treatments-xml/data/03/F2/87/03F287F8FFADFFA3C8C2C7F8FEC0BDA1.xml

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<mods:title>Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jameson, Tom J. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Streicher, Jeffrey W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Manuelli, Luigi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Head, Jason J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Herpetological Monographs</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-04-04</mods:number>
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<subSubSection box="[991,1367,385,410]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="37.[991,1367,385,410]" box="[991,1367,385,410]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority="(Taylor 1941)" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[991,1367,385,410]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[991,1207,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor" box="[1223,1358,385,410]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="87 - 94" part="54" refId="ref39319" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1941. Some Mexican frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 87 - 94." title="Some Mexican frogs" type="journal article" year="1941">Taylor 1941</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1515,431,601]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="FMNH" country="Mexico" location="Guerrero" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="FMNH 100116" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Guerrero">
<taxonomicName authority="Taylor 1941: 89" authorityName="Taylor" authorityPageNumber="89" authorityYear="1941" box="[844,1314,431,455]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<originalDetermination box="[844,1282,431,455]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis box="[844,1135,431,455]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Eleutherodactylus saltator</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, E. H." box="[1145,1314,431,455]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" page="89" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="87 - 94" part="54" refId="ref39319" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1941. Some Mexican frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 87 - 94." title="Some Mexican frogs" type="journal article" year="1941">Taylor 1941:89</bibRefCitation>
</originalDetermination>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype 
<specimenCount box="[1440,1514,431,455]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="female">female</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode box="[900,1075,460,484]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">FMNH 100116</specimenCode>
) from ‘‘Omilteme, 
<collectingRegion box="[1294,1400,460,484]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1414,1498,460,484]" name="Mexico" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" value="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.’’ [Examined]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1515,431,601]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority=": Lynch 2000: 134" authorityName="Lynch" authorityPageNumber="134" authorityYear="2000" box="[844,1364,519,543]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[844,1166,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Eleutherodactylus mexicanus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch" box="[1182,1364,519,543]" firstAuthor="Lynch" journalOrPublisher="Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales" page="134" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="129 - 156" part="24" refId="ref37957" refString="Lynch, J. D. 2000. The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia). Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 24: 129 - 156." title="The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia)" type="journal article" year="2000">Lynch 2000:134</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [Misidentification].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1515,431,601]" box="[844,1515,577,601]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority="(Taylor)" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[844,1160,577,601]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[844,1059,577,601]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
(Taylor)
</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Crawford, A. J. &amp; E. N. Smith" box="[1171,1511,577,601]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="536 - 555" refId="ref35831" refString="Crawford, A. J., and E. N. Smith. 2005. Cenozoic biogeography and evolution in direct-developing frogs of Central America (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) as inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 536 - 555." type="journal article" year="2005">Crawford and Smith 2005:536</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1514,628,2001]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,998,628,652]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
—Based on 
<typeStatus box="[1155,1251,628,652]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">holotype</typeStatus>
and three additional specimens. Aspecies of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" box="[1139,1263,658,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1139,1263,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Craugastor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) large adult size (maximum SVL 
<emphasis box="[1025,1045,715,740]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[1053,1134,716,740]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
); (2) full ossification of skeleton in adults but under a different ontogenetic sequence than other members of the series (
<tableCitation box="[1113,1201,775,799]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[227,240,188,207]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 3.—Six-stage ontogenetic sequence for skeletal development used to diagnose development in the Craugastor mexicanus series." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF246666FF8DFF80CBFEC6C6FE86B98B" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="DF246666FF8DFF80CBFEC6C6FE86B98B">Table 3</tableCitation>
), where the sphenethmoid, humeral interior epiphyses, and tibiofibular epiphyses do not ossify during stage 3, the fontopareital-prootic suture does not offset posteriorly during stage 4, and the epicorocoids do not ossify during stage 6; (3) presence of posterolateral projection of the frontoparietal; (4) presence of vomerine odontophores; (5) presence or absence of raised tubercles on eyelids; (6) supratympanic fold developed; (7) face flank, labium barred or dark with a cream stripe above; canthal stripe complete or broken; (8) one or two postrictal tubercles; (9) gular region with trace of mid-pale stripe; (10) dorsal surface unicolored, blotched, or with wide middorsal stripe bordered by cream-colored stripes, dark interorbital bar, sometimes with small suprascapular and/or rump spots; (11) middorsal ridge present; (12) dorsum smooth or slightly tuberculate; (13) body flank unicolored, rarely supratympanic stripe extending to area behind insertion of arm, making anterior area darker; finely shagreened; (14) inguinal gland present and axillary gland present in adults; (15) when leg adpressed to body, heel reaches beyond snout; (16) outer tarsal ridge with 0–5 extremely small, flat, and round tubercles, no raised fringe or ridge; (17) finger and toe pads round and expanded; (18) inner metatarsal tubercle larger than outer metatarsal tubercle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1514,628,2001]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,1037,1508,1532]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Comparisons.</emphasis>
— 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1064,1277,1508,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1064,1277,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from 
