140 lines
16 KiB
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140 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.5887" ID-PMC="PMC4089825" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-415-217" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6C204B3EFFF8FFF7FFE4FFF3FFC13468" ID-PubMed="25009429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578301" ID-ZooBank="287A4DC80EFC42C6AA55DBB4D7A3441B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-415-217" checkinTime="1451245774308" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Aaron D., Dornburg, Rebecca & Wheeler, Quentin D." docDate="2014" docId="D8ECF3CDE5E5511C9E3A66C4D1996004" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 415: 217-268" docOrigin="ZooKeys 415" docPubDate="2014-06-12" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.5887" docTitle="Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="6C204B3EFFF8FFF7FFE4FFF3FFC13468" lastPageNumber="237" masterDocId="6C204B3EFFF8FFF7FFE4FFF3FFC13468" masterDocTitle="Larvae of the genus Eleodes (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae): matrix-based descriptions, cladistic analysis, and key to late instars" masterLastPageNumber="268" masterPageNumber="217" pageNumber="235" updateTime="1668158638557" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Larvae of the genus Eleodes (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae): matrix-based descriptions, cladistic analysis, and key to late instars</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Aaron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011 - 5640, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dornburg, Rebecca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287 - 4501, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wheeler, Quentin D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-12</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>415</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>217</mods:start>
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<mods:end>268</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.5887</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.5887</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-415-217</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">287A4DC80EFC42C6AA55DBB4D7A3441B</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6C204B3EFFF8FFF7FFE4FFF3FFC13468</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578301</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182235009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D8ECF3CDE5E5511C9E3A66C4D1996004" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D8ECF3CDE5E5511C9E3A66C4D1996004" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="235" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="235">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D8ECF3CD-E5E5-511C-9E3A-66C4D1996004" authority="(Say, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Eleodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extricatus" subGenus="Litheleodes">Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus (Say, 1823)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Dorsal habitus of four Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus B Eleodes (Melaneleodes) anthracinus C Eleodes (Melaneleodes) carbonarius D Eleodes (Tricheleodes) pilosus. Scale bar = 5 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29486" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lateral habitus of three Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Eleodes) caudiferus B Eleodes (Eleodes) tribulus C Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus. Scale bar = 5 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29488" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">, 5C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Lateral habitus of the head and thoracic segments of three Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Melaneleodes) anthracinus B Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus C Eleodes (Promus) subnitens. Scale bar = 5 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29490" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">, 7B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Epipharynges of four Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus B Eleodes (Promus) goryi C Eleodes (Promus) subnitens D Eleodes (Tricheleodes) pilosus. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29493" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">, 10A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Hypopharyngeal scleromes of two Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Melaneleodes) carbonarius B Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus. Scale bars = 200 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29495" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">, 12B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Abdominal sternites I and II for two Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Eleodes) caudiferus B Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29496" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">, 13B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="18" pageNumber="235" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="235">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="18" pageNumber="235">
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Larval
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Eleodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extricatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="236">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="236" start="start">Eleodes</pageBreakToken>
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extricatus
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens were reared from adults with the following collecting information: "USA: TX: El Paso County / El Paso, sand dunes off / Hwy 180/Montana Ave. / N31.82327, W106.13234 / 21-22.VIII.2010, ADSmith", "USA: Arizona: Navajo Co. / dunes ~4mi N Chilchinbito / off route 59, el. 1738m / N36.58143, W110.06973 / 26.August.2010, ADSmith", "USA: AZ: Graham Co. /
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pinaleño">Pinaleno</normalizedToken>
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Mnts, Hospital Flat Camp /
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="58.0" value="32.66611">
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N32°39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="’58.0”">'58.0"</normalizedToken>
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="109" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="30.9" value="-109.87525">
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W109°52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="’30.9”">'30.9"</normalizedToken>
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</geoCoordinate>
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/ el.9000' 22.Aug.2010 / ADSmith", "USA: Arizona: Gila County / E. Verde River off NF-272 / N34.303, W111.3496 / 27.August.2010, ADSmith". Approximately 219 eggs and larvae were reared and examined for this study, with 150 surviving until the second instar or beyond. The following description is based on a detailed examination of thirteen 8-11th instar specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="19" pageNumber="236" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="236">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="236">Measurements: TL: 15.4-33.3 mm, PL: 2.4-3.8 mm, PW: 2.2-3.8 mm, HW: 2.0-3.0 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="236">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="236">Head.</emphasis>
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Prognathous or weakly declined; weakly dorsoventrally flattened; width nearly equal to prothorax; sides rounded; strongly constricted before occipital foramen; color light tan, same or nearly the same as body segments; punctation minute, dense, separated by 1-2 puncture diameters. Epicranial suture stem length approximately one-third head capsule length; frontal arms sinuate, not obscured by sculpturing. Frons faintly rugose. Epicranial plates faintly rugose dorsally; lateral portions moderately setose; ventral portion of each plate with row of six or more long setae along anterior margin near buccal cavity confluent with setae on lateral portions of plates and a patch of short setae medially, forming a triangular pattern with its base near the anterior margin. Two stemmata present on each epicranial plate, pigmented spots often faded. Clypeus trapezoidal, swollen or not, unicolorous, minutely punctate, punctation dense, separated by 1-2 puncture diameters. Labrum swollen, sides rounded, basal half more darkly pigmented, medial setal row with six to seven erect setae, subapical setal row with six to seven erect setae, anterior margin straight to weakly emarginate. Epipharynx (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Epipharynges of four Eleodes species: A Eleodes (Litheleodes) extricatus B Eleodes (Promus) goryi C Eleodes (Promus) subnitens D Eleodes (Tricheleodes) pilosus. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/29493" pageId="19" pageNumber="236">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
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) anterior setal row with six stout spiniform setae, anterolateral margins with micro-setation; six anterior sensory papillae present, arranged in two irregular rows; four subanterior sensory papillae present, arranged as a transverse row subtended by two spinose setae; eight posterior sensory papillae present, arranged in an irregular cluster. Tormae symmetrical or weakly asymmetrical with left torma smaller. Ligula apex densely microsetose, two long subapical setae present ventrally. Hypopharyngeal sclerome pentagonal, tricuspidate. Gula distinct, trapezoidal, widest in basal half, length less than maximum width. Antenna three segmented, cylindrical, first segment longer than second.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="19" pageNumber="236">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="236">Thorax.</emphasis>
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Thoracic tergites light tan, prothoracic sternite anterior to legs ferruginous, thoracic sternites posterior to prolegs light brown. Prothoracic tergum subquadrate, 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of meso- or metaterga; anterior transverse striated band present, darker than protergal disc; lateral margins with distinct granulated band, darker than protergal disc. Posterior transverse striated band present on all thoracic tergites, unicolorous brown. Meso- and metathoracic tergites wider than long, each with a heavily sclerotized transverse line present on anterior fifth. Thoracic tergites sparsely setose on dorsal surfaces, lateral margins more densely setose. Mesothoracic spiracle simple, ovate, approximately 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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size of abdominal spiracles; reduced metathoracic spiracle visible,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="237" start="start">less</pageBreakToken>
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than one-fourth size of mesothoracic spiracle. Legs. Prothoracic leg slightly longer, much thicker than meso- and metathoracic legs; prothoracic tarsungulus strongly sclerotized, sickle-shaped; prothoracic trochanter with two stout ventromedially spines; prothoracic femur with ventromedial row of two spines and three to five longer setae, dorsal surface with faintly indicated basal sclerotized band; prothoracic tibia with ventromedial row of three to four spines or spinose setae, dorsal surface slightly more sclerotized than ventral surface. Mesotibia with four to five ventromedial spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="237">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Abdomen.</emphasis>
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Abdominal tergites and sternites light tan, with slightly darker transverse striated bands present along posterior margins of segments I-VIII, forming near contiguous unicolorous band around segments. Abdominal sternite I sparsely clothed in long erect setae from anterior margin to near midline. Abdominal laterotergites with lateral margins distinctly pigmented. Abdominal segment IX (pygidium) triangular in dorsal view, gradually reflexed to apex, urogomphi absent, apex lacking a distinct tooth, sparsely clothed in short and mid length erect setae, sclerotized uniformly throughout, lacking maculations; marginal row of 17-23 socketed spines present, arranged as single row around posterior two-thirds to one half of segment. Abdominal sternites I-VIII lacking longitudinal tomentose bands along lateral margins. Pygopods short, subconical, each with 11-15 erect setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="237" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="237">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Eleodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extricatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Eleodes extricatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae can be separated from the other currently known
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Eleodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Eleodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species based on the pentagonal hypopharyngeal sclerome, small or absent apical tooth on the pygidium, lateral margins of prothoracic tergum with a distinct granulated band, and having antennal segment I longer than antennal segment II.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="237" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="237">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Eleodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extricatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="237">Eleodes extricatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a widespread species found on dunes and at high elevations. Specimens from Arizona and Texas showed no population differences in the larval stage. Adults varied in the presence or prominence of muricate tubercles on the elytra.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |