9 July 2014</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B952EAB62E699B2BFD3DFE125FE3FE06" box="[730,936,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Roldán et al. 4276</emphasis>
(HUA!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>