<emphasis box="[905,1514,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[905,1039,1537,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitonium">C. bitonium</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[1051,1165,1537,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cueyatl">C. cueyatl</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[1176,1353,1537,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hobartsmithi">C. hobartsmithi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[1365,1509,1538,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">C. pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[896,1018,1567,1591]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubinus">
<emphasis box="[896,1018,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. rubinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of vomerine odontophores (present in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[984,1104,1596,1620]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[984,1104,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelariensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. candelariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[1054,1220,1625,1649]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portilloensis">
<emphasis box="[1054,1220,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. portilloensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by equal sizes of the inner and outer metatarsal tubercles (unequal sizes in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1383,1499,1655,1679]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1383,1499,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName box="[1171,1344,1684,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis box="[1171,1344,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by ventral skin texture in life; smooth to granular in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1307,1430,1713,1737]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1307,1430,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus areolate in 
<taxonomicName box="[970,1144,1743,1767]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis box="[970,1144,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1942" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. montanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[1007,1154,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polaclavus">
<emphasis box="[1007,1154,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. polaclavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by shorter relative leg sizes with a crus ratio of 50–58% SVL (long relative leg sizes of 62–73% SVL in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[929,1046,1831,1855]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[929,1046,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1069,1284,1831,1855]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1069,1284,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brocchi" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">C. mexicanus</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
however, they do not overlap in geographic range (see 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brocchi" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[897,1046,1890,1913]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[897,1046,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
account for additional information).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="37.[844,1514,628,2001]" lastBlockId="38.[118,789,696,2001]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[871,1023,1918,1942]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Description.</emphasis>
—Detailed description in 
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor" box="[1346,1510,1919,1943]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="67 - 89" part="28" refId="ref39344" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1942. New tailless Amphibia from Mexico. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 28: 67 - 89." title="New tailless Amphibia from Mexico" type="journal article" year="1942">Taylor (1942)</bibRefCitation>
. Described as large-bodied, long-legged, with pigmented testes, unequal inner and outer metatarsal tubercle sizes, large vomerine odontophores, and generally smooth dorsal skin (
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor" box="[186,331,726,750]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="87 - 94" part="54" refId="ref39319" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1941. Some Mexican frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 87 - 94." title="Some Mexican frogs" type="journal article" year="1941">Taylor 1941</bibRefCitation>
); with less population-level chromatic variation than its relative 
<taxonomicName authority="(Lynch 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[405,716,756,780]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[405,553,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch" box="[570,708,756,780]" firstAuthor="Lynch" journalOrPublisher="Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="129 - 156" part="24" refId="ref37957" refString="Lynch, J. D. 2000. The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia). Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 24: 129 - 156." title="The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia)" type="journal article" year="2000">Lynch 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection box="[27,778,2060,2078]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="37.[27,876,2060,2097]" box="[27,778,2060,2078]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Herpetological-Monographs on 
<date box="[670,778,2061,2078]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" value="2022-05-04">04 May 2022</date>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518659" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6518659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518659/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" startId="38.[142,156,609,628]" targetBox="[118,1440,187,587]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph blockId="38.[118,1489,608,652]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
FIG. 36.—Subadult 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[317,487,609,628]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[317,487,609,628]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(left, UTA A-66120, SVL 
<emphasis box="[718,734,608,628]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
14.5 mm) from area above Corral de Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2560–2590 m; female holotype (right, FMNH 100166, SVL 
<emphasis box="[458,474,632,652]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
44.0 mm) from Omiltemi, Guerrero, Mexico. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="38.[118,789,696,2001]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus box="[150,253,786,810]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode box="[269,354,786,810]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
100166) large female (
<collectionCode box="[614,664,786,810]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">SVL</collectionCode>
<emphasis box="[673,693,785,810]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[703,784,786,810]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
; 
<figureCitation box="[118,199,816,840]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="38.[142,156,609,628]" captionTargetBox="[118,1440,187,587]" captionTargetId="figure-779@38.[118,1494,187,588]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIG. 36.—Subadult Craugastor saltator (left, UTA A-66120, SVL ¼ 14.5 mm) from area above Corral de Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2560–2590 m; female holotype (right, FMNH 100166, SVL ¼ 44.0 mm) from Omiltemi, Guerrero, Mexico. A color version of this figure is available online." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518659/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
) with relative finger lengths III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[727,788,816,840]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">Iand</collectionCode>
relative toe lengths IV&gt; III&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[503,520,846,869]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
&gt; II&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[634,646,846,869]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
. 
<collectionCode box="[663,788,845,870]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">Asubadult</collectionCode>
individual used in the molecular analysis, 
<collectionCode box="[576,630,876,900]" collectionName="UTA" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">UTA</collectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[636,663,875,899]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">A-</collectionCode>
66120 (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="38.[142,156,609,628]" captionTargetBox="[118,1440,187,587]" captionTargetId="figure-779@38.[118,1494,187,588]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIG. 36.—Subadult Craugastor saltator (left, UTA A-66120, SVL ¼ 14.5 mm) from area above Corral de Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2560–2590 m; female holotype (right, FMNH 100166, SVL ¼ 44.0 mm) from Omiltemi, Guerrero, Mexico. A color version of this figure is available online." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518659/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
) had the following characteristics: SVL 
<emphasis box="[639,659,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[675,784,905,929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
; tympanum width 
<emphasis box="[322,342,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[343,433,935,959]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
; naris–snout length 
<emphasis box="[668,688,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[700,788,935,959]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
(4.7% 
<collectionCode box="[194,246,965,989]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">SVL</collectionCode>
); eye–nostril distance 
<emphasis box="[503,523,963,988]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
<quantity box="[535,623,964,988]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
(10.3% 
<collectionCode box="[724,776,965,989]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">SVL</collectionCode>
); relative finger lengths III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[554,565,995,1018]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
; relative toe lengths IV&gt; III&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[275,292,1025,1048]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
&gt; II&gt; 
<collectionCode box="[412,423,1025,1048]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
; unlike adult specimens, inner metatarsal tubercle and outer metatarsal tubercle near equal in length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="38.[118,789,696,2001]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,306,1113,1137]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</emphasis>
—Known only from the high-elevation pine–oak forests of 
<collectingRegion box="[347,450,1144,1168]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
in the Sierra Madre del Sur (
<figureCitation box="[126,195,1173,1197]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[166,180,657,676]" captionTargetBox="[142,817,180,644]" captionTargetId="figure-472@11.[143,812,187,636]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6.—Distribution of Craugastor mexicanus, C. montanus, C. pygmaeus, and C. saltator in Mexico and Guatemala. Dots inside symbols indicate individuals used in the molecular analyses in this study. Relevant type localities are indicated by text and arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518676/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="38.[118,789,696,2001]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,321,1203,1227]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Phylogenetics.</emphasis>
—We were only able to sequence mtDNA data for 
<emphasis box="[236,372,1233,1257]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[236,368,1233,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">C. saltator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
so only it was included in the concatenated and mtDNA analyses. In the concatenated analysis, it was recovered as the sister taxon of 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with limited support (ML 
<emphasis box="[589,609,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
44; BAYES 
<emphasis box="[767,787,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
0.74; 
<figureCitation box="[182,250,1352,1376]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[142,156,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[295,1312,189,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[294,1312,187,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3.—Concatenated Maximum Likelihood analyses of two mitochondrial (12S and 16S) and two nuclear (RAG1 and TYR) gene fragments sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 2230 base pairs). Node values correspond to bootstrap support from Maximum Likelihood analysis and posterior probabilities from a Bayesian analysis of the same data set, respectively. Support values are not reported for nodes that had,50/0.50. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, HID ¼ Hidalgo, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518593/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In the mtDNA-only analysis, support for this relationship was lower in the ML analysis but higher in the BAYES analysis (ML 
<emphasis box="[358,378,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
33, BAYES 
<emphasis box="[518,538,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">¼</emphasis>
0.82; 
<figureCitation box="[606,673,1411,1436]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[166,180,1708,1727]" captionTargetBox="[142,1514,192,1686]" captionTargetId="figure-77@9.[142,1518,189,1686]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4.—Maximum Likelihood analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 1047 base pairs). Black circles indicate nodes receiving bootstrap support values.90 from the Maximum Likelihood analysis and 0.90 posterior probabilities in corresponding Bayesian analyses. Where posterior probabilities were.0.90 but Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support was,90, a number indicates the bootstrap support. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, HID ¼ Hidalgo, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518597/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). In terms of genetic distances (
<tableCitation box="[349,435,1441,1465]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[169,182,188,207]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 4.—Genetic P-distances derived from the concatenated alignment 2230 base pairs of 12S and 16S (mtDNA) þ RAG1 and TYR (nDNA) for species contained within the Craugastor mexicanus series. Bolded distances on diagonal are within species P-distances (if more than a single individual was used to estimate mean genetic distance)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF246666FF8FFF82CBB4C6C6FAA2B9BB" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF246666FF8FFF82CBB4C6C6FAA2B9BB">Table 4</tableCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[456,571,1441,1465]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[456,571,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was most similar to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[118,267,1472,1495]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[118,267,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5.1%), followed by similarity to 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5.6%).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="38.[118,789,696,2001]" lastBlockId="38.[820,1490,696,1253]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,260,1531,1555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
—The skull of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[425,541,1531,1555]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[425,541,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[290,470,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName box="[290,465,1561,1585]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">C. omiltemanus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with more anteriorly placed anterior suture of the frontoparietal and prootic than in other species. 
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor" box="[216,403,1620,1644]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" page="91" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="87 - 94" part="54" refId="ref39319" refString="Taylor, E. H. 1941. Some Mexican frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 87 - 94." title="Some Mexican frogs" type="journal article" year="1941">Taylor (1941:91)</bibRefCitation>
makes multiple references to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[272,453,1650,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis box="[272,453,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcitrans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Eleutherodactylus calcitrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) being similar and states that these two species can be differentiated by the ‘‘very long limb, and the reduced inner metatarsaltubercle [of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[373,486,1739,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[373,486,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].’’ 
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch" box="[522,669,1739,1763]" firstAuthor="Lynch" journalOrPublisher="Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="129 - 156" part="24" refId="ref37957" refString="Lynch, J. D. 2000. The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia). Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 24: 129 - 156." title="The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia)" type="journal article" year="2000">Lynch (2000)</bibRefCitation>
noted that 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[118,234,1769,1793]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[118,234,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is actually far more similar to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[578,726,1769,1793]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[578,726,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from adjacent Oaxaca and subsequently synonymized 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[669,788,1799,1823]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[669,788,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[185,343,1829,1852]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[185,343,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Methods, Taxonomic History). Despite the finding of 
<bibRefCitation author="Crawford, A. J. &amp; E. N. Smith" box="[386,706,1858,1882]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="536 - 555" refId="ref35831" refString="Crawford, A. J., and E. N. Smith. 2005. Cenozoic biogeography and evolution in direct-developing frogs of Central America (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) as inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 536 - 555." type="journal article" year="2005">Crawford and Smith (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, which were used to revalidate 
<emphasis box="[384,506,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[384,502,1888,1912]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">C. saltator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
at one point in our study one of us (JWS) was convinced by 
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch's" box="[509,673,1918,1942]" firstAuthor="Lynch's" journalOrPublisher="Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="129 - 156" part="24" refId="ref37957" refString="Lynch, J. D. 2000. The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia). Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 24: 129 - 156." title="The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia)" type="journal article" year="2000">Lynch’s (2000)</bibRefCitation>
argument that 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[169,285,1947,1971]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[169,285,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[634,781,1948,1971]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis box="[634,781,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The basis for this suspicion was (1) a specimen collected by J.D. Godman from Omilteme, Guerrero (the 
<typeStatus box="[1344,1391,697,721]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
locality) identified by J.D. Lynch as 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1139,1257,726,750]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1139,1257,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<date box="[1305,1489,726,751]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" value="1972-01-13">13 January 1972</date>
(BMNH 1901.12.19.24) is similar in morphology to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2) the nDNA analysis of 
<bibRefCitation author="Crawford, A. J. &amp; E. N. Smith" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="536 - 555" refId="ref35831" refString="Crawford, A. J., and E. N. Smith. 2005. Cenozoic biogeography and evolution in direct-developing frogs of Central America (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) as inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 536 - 555." type="journal article" year="2005">Crawford and Smith (2005)</bibRefCitation>
found 
<emphasis box="[970,1262,814,839]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[970,1117,815,839]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">C. mexicanus</taxonomicName>
þ 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1147,1262,815,839]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">C. saltator</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
to be monophyletic; and, (3) we did not observe range overlap between 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[992,1109,874,898]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[992,1109,874,898]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1125,1193,874,898]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[166,180,657,676]" captionTargetBox="[142,817,180,644]" captionTargetId="figure-472@11.[143,812,187,636]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6.—Distribution of Craugastor mexicanus, C. montanus, C. pygmaeus, and C. saltator in Mexico and Guatemala. Dots inside symbols indicate individuals used in the molecular analyses in this study. Relevant type localities are indicated by text and arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518676/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), which may be consistent with a single large-bodied, long-legged species inhabiting the Sierra Madre del Sur. However, as in 
<bibRefCitation author="Crawford, A. J. &amp; E. N. Smith" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="536 - 555" refId="ref35831" refString="Crawford, A. J., and E. N. Smith. 2005. Cenozoic biogeography and evolution in direct-developing frogs of Central America (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) as inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 536 - 555." type="journal article" year="2005">Crawford and Smith (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, our mtDNA phylogenetic results did not recover 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">C. mexicanus</taxonomicName>
þ 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[973,1094,992,1016]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">C. saltator</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as monophyletic (
<figureCitation box="[1310,1380,992,1016]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[142,156,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[295,1312,189,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[294,1312,187,1835]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3.—Concatenated Maximum Likelihood analyses of two mitochondrial (12S and 16S) and two nuclear (RAG1 and TYR) gene fragments sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 2230 base pairs). Node values correspond to bootstrap support from Maximum Likelihood analysis and posterior probabilities from a Bayesian analysis of the same data set, respectively. Support values are not reported for nodes that had,50/0.50. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, HID ¼ Hidalgo, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518593/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and the specimens of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[972,1089,1022,1046]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[972,1089,1022,1046]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we examined had on average larger body sizes and differing toe length formulae than did 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[951,1041,1081,1105]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[142,156,1885,1904]" captionTargetBox="[119,787,1354,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-311@12.[118,787,1354,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 10.—Difference in ontogenetic trajectories between select largebodied (Craugastor mexicanus, C. omiltemanus, C. saltator) and smallbodied species (C. hobartsmithi, C. pygmaeus) of the C. mexicanus series as evidenced by reduced-major axis regression of size-correlated shape axes with log-centroid size following Sidlauskas et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518607/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation box="[1099,1127,1081,1105]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[844,858,1933,1952]" captionTargetBox="[820,1488,1418,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-365@12.[820,1489,1417,1911]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 11.—Ossification levels within the Craugastor mexicanus series compared with body size (estimated as log centroid size). Ossification scores are based on the six-stage ontogenetic sequence described in Table 3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518609/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">11</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation box="[1141,1229,1081,1105]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="14.[846,859,803,823]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 6.—Select characteristics of species in the Craugastor mexicanus series. X indicates presence, O indicates absence, and? indicates uncertainty. If greater than one, number of specimens examined is indicated in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF246666FF86FF8BC853C559FF05BA0B" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF246666FF86FF8BC853C559FF05BA0B">Table 6</tableCitation>
). As such, we continue to recognize 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[964,1080,1111,1135]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[964,1080,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species pending further taxonomic investigation. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1094,1310,1140,1164]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saltator">
<emphasis box="[1094,1310,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Craugastor saltator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely co-occurs with 
<emphasis box="[877,1179,1170,1194]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jameson &amp; Streicher &amp; Manuelli &amp; Head &amp; Smith" authorityYear="2022" box="[877,1014,1170,1194]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitonium">C. bitonium</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[1028,1175,1170,1194]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">C. pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1239,1414,1170,1194]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Craugastor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omiltemanus">
<emphasis box="[1239,1414,1170,1194]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. omiltemanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero. It may overlap with 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">C. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern Guerrero and western Oaxaca (
<figureCitation box="[1409,1477,1229,1253]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[166,180,657,676]" captionTargetBox="[142,817,180,644]" captionTargetId="figure-472@11.[143,812,187,636]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6.—Distribution of Craugastor mexicanus, C. montanus, C. pygmaeus, and C. saltator in Mexico and Guatemala. Dots inside symbols indicate individuals used in the molecular analyses in this study. Relevant type localities are indicated by text and arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6518676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6518676/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>