542 lines
71 KiB
XML
542 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e1afe42-af9b-4295-b0c5-83376f9183ea" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534487" checkinTime="1632837969227" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Mather, Ellen K., Lee, Michael S. Y., Camens, Aaron B. & Worthy, Trevor H." docDate="2021" docId="D14B87DD0019FF9AFC14FF78FBEEFAAB" docLanguage="en" docName="HistBiol.34.7.1175-1207.pdf" docOrigin="Historical Biology 34 (7)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777" docTitle="Accipitridae Vigors 1824" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="2D72FFA50001FF86FFC5FFF6FFB9FF97" masterDocTitle="An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia" masterLastPageNumber="1207" masterPageNumber="1175" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1665098898414" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mather, Ellen K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lee, Michael S. Y.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Camens, Aaron B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Worthy, Trevor H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Historical Biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-09-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>34</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1175</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1207</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">4e1afe42-af9b-4295-b0c5-83376f9183ea</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5534487</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534424" ID-GBIF-Taxon="188526876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534424" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D14B87DD0019FF9AFC14FF78FBEEFAAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D14B87DD0019FF9AFC14FF78FBEEFAAB" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection box="[977,1365,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="24.[966,1376,142,196]" box="[977,1365,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[977,1365,142,167]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[977,1365,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authority="Vigors, 1824" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1064,1365,142,167]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Accipitridae
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<bibRefCitation author="Vigors NA" box="[1215,1365,142,167]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" pagination="308 - 346" refId="ref33150" refString="Vigors NA. 1824. Sketches in ornithology; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds. On the groups of Falconidae. Zoological Journal, 308 - 346" title="Sketches in ornithology; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds. On the groups of Falconidae" type="book chapter" year="1824">Vigors, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[966,1376,171,196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="24.[966,1376,142,196]" box="[966,1376,171,196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<heading bold="true" box="[966,1376,171,196]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[966,1376,171,196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Subfamily indet. Gen. et sp. indet.</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1513,250,332]" box="[829,919,250,273]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<heading bold="true" box="[829,919,250,273]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,919,250,273]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Material</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1513,250,332]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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NMV P.222435, distal left femur preserving intact distal end and
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<quantity box="[829,919,309,332]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="15.5">15.5 mm</quantity>
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of shaft.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1514,372,483]" box="[829,1049,372,395]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<heading bold="true" box="[829,1049,372,395]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,1049,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Measurements (mm)</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1514,372,483]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Preserved length 26, DW 13.3, least SW 7.3, preserved condylus medialis depth 9.7, condylus medialis width 5.6, condylus lateralis depth 11.0, condylus lateralis width 6.1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1514,523,634]" box="[829,1152,523,546]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<heading bold="true" box="[829,1152,523,546]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,1152,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Locality, stratigraphy and age</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[829,1514,523,634]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<geoCoordinate box="[829,956,553,576]" degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="11.237" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="-31.187283">31° 11.237’S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[965,1106,552,576]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="13.944" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="140.2324">
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140° 13.944
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1087,1093,552,574]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">ʹ</emphasis>
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E
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</geoCoordinate>
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Ericmas Quarry, Lake Namba, Frome Downs Station,
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<collectingRegion box="[999,1164,582,605]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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, Namba Formation, Ericmas LF, late Oligocene. Collected by T. Flannery, 7/4/83.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" box="[829,921,674,697]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<heading bold="true" box="[829,921,674,697]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,921,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Remarks</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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The specimen can be excluded from the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1854" box="[1328,1456,704,727]" class="Aves" family="Pandionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pandionidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lafresnaye" authorityYear="1839" box="[829,949,733,756]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cathartidae</taxonomicName>
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by the presence of a single muscular attachment on the planum popliteum, and from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1820" box="[1186,1296,762,785]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Falconidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Finsch & Hartlaub" authorityYear="1870" box="[1353,1480,762,785]" class="Colpodea" family="Sagittariidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cyrtolophosidida" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Sagittariidae</taxonomicName>
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by the linea intermuscularis caudalis remaining level and visible on the medial margin of the caudal face.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">The femur is consistent with accipitrids and has the following morphology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,951,909,932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
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The linea intermuscularis caudalis (
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<figureCitation box="[1318,1431,909,932]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionTargetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Figure 12C</figureCitation>
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: LIC) is highly distinct, running along the medial border of the caudal shaft face in a raised line,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1096,1126,968,991]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(2)</emphasis>
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but is not continuous with the tuberculum m. gastrocnemialis medialis, so there is no crista supracondylaris medialis.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1034,1063,1026,1049]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(3)</emphasis>
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The secondary origin point for the ligamentum collateralis lateralis is very faint and shallow, barely distinct from the surface of the bone.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1149,1179,1085,1108]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(4)</emphasis>
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The fovea tendineus m. tibialis cranialis is shallow.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1042,1072,1114,1137]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(5)</emphasis>
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The fossa poplitea (
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<figureCitation box="[1294,1407,1114,1137]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionTargetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</figureCitation>
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: FPop) is shallow, deepening slightly towards the distal end immediately proximal to the condyles.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1045,1075,1173,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(6)</emphasis>
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The attachment scar on the planum popliteum (
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<figureCitation box="[910,1033,1202,1225]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionTargetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</figureCitation>
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: PPAP) is positioned medially.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1423,1453,1202,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(7)</emphasis>
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The impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis (
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<figureCitation box="[1224,1339,1232,1255]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionTargetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Figure 12D</figureCitation>
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: IG) is large and shallow.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,947,1261,1284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">(8)</emphasis>
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The epicondylus lateralis (
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<figureCitation box="[1222,1335,1261,1284]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionTargetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Figure 12A</figureCitation>
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: EL) is short and very robust but has little projection from the condylus lateralis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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The distal femur NMV P.222435 is from an accipitrid which exhibits the most similarity to those of species in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1389,1510,1349,1372]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[829,948,1378,1401]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
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, and most of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1113,1203,1378,1401]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
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(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons). It mainly differs from species in these subfamilies in lacking a prominent crista supracondylaris medialis, the position and shape of the attachment point on the planum popliteum, and the weak projection of the epicondylaris lateralis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[828,1514,674,1812]" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">
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As the distal femur is not a highly diagnostic section of the accipitrid skeleton, and the distal femur is not preserved in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[829,1085,1613,1636]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
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<emphasis box="[829,1085,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="24">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimen SAMA P.54998, NMV P.222435 is regarded as gen. et. sp. indet. The size difference between NMV P.222435 and the predicted size of the distal femur of SAMA P.54998 is greater than would be predicted from typical sexual dimorphism, which makes it unlikely the two are representatives of the same species (see comparative measurements below).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" startId="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" targetBox="[416,1212,155,1364]" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[112,1515,1394,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,198,1394,1414]" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">Figure 12.</emphasis>
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Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[112,797,1515,2013]" box="[112,515,1515,1538]" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">
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<heading bold="true" box="[112,515,1515,1538]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,515,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">Size comparisons of the three fossils</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[112,797,1515,2013]" lastBlockId="26.[829,1514,1772,1854]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The width measurements of the proximal humerus, distal humerus, distal tibiotarsus and distal femur of extant taxa were compared (see Appendix 1, Table S2) and showed that the distal width of the humerus was between 80% and 90% of the proximal width of the humerus, while the distal width of the tibiotarsus was between 75% and 110% the distal width of the femur in extant accipitrids. If the bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[210,443,1726,1749]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,443,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had similar ratios, then it can be predicted that the width of the missing distal humerus should fall in the range
|
||
<quantity box="[223,374,1785,1808]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" metricValueMax="2.6399999999999997" metricValueMin="2.34" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="24.9" valueMax="26.4" valueMin="23.4">23.4–26.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, while that of the missing distal femur should be between 15.8 and 22.0 mm broad. Based on this, both the isolated distal femur NMV P222435 and the isolated distal humerus SAMA P.58917 are too small to belong to an individual the size of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[150,267,1902,1925]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[150,267,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">A. sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[272,364,1902,1925]" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. However, sexual dimorphism is known to be considerable and common in accipitrids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown L & Amadon D." journalOrPublisher="Michelin House, London, England" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" refId="ref29016" refString="Brown L, Amadon D. eds. 1968. Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world. Michelin House, London, England." title="Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world" type="book" year="1968">Brown and Amadon 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marchant S & Higgins PJ" box="[176,471,1961,1984]" journalOrPublisher="Melbourne (Victoria): Oxford University Press" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" refId="ref30984" refString="Marchant S, Higgins PJ. 1993. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Melbourne (Victoria): Oxford University Press." title="Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 2: Raptors to Lapwings" type="book" year="1993">Marchant and Higgins 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and raises the possibility that these isolated fossils may belong to a smaller sex of the onespecies if they fall within a certain size range.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Field DJ & Lynner C & Brown C & Darroch SAF & Iwaniuk A." box="[1232,1426,1516,1539]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One." pageId="25" pageNumber="25" pagination="82000" part="8" refId="ref29799" refString="Field DJ, Lynner C, Brown C, Darroch SAF, Iwaniuk A. 2013. Skeletal correlates for body mass estimation in modern and fossil flying birds. PLoS One. 8 (11): e 82000. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0082000." title="Skeletal correlates for body mass estimation in modern and fossil flying birds" type="journal article" year="2013">Field et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
