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<mods:title id="7497F03B6460FFAEE90020A15DF5EED1">Three new species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FC541E63341DE0272B60BC1C576B6A98">Dantas, Jaciele De Oliveira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1FE67357E0AB96A00ED60B7A715E66E4">Alves, Elaine Santos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="936CC8A3F3B78D88E6EB5992C88C1524">Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olímpio Grande, s / n, CEP: 49500 - 000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5527AEEE24DA1CE2BE2BB8BCE522CC55">Lücking, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDCFB937FBFE460CFDB5C44EA5E2C3B2">Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFF14A7EDFEFEFBFF" bold="true" box="[136,286,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Graphis alba</emphasis>
Dantas, Lücking &amp; M. Cáceres
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<paragraph id="CF7936EF2366C43BFF14A007FE78FBC1" blockId="1.[136,1451,1052,1217]" box="[136,408,1052,1073]" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Mycobank No.: MB 822329</paragraph>
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Diagnosis: Differing from 
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<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFE14A05BFE37FBA5" box="[392,471,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Graphis</emphasis>
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riopiedrensis in the labia featuring a conspicuous white cover and eventually becoming striate.
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: 
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, 
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; 
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, 
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; isolated remnant of Caatinga vegetation, on tree bark; 
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(
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ibid., 
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(
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.
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<paragraph id="CF7936EF2366C43BFF14A0B7FD4FFB31" blockId="1.[136,1451,1052,1217]" box="[136,687,1196,1217]" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Etymology: The epithet refers to the white-covered labia.</paragraph>
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Description: Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to 
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diam., continuous; surface uneven, light cream-colored; prothallus absent but thin black prothallus line sometimes formed when bordering other lichens. Thallus in section 70–120 μm thick, with cartilaginous upper cortex, 5–10 μm thick, irregular photobiont layer, 50–100 μm thick, with large clusters of calcium oxalate crystals above and within the photobiont layer. Photobiont 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2366C43BFBE7A145FAE9FA87" box="[1147,1289,1374,1399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Trentepohlia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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; cells rounded to irregular in outline, in irregular groups, yellowish green, 7–12 × 6–10 μm. Ascomata lirelliform, flexuose, partly branched, erumpent, with thick lateral thalline margin, 
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long, 
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wide, 
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high; disc concealed; labia thick, entire (first generation lirellae) to striate, black beneath but with thick, white cover contrasting with the cream-colored thallus; thalline margin laterally thick, light cream-colored. Excipulum entire (first generation lirellae) to crenulate, laterally carbonized but somewhat converging basally, 50–100 μm wide, black; laterally covered by corticate algiferous thallus including clusters of crystals; hypothecium prosoplectenchymatous, 10–20 μm high, pale yellowish; hymenium 90–110 μm high, colorless, clear; epihymenium olive-grey granulose, granules not soluble in K, 10–20 μm high, olive-brown. Asci fusiform, 80–100 × 20–25 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, (sub-)muriform with 5–7 transverse and 0–2 longitudinal septa per segment, 25–35 × 10–15 μm, 2–3 times as long as wide, colorless, I+ violet-blue. Secondary chemistry: stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), thallus and ascomata in section with K+ persistently yellow efflux.
</paragraph>
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Habitat and distribution: Thus far only known from the state of 
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in northeast 
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, growing on tree bark in an isolated Caatinga remnant.
</paragraph>
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Characterization and taxonomic relationships: Among species of 
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<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFC3EA34DFC1EF89F" box="[930,1022,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Graphis</emphasis>
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with small, muriform ascospores and clear hymenium (
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Lücking 
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFE33A361FE3FF863" box="[431,479,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
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), 
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<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFDA6A361FD2EF863" box="[570,718,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">Graphis alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically characterized by the conspicuous, white cover on the lirellae (hence the epithet 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2366C43BFE62A385FDD0F847" authorityName="Dantas, Lucking &amp; M. Caceres" authorityYear="2017" box="[510,560,1950,1975]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="1" pageNumber="290" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2366C43BFE62A385FDD0F847" box="[510,560,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="290">alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), contrasting with the surrounding thallus, in combination with the stictic acid chemistry. The labia start out entire but eventually become striate, and the laterally carbonized excipulum converges somewhat basally. Hence, the new species also needs to be compared with other taxa with the same chemistry and small, muriform ascospores having entire or striate labia and a laterally or completely carbonized excipulum. Only four taxa fit these criteria (
<bibRefCitation id="AB574B1E2365C438FE2AA4BBFD7BFF49" author="Lucking, R. &amp; Archer, A. W. &amp; Aptroot, A." box="[438,667,160,185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" pagination="363 - 452" refId="ref3807" refString="Lucking, R., Archer, A. W. &amp; Aptroot, A. (2009) A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae). The Lichenologist 41: 363 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282909008305" type="journal article" year="2009">
Lücking 
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FD81A4BBFDAFFF49" box="[541,591,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Among these, 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2365C438FCCDA4BBFBC6FF49" authority="Vain." authorityName="Vain." box="[849,1062,160,185]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="deserpens">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FCCDA4BBFC04FF49" box="[849,996,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">G. deserpens</emphasis>
Vain.
</taxonomicName>
has entire, black labia with lateral thalline margin of the same color as the surrounding thallus, whereas the paleotropical 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2365C438FBF2A4DFFF36FEF1" authority="Z. F. Jia &amp; J. C. Wei" authorityName="Z. F. Jia &amp; J. C. Wei" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="fujianensis">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FBF2A4DFFAEBFF2D" box="[1134,1291,196,221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">G. fujianensis</emphasis>
Z. F. Jia &amp; J. C. Wei
</taxonomicName>
features prominent lirellae lacking a thalline margin. Likewise, the paleotropical 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2365C438FBEAA4F3FEB9FED5" authority="(Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. &amp; Kashiw." authorityName="M. Nakan. &amp; Kashiw." baseAuthorityName="Zahlbr." class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hunanensis">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FBEAA4F3FAF8FEF1" box="[1142,1304,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">G. hunanensis</emphasis>
(Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. &amp; Kashiw.
</taxonomicName>
, with striate labia, has lirellae lacking a thalline margin. 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2365C438FC56A517FAC6FED5" authority="A. W. Archer" authorityName="A. W. Archer" box="[970,1318,268,293]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="discarpa">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FC56A517FB6EFED5" box="[970,1166,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Graphis discarpa</emphasis>
A. W. Archer
</taxonomicName>
agrees with 
<taxonomicName id="08C64D6C2365C438FF14A52BFF3CFEB9" authorityName="Dantas, Lucking &amp; M. Caceres" authorityYear="2017" box="[136,220,304,329]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Graphis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ostropales" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="FDB2EAFD2365C438FF14A52BFF3CFEB9" box="[136,220,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">G. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the conspicuous white cover of the labia, but the labia are immersed and flush with the surrounding thallus and separated from the latter by a distinct split, and the species produces transversely septate ascospores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>