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<document id="1A6CA1ADA90BA68C9DB3B3E0A1944D9A" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930701754855" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5233552" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629515679161" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="De Villalobos, Cristina, Zanca, Fernanda &amp; Schmidt‐Rhaesa, Andreas" docDate="2007" docId="F11EDC08BB221A4BFE2DFCDADA14FD91" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.41.45-48.2775-2788.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 41 (45 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701754855" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Chordodes clavatus Linstow 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2781" masterDocId="0D27A470BB271A43FF9DFFA3DB32FF90" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958" masterLastPageNumber="2788" masterPageNumber="2775" pageNumber="2778" updateTime="1699075558335" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="319154DBD620E549F5D06AD39188052D">
<mods:title id="0F7F1CC4C06976B70E2B2A1129D1DC9E">Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="0D31E6778E505529CE609B5C942056D6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A1C22AAB8D60D043900749F6BCA992F6">De Villalobos, Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role id="46D8A95A0AD4F39C8054A64CF420C59A">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D4974759B87BF2A7DC40F1BB4D1C755A">Zanca, Fernanda</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="912BB00F5FB41CD587B7CA455D2C6D85" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0F744ECB59F4D863733A351BFD2AD1C8">
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<mods:namePart id="B1AB324D0B817CE32C8F54A6CC5EAAEA">Schmidt‐Rhaesa, Andreas</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="BB73F0B455A13C34D72ED8A126E07D65">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8DB6EDC7DBB5E821FA3C111DC0C6148F">
<mods:title id="6CCC7FE670E0C12540025B33B4D5462C">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="A9C4AD54C27B6107A1024B976C8819E7">
<mods:date id="E3B63825099B05E675BC9167FB1693AB">2007</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E9DB4118825CE4B10FC3A00446380DCB" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="8A3362EA8C0E7F1A5BE742B58E0D1282">2007-12-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="9F25B54A6A6AA822864B9DFF24A0DE4A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="12A46C39EA60EECDF56F9DB3E752E9BF">41</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="14A0DEDE264FC6CEACA808B659933DFA" type="issue">
<mods:number id="F1D25F0786DA2F3C09B6B5F9F5B60298">45 - 48</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="935A499A027DD8F5EB4572AB1A397165">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="DA57C825D31237F698414465D761C4D8" type="DOI">10.1080/00222930701754855</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="20C7D3CEA5859EF6343CF1262EA6DAE5" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EAA96441F3B2136C267309BC172DA05D" type="Zenodo-Dep">5233552</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F11EDC08BB221A4BFE2DFCDADA14FD91" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F11EDC08BB221A4BFE2DFCDADA14FD91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F11EDC08BB221A4BFE2DFCDADA14FD91" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="2781" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<subSubSection id="31AD3E95BB221A46FE2DFCDAD850FC01" box="[432,866,889,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FE2DFCDAD850FC01" blockId="5.[124,866,889,977]" box="[432,866,889,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<heading id="2240DA72BB221A46FE2DFCDAD850FC01" box="[432,866,889,913]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB221A46FE2DFCDAD850FC01" ID-CoL="5YCHT" authority="Linstow, 1906" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1906" box="[432,866,889,913]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FE2DFCDAD982FC01" bold="true" box="[432,688,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Chordodes clavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D2610EFBB221A46FD24FCDAD850FC01" author="Linstow O von" box="[697,866,889,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref4865" refString="Linstow O von. 1906. Gordiiden und Mermithiden des Konglichen Zoologischen Museums in Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 3: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1906">Linstow, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31AD3E95BB221A46FD82FC3AD9C1FC21" box="[543,755,921,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="description">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FD82FC3AD9C1FC21" blockId="5.[124,866,889,977]" box="[543,755,921,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
(
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FDBAFC3AD9A7FC21" box="[551,661,921,945]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Figures 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FD3EFC3AD9D8FC21" box="[675,746,921,945]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,900,919]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetId="figure-234@7.[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">3A, B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31AD3E95BB221A46FFE1FC1AD9FFFC41" box="[124,717,953,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE1FC1AD9FFFC41" blockId="5.[124,866,889,977]" box="[124,717,953,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="59A74A30BB221A46FFE1FC1AD9FFFC41" box="[124,717,953,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<treatmentCitation id="F8164B0FBB221A46FFE1FC1AD979FC41" author="Linstow O von" box="[124,587,953,977]" page="246" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB221A46FFE1FC1AD979FC41" ID-CoL="5YCHT" authority="Linstow 1906, p 246" authorityName="Linstow" authorityPageNumber="246" authorityYear="1906" box="[124,587,953,977]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FFE1FC1ADA7FFC41" box="[124,333,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Chordodes clavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D2610EFBB221A46FECBFC1ADAC9FC41" author="Linstow O von" box="[342,507,953,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref4865" refString="Linstow O von. 1906. Gordiiden und Mermithiden des Konglichen Zoologischen Museums in Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 3: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1906">Linstow 1906</bibRefCitation>
, p 246
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, Figure 16.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31AD3E95BB221A4BFFE0FBA9DA14FD91" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="2781" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FBA9DBE9FBB2" blockId="5.[125,219,1034,1058]" box="[125,219,1034,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FFE0FBA9DBE9FBB2" box="[125,219,1034,1058]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FB99D912FBE2" blockId="5.[125,1172,1082,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<materialsCitation id="C9DF6743BB221A46FFE0FB99D8A4FBC2" box="[125,918,1082,1106]" collectionCode="ZMB" country="Cameroon" location="Jaunde" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FFE0FB99DBDFFBC2" box="[125,237,1082,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 1
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FE95FB98DA28FBC2" box="[264,282,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">„</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry id="01A02D8EBB221A46FEB7FB99D904FBC2" box="[298,566,1082,1106]" name="Cameroon" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Republic of Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="7C683BC5BB221A46FDDEFB99D9A1FBC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F11EDC08BB221A4BFE2DFCDADA14FD91:7C683BC5BB221A46FDDEFB99D9A1FBC2" box="[579,659,1082,1106]" country="Cameroon" name="Jaunde" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Jaunde</location>
(
<collectionCode id="1FA6F5DBBB221A46FD39FB99D9D7FBC2" box="[676,741,1082,1106]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
Vermes 4446)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="C9DF6743BB221A46FC3FFB99D929FBE2" collectionCode="ZMB" country="Cameroon" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FC3FFB99DF24FBC2" box="[930,1046,1082,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="6FB1A697BB221A46FBBFFB99DF7FFBC1" box="[1058,1101,1082,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
, from type locality (
<collectionCode id="1FA6F5DBBB221A46FE86FBF9DA6EFBE2" box="[283,348,1114,1138]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
Vermes 4446a)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FB38DB82FB43" blockId="5.[125,1172,1179,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FFE0FB38DA61FB23" box="[125,339,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FEC2FB38DAF9FB23" box="[351,459,1179,1203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FD99FB38D959FB23" box="[516,619,1179,1203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, SEM from midbody.
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FCF2FB38D8ECFB23" box="[879,990,1179,1203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, SEM posterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FAAFDB82FAB3" blockId="5.[125,176,1292,1315]" box="[125,176,1292,1315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FFE0FAAFDB82FAB3" box="[125,176,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Host</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FA9FDBCBFAC4" blockId="5.[125,249,1340,1364]" box="[125,249,1340,1364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FA2FDBC7FA34" blockId="5.[125,245,1420,1444]" box="[125,245,1420,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB221A46FFE0FA2FDBC7FA34" box="[125,245,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A46FFE0FA1EDA57F9C4" blockId="5.[125,1172,1469,1685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
The body colour of male is dark brown. The body length is
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB221A46FCB9FA1ED8B7FA45" box="[804,901,1469,1493]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" unit="mm" value="191.0">191 mm</quantity>
; diameter in the middle region is
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB221A46FF74FA7EDA61FA65" box="[233,339,1501,1525]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" unit="mm" value="0.99">0.99 mm</quantity>
. The anterior end is whitish, white cap and dark collar are not present. The posterior end is undivided (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FE73FA5ED95AF985" box="[494,616,1533,1557]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
). The cloacal opening is oval and surrounded by slender spines. Anterolateral of the cloacal opening are two straight and narrow rows of bristles (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FF7DF99FDA6AF9C4" box="[224,344,1596,1620]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB221A44FF05F9FEDBCBFA01" blockId="5.[125,1172,1469,1685]" lastBlockId="7.[125,1173,1110,1685]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="2780" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">
The cuticular surface is structured into areoles belonging to
<specimenCount id="6FB1A697BB221A46FCCAF9FED8F6F9E5" box="[855,964,1629,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778" type="generic" typeStatus="types">five types</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FC4EF9FEDF7DF9E5" box="[979,1103,1629,1653]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
). The most abundant
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB221A46FEABF9DEDA55F905" box="[310,359,1661,1685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">type</typeStatus>
is a rounded or oval areole (the simple areoles;
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB221A46FC06F9DEDF24F905" box="[923,1046,1661,1685]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2778">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
). They are low (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FF25FBF5DA73FBFE" box="[184,321,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="4.8" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="4.4">4.4–5.2 mm</quantity>
), and have a warty surface, reminiscent of a blackberry. Bulging areoles (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB201A44FF18FBD5DBCDFB1E" box="[133,255,1142,1166]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
) resemble simple areoles but are more elevated (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FCC0FBD5D8D6FB1E" box="[861,996,1142,1166]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="9.1" metricValueMin="8.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="8.75" valueMax="9.1" valueMin="8.4">8.4–9.1 mm</quantity>
) and occur in clusters of two to five. Scattered in distribution are areoles with a finger-like projection on top (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FF24FB14DA39FB5F" box="[185,267,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
high), the tubercle areoles (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB201A44FDF1FB14D9DBFB5F" box="[620,745,1207,1231]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
). The two remaining areolar
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB201A44FBC5FB14DFA6FB5F" box="[1112,1172,1207,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">types</typeStatus>
occur in clusters of two crowned areoles surrounded by about 12–16 elevated areoles (the circumcluster areoles;
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB201A44FE0CFB5BD935FA80" box="[401,519,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[138,1186,165,1481]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Figure 2E</figureCitation>
). Circumcluster areoles are elevated (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FC42FB5BDFB4FA80" box="[991,1158,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.69" metricValueMin="1.91" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="26.9" valueMin="19.1">19.1–26.9 mm</quantity>
), curved towards the centre and contain apically a tuft of bristles. Crowned areoles resemble the circumcluster areoles in elevation (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FD5DFA9BD855FAC0" box="[704,871,1336,1360]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.815" metricValueMax="2.88" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="28.15" valueMax="28.8" valueMin="27.5">27.5–28.8 mm</quantity>
), but contain a crown of moderately short filaments on top. The interareolar furrow is narrow, lacking spiniform structures.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2DC83D96BB211A45FF17FA4FD882F9FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233556" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5233556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233556/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2779" startId="6.[138,198,1516,1535]" targetBox="[138,1186,165,1481]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB211A45FF17FA4FD882F9FA" blockId="6.[138,1185,1516,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2779">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB211A45FF74FA4FDABDFA6F" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1906" box="[233,399,1516,1535]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="2779" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB211A45FF74FA4FDABDFA6F" box="[233,399,1516,1535]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2779">Chordodes clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2DC83D96BB201A44FFE0FC27DA03FB8C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233558" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5233558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233558/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" startId="7.[125,185,900,919]" targetBox="[125,1173,133,864]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB201A44FFE0FC27DA03FB8C" blockId="7.[125,1172,900,1052]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">
Figure 3. (A, B)
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB201A44FE87FC27DA8DFC07" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1906" box="[282,447,900,919]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB201A44FE87FC27DA8DFC07" box="[282,447,900,919]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Chordodes clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB201A44FCCCFC1ADF3BFC5C" authorityName="Sciacchitano" authorityYear="1958" box="[849,1033,953,972]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="ibembensis">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB201A44FCCCFC1ADF3BFC5C" box="[849,1033,953,972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Chordodes ibembensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB201A44FF18FC4DDA04FB91" authorityName="Sciacchitano" authorityYear="1958" box="[133,310,1006,1025]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="uncinatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB201A44FF18FC4DDA04FB91" box="[133,310,1006,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Chordodes uncinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB201A44FD22FC4DD845FB91" authorityName="Sciacchitano" authorityYear="1958" box="[703,887,1006,1025]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="ibembensis">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB201A44FD22FC4DD845FB91" box="[703,887,1006,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Chordodes ibembensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB201A44FF05FA39DAFEFA63" blockId="7.[125,1173,1110,1685]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">
The body length of the females varies between 238 and
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FCD7FA39D89FFA22" box="[842,941,1434,1458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.67" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="267.0">267 mm</quantity>
. Diameter is
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB201A44FBCEFA39DBDAFA42" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" metricValueMax="1.78" metricValueMin="1.14" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" unit="mm" value="1.46" valueMax="1.78" valueMin="1.14">1.14– 1.78 mm</quantity>
. The body colour is dark brown. The posterior end is rounded. The ventral midline is darkly pigmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB201A4BFF05FA58DAF6FE90" blockId="7.[125,1173,1110,1685]" lastBlockId="8.[138,1185,136,256]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="2781" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">
Although the cuticle in both females investigated was covered with detritus, the same
<specimenCount id="6FB1A697BB201A44FBF6FA58DB8BF9A4" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780" type="generic" typeStatus="types">five types</specimenCount>
of areoles as seen in the male could be identified (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB201A44FCD6F9BFD8F7F9A4" box="[843,965,1564,1588]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,900,919]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetId="figure-234@7.[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233558/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
). The noticeable difference from the males is that two further areolar
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB201A44FD71F99FD815F9C4" box="[748,807,1596,1620]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">types</typeStatus>
are evident in the longitudinal ventral furrow of the body of the females. One of these are the thorn areoles, which are areoles with solid spines on top (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB201A44FD98F9DED94EF905" box="[517,636,1661,1685]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,900,919]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetId="figure-234@7.[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233558/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2780">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
). Thorns are distinguished from tubercles by their pointed tip and are usually much more solid and higher (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB2F1A4BFCCFFF2BD88AFF30" box="[850,952,136,160]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.22" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781" unit="mm" value="42.2">42.2 mm</quantity>
). The other
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB2F1A4BFBDBFF2BDF45FF30" box="[1094,1143,136,160]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">type</typeStatus>
are crowned areoles with long filaments (
<quantity id="BE4FC0FBBB2F1A4BFDDBFF0BD9D0FF50" box="[582,738,168,192]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4165" metricValueMax="2.233" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781" unit="mm" value="141.65" valueMax="223.3" valueMin="60.0">60–223.3 mm</quantity>
) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (
<figureCitation id="E18C719BBB2F1A4BFF0FFF6BDA3BFF70" box="[146,265,200,224]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[125,185,900,919]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetId="figure-234@7.[125,1173,133,864]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5233558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
). It may be concluded that
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB2F1A4BFDF5FF6BD80FFF70" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1906" box="[616,829,200,224]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB2F1A4BFDF5FF6BD80FFF70" box="[616,829,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">Chordodes clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females differ from males in having seven areolar
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB2F1A4BFE1DFF4BDAF2FE90" box="[384,448,232,256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">types</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB2F1A4BFF17FE9ADBC9FEC1" blockId="8.[138,251,313,337]" box="[138,251,313,337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB2F1A4BFF17FE9ADBC9FEC1" box="[138,251,313,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79086D1EBB2F1A4BFF17FECADA14FD91" blockId="8.[138,1185,361,513]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">
<bibRefCitation id="1D2610EFBB2F1A4BFF17FECADA7AFE11" author="Linstow O von" box="[138,328,361,385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref4865" refString="Linstow O von. 1906. Gordiiden und Mermithiden des Konglichen Zoologischen Museums in Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 3: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1906">Linstow (1906)</bibRefCitation>
recognized only two areolar
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB2F1A4BFD5DFECAD9CEFE11" box="[704,764,361,385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">types</typeStatus>
in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="BEB7169DBB2F1A4BFB1BFECADBD6FE31" authorityName="Linstow" authorityYear="1906" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="4BC3B10CBB2F1A4BFB1BFECADBD6FE31" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">C. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, small oval areoles distributed throughout the cuticle and groups of elevated conical areoles with clear filaments at the apex. These areolar
<typeStatus id="A60CD3BCBB2F1A4BFCF8FE0AD893FE51" box="[869,929,425,449]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2781">types</typeStatus>
correspond to simple areoles, and to clusters formed by circumcluster and crowned areoles from the present investigation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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