devised multiple algorithms for predicting body mass from skeletal measurements, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campbell KE & Marcus L." box="[1005,1300,1574,1597]" editor="KE Campbell" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 36, Los Angeles, California" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" pagination="395 - 412" refId="ref29250" refString="Campbell KE, Marcus L. 1992. The relationship of hindlimb bone dimensions to body weight in birds. In: Papers in avian paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. KE Campbell editor. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 36, Los Angeles, California; p. 395 - 412" title="The relationship of hindlimb bone dimensions to body weight in birds" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Papers in avian paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb" year="1992">Campbell and Marcus (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
predicted body mass based on the femur and tibiotarsus circumference. Using these, the mass of the bird for the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[1099,1333,1633,1656]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1099,1333,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1343,1432,1633,1656]" pageId="25" pageNumber="25">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is estimated as
|
||
<quantity box="[924,984,1662,1685]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.7" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="3.7">3.7 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on the length of the coracoid facies articularis humeralis,
|
||
<quantity box="[943,1004,1692,1715]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="4.6">4.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
by the least shaft diameter/width of the tarsometatarsus, and
|
||
<quantity box="[967,1029,1721,1744]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="3.2">3.2 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on tibiotarsus least shaft circumference. The mass of the bird represented by the distal femur is calculated at
|
||
<quantity box="[829,871,1780,1803]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="2.0">2 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on femur shaft width/diameter, or
|
||
<quantity box="[1299,1360,1780,1803]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="1.6">1.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on shaft circumference. The mass of the bird represented by the distal humerus is calculated at
|
||
<quantity box="[1089,1152,1838,1861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="1.5">1.5 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on shaft width/diameter, or
|
||
<quantity box="[829,894,1868,1891]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="25" unit="kg" value="1.6">1.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
based on circumference. Assuming these predictions are accurate, the femur represents a bird 46–67% smaller than the skeleton specimen, and the humerus one 60–67% smaller. This would be pushing accipitrid sexual dimorphism to its extreme limits, making it unlikely that the fossils represent a single species. However, these mass predictions use different elements, limiting their comparability. Nevertheless, while considering it likely that at least two accipitrids are represented, we consider it unwise to describe the smaller as a second species when size would be the only distinguishing factor and their congeneric status cannot be assessed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" startId="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" targetBox="[336,1293,143,1523]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[112,1515,1555,1719]" pageId="26" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,198,1555,1575]" pageId="26" pageNumber="26">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in Aand Bhave been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Ae. mon.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV R" box="[414,574,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aegypius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Aegypius monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[585,637,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syl">Ar. syl</taxonomicName>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[648,829,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">Archaehierax sylvestris</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Aq. au.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[906,1012,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audax">Aquila audax</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Ci. as.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[1081,1200,1627,1647]" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="assimilis">Circus assimilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1211,1260,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scr">El. scr</taxonomicName>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV B" box="[1271,1389,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scriptus">Elanus scriptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1401,1464,1627,1647]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gampsonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cop">Gy. cop</taxonomicName>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gyps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coprotheres">Gyps coprotheres</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Ham. mel.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[316,533,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hamirostra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanosternon">Hamirostra melanosternon</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Hal. leug.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV B" box="[639,822,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Haliaeetus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[835,900,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mor">Hi. mor</taxonomicName>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[915,1113,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hieraaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morphnoides">Hieraaetus morphnoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1127,1183,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Lophoictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isu">Lo. isu</taxonomicName>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV B" box="[1198,1343,1651,1671]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Lophoictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isura">Lophoictinia isura</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Ne. per.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Neophron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percnopterus">Neophron percnopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Pe. api.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[294,416,1675,1695]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apivorus">Pernis apivorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Spl. ch.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[493,618,1675,1695]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spilornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheela">Spilornis cheela</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Spz. tyr.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="KU" box="[701,852,1675,1695]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyrannus">Spizaetus tyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[458,563,1699,1719]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[458,563,1699,1719]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="26">Archaehierax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) indicated by black square.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534515" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534515/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" startId="27.[112,167,1150,1170]" targetBox="[256,1371,143,1115]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[112,1514,1150,1194]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,200,1150,1170]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[112,495,1278,1301]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[112,797,1278,1934]" box="[112,495,1278,1301]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,495,1278,1301]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,495,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">PCA analysis of limb measurements</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[112,797,1278,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Length data for a range of post cranial measurements were visualised in PCA plotsto determine if there wasany correlation between them and preferred habitat. All PCAs used a variance-covariance matrix, iterative imputation for missing data (in the case of I.2 length of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" box="[222,398,1429,1454]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gyps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coprotheres">
|
||
<emphasis box="[222,398,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Gyps coprotheres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and 1000 bootstrap replicates. See Appendix 2 for datasets, scree plots, biplots, PCA values.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[112,797,1278,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The first PCA used absolute length measurements of the carpometacarpus, ulna, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[257,372,1559,1582]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" captionTargetBox="[336,1293,143,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-52@26.[333,1293,143,1526]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in A and B have been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Figure 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the resulting scatterplot PC1 (92.1% variance) was most strongly driven by the ulna, with some influence from the carpometacarpus (wings), the tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus and PC2 (7% variance) by the tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus (legs).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[222,454,1676,1699]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[222,454,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was positioned as a long-legged, short-winged taxon, well separated from other species. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="KU" box="[112,306,1733,1757]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[112,306,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spizaetus tyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[364,523,1735,1758]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spilornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheela">
|
||
<emphasis box="[364,523,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spilornischeela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped closely together, creating a cluster for forest-habitat accipitrids.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[629,791,1763,1787]" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="assimilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[629,791,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Circus assimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which inhabits grassland and open woodland, was positioned intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[292,523,1823,1846]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,523,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the forest taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[112,797,1278,1934]" lastBlockId="27.[829,1514,1279,1933]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
A second PCA was run after log-transforming the measurements. In the resulting scatterplot (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[489,604,1881,1904]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" captionTargetBox="[336,1293,143,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-52@26.[333,1293,143,1526]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in A and B have been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Figure 13B</figureCitation>
|
||
) PC1 (91.4% variance), was driven by almost all measurements, with those of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus having slightly more influence than those of the wings and digits, and PC2 (3.3% variance) revealed that species were separated most strongly based on the tarsometatarsus length, with lesser influence from the digit lengths and tibiotarsus length.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[909,1143,1396,1419]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,1143,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped with the long-legged and short-winged taxa, but the distribution of the extant taxa changed.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="KU" box="[829,1018,1453,1477]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,1018,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spizaetus tyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[1067,1221,1455,1478]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spilornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheela">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1067,1221,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spilornischeela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were more widely separated, with the open-habitat taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[1129,1287,1483,1507]" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="assimilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1129,1287,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Circus assimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
positioned more closely to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="KU" box="[901,1093,1512,1535]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,1093,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spizaetus tyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[829,1514,1279,1933]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
|
||
As size dominated the first two PCAs, a third PCA was performed with measurements standardised for size, by division of postcranial data by the height of the quadrate, an element which correlates strongly with skull size and therefore body size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elzanowski A & Paul GS & Stidham TA" box="[835,1068,1660,1683]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleo." pageId="27" pageNumber="27" pagination="712 - 719" part="20" refId="ref29582" refString="Elzanowski A, Paul GS, Stidham TA. 2001. An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. J Vert Paleo. 20 (4): 712 - 719. doi: 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2000) 020 [0712: AAQFTL] 2.0. CO; 2." title="An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming" type="journal article" year="2001">Elzanowski et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the resulting scatterplot (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1384,1498,1660,1683]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" captionTargetBox="[336,1293,143,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-52@26.[333,1293,143,1526]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in A and B have been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Figure 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
), PC1 (67.2%) was most strongly driven by ulna length and to a lesser degree by carpometacarpus length, while PC2 (28.9%) was most strongly driven by tibiotarsus length and tarsometatarsus length.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[829,1061,1784,1807]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,1061,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupied a more negative position on PC2 relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[944,1103,1814,1839]" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="assimilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1103,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Circus assimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the peak of the long-legged, shortwinged taxa, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[1011,1105,1846,1869]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1105,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spizaetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. R. Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1158,1246,1847,1870]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spilornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1158,1246,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Spilornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clustered together closely once more.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[949,1179,1879,1902]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[949,1179,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fell intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="assimilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">Circus assimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the forest accipitrid cluster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,356,143,166]" box="[112,356,143,166]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,356,143,166]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,356,143,166]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Phylogenetic analyses</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,796,188,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">We performed phylogenetic analyses of morphological data only, and combined morphological and molecular data, using parsimony and Bayesian methods. We discuss all analyses below, but have most confidence in the analyses combining morphology and molecules, in particular the unlinked Bayesian analyses, for reasons discussed at the end.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,396,889]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,785,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Analysis 1: Parsimony, morphology only, unordered characters</emphasis>
|
||
The first analysis used only morphological data, with no ordering, constraints or weighting applied to the characters. The resulting 30 most parsimonious trees (hereafter MPTs) had a tree length of 1686 steps (SI.5
|
||
<figureCitation box="[216,300,514,537]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[112,167,1970,1990]" captionTargetBox="[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. (A) Map of South Australia with general location of Frome Sub-Basin fossil sites marked with a rectangle, (B) detailed map of the study sites in the Frome Sub- Basin. Lake Pinpa Sites 11 and 12, Ericmas Quarry, and Wells Bog Site located by black squares." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534489/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[321,494,513,536]" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Coragyps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atratus">Coragyps atratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ciconia" box="[504,661,513,536]" class="Aves" family="Ciconiidae" genus="Ciconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ciconia">Ciconia ciconia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Threskiornithidae" genus="Threskiornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinicollis">Threskiornis spinicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[266,503,542,565]" class="Aves" family="Sagittariidae" genus="Sagittarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serpentarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[266,503,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Sagittarius serpentarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were rooted as the outgroup (PP = 97%), while
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[311,396,573,596]" class="Aves" family="Pandionidae" genus="Pandion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[311,396,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Pandion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolved as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[618,743,573,596]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a support value of 97%. This is broadly concordant with independent molecular phylogenetic studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,396,889]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[225,352,660,683]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tree is less congruent with DNA trees. The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[162,287,690,713]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a family had strong support (87%) with the non-Australian Perninae resolved as the most basal clade, which was strongly supported (87%) but had species left in a polytomy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,396,889]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[264,501,778,801]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris" status="n. gen. et sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,501,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[514,665,778,801]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" rank="species">n. gen. et sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
resolved as a branch between the Circaetinae-Harpiinae-Aquilinae clade and all other subfamilies higher up the tree. However, support for this position was very weak (<50%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,797,928,1215]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,757,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Analysis 2: Parsimony, morphology only, ordered characters</emphasis>
|
||
Analysis 2 differed from Analysis 1 by ordering certain multistate characters which formed morphoclines (see SI.1). This generated four MPTs with a tree length of 1720. The resulting strict consensus tree (SI.5
|
||
<figureCitation box="[205,290,1046,1069]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[112,167,1103,1123]" captionTargetBox="[152,754,146,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-608@4.[152,757,143,1074]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Exemplar accipitriform skeleton, Pandion haliaetus cristatus, derived from an illustration in Eyton (1867), showing the bones preserved in the fossil accipitrid specimen SAMA P.54998 shaded in grey. The illustrated taxon and fossil material are not identical in terms of the morphology of individual elements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534491/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is largely the same as for analysis 1, but with the following differences. The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[393,518,1075,1098]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolved with strong support slightly higher than the previous analysis (PP = 88%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,797,928,1215]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[250,480,1134,1157]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[250,480,1134,1157]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was resolved as being between the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,239,1163,1186]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Australian endemic Perninae on the phylogenetic tree, though support for this position was very weak (<50%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,1254,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,796,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Analysis 3: Parsimony, morphology and DNA, ordered characters</emphasis>
|
||
As the analyses based on morphology failed to resolve the taxa in a way that reflects strongly supported clades based on comprehensive molecular data, and the primary aim of the analysis was to assess how the fossil related to the well-corroborated clades of modern taxa, molecular data from six genes was added for 47 taxa (see Methods) forming a combined morphology and molecular data matrix used in Analysis 3. Parsimony analysis of this matrix produced three MPTs with a tree length of 1831 (See SI.5
|
||
<figureCitation box="[668,755,1489,1512]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,1254,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Given the molecular data largely constrains the tree to the relationships dictated by molecular data alone, relationships were mostly the same as those in recent molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nagy J & Tokolyi J." box="[120,380,1607,1630]" journalOrPublisher="Ornis Hungarica." pageId="28" pageNumber="28" pagination="15 - 35" part="22" refId="ref31914" refString="Nagy J, Tokolyi J. 2014. Phylogeny, historical biogeography and the evolution of migration in accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes). Ornis Hungarica. 22: 15 - 35. doi: 10.2478 / orhu- 2014 - 0008." title="Phylogeny, historical biogeography and the evolution of migration in accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)" type="journal article" year="2014">Nagy and Tökölyi 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mindell DP & Fuchs J & Johnson JA" box="[397,605,1607,1630]" editor="Sarasola JH & Grande J & Negro J" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Cham, Switzerland" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" pagination="3 - 32" refId="ref31777" refString="Mindell DP, Fuchs J, Johnson JA. 2018. Phylogeny, taxonomy and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes and Cathartiformes. In: Sarasola JH, Grande J, Negro J, editors. Birds of Prey: biology and conservation in the XXI century. Springer, Cham, Switzerland; p. 3 - 32." title="Phylogeny, taxonomy and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes and Cathartiformes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Birds of Prey: biology and conservation in the XXI century" year="2018">Mindell et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,1254,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The position of the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[464,715,1636,1659]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[464,715,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varied between the strict consensus tree and the bootstrap majority consensus tree of the same analysis. In the strict consensus tree (SI.5) the fossil resolved as nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[670,793,1724,1747]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="MNH S." box="[210,431,1753,1776]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pithecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jefferyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,431,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Pithecophaga jefferyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the bootstrap consensus tree resolved the fossil as its own branch between the Perninae-Gypaetinae and the Circaetinae-Aegypiinae clades with moderate (68%) support.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[112,798,1903,2015]" lastBlockId="28.[829,1515,143,636]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,751,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Analysis 4: Bayesian inference, morphology + DNA, ordered</emphasis>
|
||
The Bayesian analysis with molecular and morphological branch lengths unlinked produced a broadly similar tree for living taxa to the bootstrap consensus of the corresponding parsimony analysis, but with overall much stronger supports for higher-level clades (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1091,1195,173,196]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[112,167,1150,1170]" captionTargetBox="[256,1371,143,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-429@27.[246,1380,143,1121]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534515/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). All subfamilies resolved as monophyletic, and the divergence nodes for all subfamilies and major clades were greater than 70% except for one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[829,1515,143,636]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[969,1201,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1201,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolved as a lineage between the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[869,957,290,313]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Perninae-Gypaetinae clades (i.e. non-elanine accipitrids). Support for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[1100,1235,319,342]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1100,1235,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus a clade of all non-Elanine accipitrids was weak (44%), but there was moderate support (73%) for monophyly of all other non-elanine accipitrids excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[935,1070,407,430]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1070,407,430]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[829,1515,143,636]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
When the branch lengths for the molecular and morphological data were linked (SI.5
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1128,1222,466,489]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the position of the fossil changed.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[934,1179,495,518]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[934,1179,495,518]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moved up the phylogeny and resolved as an independent branch above the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Circaetinae-Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade but below the Harpiinae and relatives. Support for this node was stronger than that of the position resolved by the unlinked analysis, but still weak (56%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[829,1514,671,1340]" box="[829,931,671,694]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[829,931,671,694]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,931,671,694]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Summary</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[829,1514,671,1340]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
All phylogenetic analyses resolved
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[1213,1456,701,724]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1213,1456,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[874,1007,730,753]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consistent with the conclusions drawn from the morphological descriptions, though its precise position within that family varied. Some analyses found it deeply nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1002,1135,818,841]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, closely related to, but outside buteonines, haliaeetines and accipitrines. These analyses include the morphology-only parsimony analyses, morphology+molecular parsimony and morphology+molecular Bayesian analysis with linked branch lengths. However, as discussed below, these deeply nested affinities for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[829,969,994,1017]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,969,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are problematic, and appear less plausible than the topology retrieved in the Bayesian analysis with branch lengths unlinked – where it was one of the most basal accipitrid lineages, with only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1159,1251,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverging before it (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[838,942,1111,1134]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[112,167,1150,1170]" captionTargetBox="[256,1371,143,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-429@27.[246,1380,143,1121]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534515/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[829,1514,671,1340]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Amore precise and robust position for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[1262,1492,1141,1164]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1262,1492,1141,1164]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps prohibited by missing data. Even with the 63 preserved elements, there is still a significant amount of missing data. The mandible and cranium, most of the sternum, the distal ends of the humeri, the pelvis, and most of the femora were not preserved. Thus, only 45% (135/300) of phylogenetic characters could be assessed in SAMA P.54998.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |