250 lines
24 KiB
XML
250 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8e9da7e-1b95-4b66-b400-dad533d5428d" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023576" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-5-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1314-4049-5-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 5" ModsDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules" checkinTime="1451253006862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benatti, Michel N." docDate="2012" docId="595B36BDB96B82DA58E51454CE680881" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 5: 1-30" docOrigin="MycoKeys 5" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342" docTitle="Bulbothrix setschwanensis Hale. Phytologia 28: 481. 1974" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFFDFFDAE4348862C732FF96FF87FFF4" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1643545948906" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benatti, Michel N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>30</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-5-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:595B36BDB96B82DA58E51454CE680881" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/595B36BDB96B82DA58E51454CE680881" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName LSID="Mycobank: MB 341613" authority="(Zahlb.) Hale. Phytologia 28: 481. 1974." class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlb.) Hale. Phytologia 28: 481. 1974.</taxonomicName>
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Figure 16
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Parmelia setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
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Zahlb. Symbolae Sinicae 3: 184. 1930. [Basionym]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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China, Prov. Setschwan austro-occid., in regionis siccae subtropicae convallis fluminis Yalung ad septentriones oppidi
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Yneyünen">Yneyuenen</normalizedToken>
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infra castelum Kwapi ram
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pistacia weinmannifolia" order="Sapindales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="weinmannifolia">Pistacia weinmannifolia</taxonomicName>
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supra vic. Otang, alt. 2400-2500 m., leg. Handel-Mazzetti 2739, 30-V-1914 (WU!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Thallus subirregularly to sublinearly laciniate, greenish gray in the herbarium, up to 7.0 cm diam., subcoriaceous, corticolous or ramulicolous; upper cortex 15.0−20.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, algal layer 30.0−47.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, medulla 87.5−110.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, lower cortex 12.5−20.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick. Laciniae irregularly to partially to anisotomically dichotomously branched, contiguous to imbricate, 1.1-3.5 (-5.0) mm wide, adnate and adpressed, with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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flat, subrounded to subtruncate apices; margins flat, smooth and sinuous to crenate or or irregular, entire to slightly incised, occasionally sublacinulate; axils oval or irregular. Upper cortex mostly smooth and continuous, occasionally becoming subrugose and irregularly cracked; laminal ciliary bulbs absent. Adventitious marginal lacinulae scarce on older parts, short, 0.2-1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.1-0.6 mm, plane, simple to irregularly branched; apices truncate or acute; lower side concolor with the lower marginal zone. Maculae absent. Cilia black, without or with simple apices, 0.05-0.30 (-0.50)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ca.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">0.03</pageBreakToken>
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mm, with semi-immersed to emerse bulbate bases 0.05-0.25 mm wide, frequent to abundant along the margins, spaced 0.05−0.15 mm from each other to rarely contiguous, solitary or in small groups at the crenae and axils becoming scarce at the apices of the laciniae. Soredia, Isidia and Pustulae absent. Medulla white. Lower surface pale brown, opaque, smooth to subrugose, moderately rhizinate. Marginal zone pale brown, indistinctly delimited from the center, opaque, smooth to subrugose, weakly papillate, variably rhizinate. Rhizines brown or cream colored, simple, rarely with subtle displaced blackish bulbs, 0.05-0.80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.03-0.05 mm, frequent becoming abundant near the margins, evenly distributed. Apothecia subconcave to plane, adnate to subpedicelate, 0.4−4.1 mm diam., laminal to submarginal, ecoronate; margin smooth to subcrenate or fissured; amphitecia smooth, without ornamentations. Disc light to dark brown, epruinose, imperforate; epithecium 7.5-12.5 mm high; hymenium 35.0−42.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high; subhymenium 12.5−20.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high. Ascospores ellipsoid to oval, (10.0−) 12.0−19.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0−9.0 (−10.0)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; epispore ca. 1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Pycnidia laminal, frequent, immerse, with black ostioles. Conidia baciliform to weakly bifusiform (4.0−) 5.0−8.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ca. 0.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">TLC/HPLC: cortical atranorin and chloroatranorin, medullary salazinic and consalazinic acids (see also Hale 1976).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Asia: China (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zahlbruckner 1930</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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), India (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Divakar and Upreti 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), Nepal (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurokawa, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="75 - 81" title="Nepalese genera and species of the Parmeliaceae with notes on three additional and one rare species." volume="12" year="1993">Kurokawa 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Divakar and Upreti 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) and Thailand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wolseley, PA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="327 - 343" title="The ecology and distribution of lichens in tropical deciduous and evergreen forests of northern Thailand." url="10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00124.x" volume="24" year="1997">Wolseley and Aguirre-Hudson 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wolseley, PA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="13 - 59" title="Catalogue of the lichens of Thailand." volume="32" year="2002">Wolseley et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ramkhamhaeng University Herbarium 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="additional specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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India, Oriental India, prov. Central, Chavradadar, Manra distr., 3500 ft., leg. J.Masten s.n., XII-1900 (NY). Idem, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Panhala Forest, leg. P. G. Pahvardhan & R. A. V. Prabhu 74.1007, 13-X-1974 (US). Idem,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Índia">India</normalizedToken>
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, E. Himalayas, Darjeeling, West Bengal, Manibhanjan, 7700 ft., leg. C. G. Dharne & K. N. R. Chaudhuri 82, VI-1966 (SP). Pakistan, Lower Topa, Murree hills, on bark of Pinus excelsa, leg. S. H. Iqbal 844(?), 11-VII-1967 (US).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The holotype (Fig. 16) consists of a thallus on a tree twig, together with other bark fragments containing smaller pieces. It is in a reasonable state of preservation, with some lobes and apothecia badly damaged. The material contains several apothecia at different stages of maturity with ascospores in good condition, and many pycnidia with conidia. There are some loose fragments, on which the lower cortex was observed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zahlbruckner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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described the species as not ciliate ("in marginibus non ciliatis"), since like
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<bibRefCitation author="Lynge, B" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Botanik" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 172" title="Die Flechten der ersten Regnellschen Expedition. Die Gattungen Pseudoparmelia gen. nov. und Parmelia Ach." volume="13" year="1914">Lynge (1914)</bibRefCitation>
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thought that the bulbate cilia on the margins were rhizines.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zahlbruckner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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described the lower cortex as black with brown margins (subtus niger, excepta parte angusta marginali castaneo-fusca), but the analysis of the type material confirmed the statements of
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Divakar and Upreti (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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on the color to be pale brown (almost cream in some parts) from the center to the margins.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<bibRefCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zahlbruckner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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also mentioned ellipsoid to suboval ascospores 12.0-18.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0-10.0 mm, but there is a note from Hale with the lectotype citing 12.0-15.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7.0-8.0 mm, and the ascospores found measure (10.0-) 12.0-15.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7.0-9.0 mm. The syntype was not located (W, according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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), and accordingly to his data probably should have ascospores 12.0−18.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0−12.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Measurements made
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">by</pageBreakToken>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Divakar and Upreti (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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respectively mention ascospores 12.0-19.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0-9.0 and 10.0-19.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0-9.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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encompassing the measurements mentioned above. The other specimens examined here have similar sized ascospores, generally above 12.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. The occurrence of a similar ascospores size variety also occurs in
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
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(Nylander) Hale.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Among similar species,
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically close to
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
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including the ascospores of similar size, but the has a distinct black lower cortex with brown margins, as cited by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Divakar and Upreti (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
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compared
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
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(Vainio) Hale. This species differs by evident maculae in the upper cortex, the narrower laciniae width (ca. 0.5−2.5 mm wide) and by the smaller sizes of the ascospores (8.0−14.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.0−8.0 mm).
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix sensibilis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="sensibilis">Bulbothrix sensibilis</taxonomicName>
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(Steiner & Zahlbruckner) Hale and
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
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cortices both differ from
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
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by the black lower cortex with brown margins, presence of cortical maculae, and in the case of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix sensibilis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="sensibilis">Bulbothrix sensibilis</taxonomicName>
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, also by the smaller ascospores 8.0−12.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5.0−7.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix linteolocarpa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="linteolocarpa">Bulbothrix linteolocarpa</taxonomicName>
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Marcelli differs by the much narrower sublinear laciniae ca. 0.2−0.5 mm wide, and by the cilia with small bulbs and more evident apices that are more widespread along the margins rather than restricted to the crenae and axils of the laciniae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix continua" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="continua">Bulbothrix continua</taxonomicName>
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(Lynge) Hale differs by the narrower laciniae ca. 1.0−2.0 mm wide and by the smaller ascospores 9.0−13.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5.0−7.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. in direct comparison, morphologically its aspect more closely resembles that of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the maculations are absent, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more akin to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a key in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions from the." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix continua" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="continua">Bulbothrix continua</taxonomicName>
|
||
was separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
solely by the laciniae width and by the geographical distribution, the first thought to be endemic to South America and the other to Asia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Originally described from China, the species is also known from India and Nepal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Divakar and Upreti 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where it is endemic to the Himalayan mountain region.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used in in vitro experiments for the production of secondary metabolites and reduction of inhibitory activity or reduction of enzymes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Behera, BC" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1424 - 1427" title="Effect of various culture condition on growth and production of salazinic acid in Bulbothrix setschwanensis (lichenized ascomycetes) in vitro." volume="80" year="2001">Behera and Makhija 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Behera, BC" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="61 - 66" title="Inhibition of tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase by lichen species Bulbothrix setschwanensis." volume="82" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Behera, BC" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="781 - 783" title="Tissue culture of Bulbothrix setschwanensis (lichenized ascomycetes) in vitro." volume="78" year="2000">Behera et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |