treatments-xml/data/03/E8/87/03E887DC5E6DFFB75EC91608FDF2ADC5.xml

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<mods:title id="19161BFBF788FAED9123040D00ACC577">Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EEC13F51432917C91D4E52D13CA1672B">Plotkin, Alexander S.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C35B65415E6DFFBF5EC91608FDE7A82A" box="[151,596,591,617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC91608FDE7A82A" blockId="7.[151,596,591,617]" box="[151,596,591,617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<heading id="D0B681A65E6DFFBF5EC91608FDE7A82A" bold="true" box="[151,596,591,617]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC91608FDE7A82A" bold="true" box="[151,596,591,617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5EB01608FDE7A82A" authority="Bowerbank, 1864" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1864" box="[238,596,591,617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EB01608FEC7A82A" bold="true" box="[238,372,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia</emphasis>
Bowerbank, 1864
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E6DFFBF5EC916DDFC3FA93F" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC916DDFC3FA93F" blockId="7.[151,1437,666,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC916DDFD6AA8F0" box="[151,729,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
Diagnosis (emended from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5F8B16DDFD79A8F0" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[469,714,666,691]" pageId="7" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Boury­Esnault 2002</bibRefCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Thickly encrusting sponges of spherical, hemispherical or cushion shape, always with papillae. Choanosomal skeleton is composed by radial tracts of principal spicules between which free spicules are scattered. Cortical skeleton constituted by at least two layers, the superficial palisade of small tylostyles and the lower layer made of intermediary spicules, lying tangential to the surface. The principal spicules can be tylostyles, subtylostyles, styles, and strongyloxeas, intermediary spicules are most often tylostyles, and cortical spicules are always tylostyles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E6DFFBF5E9817CDFCF1AF4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5E9817CDFCF1AF4F" blockId="7.[151,1437,666,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5E9817CDFE7FA9E0" box="[198,460,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Remarks to diagnosis:</emphasis>
At the moment 73 from 117 accepted polymastiid species are placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5B4617CDFA2FA9E0" box="[1304,1436,906,931]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5B4617CDFA2FA9E0" box="[1304,1436,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5E8A17F5FE12A98F" author="Soest" box="[212,417,946,972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van, Boury-Esnault, N., Janussen, D. &amp; Hooper, J. (2005) World Porifera database. Available from: http: / / www. marinespecies. org / porifera / (23 - 01 - 2008)." type="book" year="2005">
Soest 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5F4317F5FEEAA988" box="[285,345,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), and some of them demonstrate noticeable discrepancies with the currently accepted diagnosis of the genus (see, e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5C4D179DFC3EA9B7" author="Kelly-Borges" box="[531,909,986,1012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Kelly-Borges, M. &amp; Bergquist, P. R. (1997) Revision of Southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen. nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31 (3), 367 - 402." type="journal article" year="1997">Kelly­Borges &amp; Bergquist 1997</bibRefCitation>
), that calls for its considerable re­evaluation. Since we did not aim to revise 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5FA11045FD30AE58" box="[511,643,1026,1051]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5FA11045FD30AE58" box="[511,643,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present study, the emendations of the diagnosis given in Systema Porifera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5F14106DFD8DAE07" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[330,574,1066,1092]" pageId="7" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Boury­Esnault 2002</bibRefCitation>
) are minimized. Meanwhile, two 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E6DFFBF5D86106DFBF6AE07" box="[984,1093,1066,1092]" name="Antarctica" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5AEB106DFE81AE2F" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5AEB106DFAE1AE00" box="[1205,1362,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">P. invaginata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5B02106DFE81AE2F" author="Kirkpatrick" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 20 (117), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1907">Kirkpatrick, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5F351014FD05AE2F" authority="Lendenfeld, 1888" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1888" box="[363,694,1106,1132]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5F351014FE7AAE2F" box="[363,457,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">P. zitteli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5F861015FD1EAE2F" author="Lendenfeld" box="[472,685,1106,1132]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, concerned below, bear the features which somehow contradict the accepted diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5F99103CFDF8AED7" box="[455,587,1147,1172]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5F99103CFDF8AED7" box="[455,587,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the contradiction has not been previously emphasized. The dissimilarities include a single­layered cortex of the former species and the reticulated choanosomal skeleton of the latter. However, as the species in question share some other diagnostic features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5A62108CFB73AEA7" box="[1084,1216,1227,1252]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5A62108CFB73AEA7" box="[1084,1216,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we retain them as is, until the revision of the whole genus can be completed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5E98115CFC1DAF77" blockId="7.[151,1437,666,1332]" box="[198,942,1306,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5E98115CFDE3AF77" box="[198,592,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E6DFFBF5E98115CFF4EAF77" box="[198,253,1307,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Type</typeStatus>
species: Spongia mamillaris
</emphasis>
Müller, 1806 (by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E6DFFBF5EC911D5FC39ACC2" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC911D5FC11AFEF" blockId="7.[151,930,1426,1452]" box="[151,930,1426,1452]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5EC911D5FD38AFEF" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,651,1426,1452]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC911D5FD38AFEF" bold="true" box="[151,651,1426,1452]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC911D5FE17AFEF" bold="true" box="[151,420,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5FF511D5FD38AFEF" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[427,651,1426,1452]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 20 (117), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1907">Kirkpatrick, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137A2A4F5E6DFFBF5CC211D5FCBEAFEF" box="[668,781,1426,1452]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="9.[151,255,1771,1795]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,244,1636,1657]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,194,1747]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,191,1614]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1747]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,191,1614]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Polymastia invaginata: external morphology and skeleton architecture. A – specimen SMF 10543. B – a specimen from series SMF 10546. C – a specimen from series SMF 10554. D – histological section of SMF 10543, general view. E – histological section of SMF 10546, general view. F – histological section of SMF 10548, detail of choanosome with stellate bundles of small spicules. G – histological section of SMF 10547, detail of cortex. H – histological section of SMF 10543, detail of cortex with a sceptre­like spicule. Scale bars: A – C 10 mm; D – E 1 mm; F – H 0.1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Polymastia invaginata: spicules. A – frequency distribution of length (sceptre­like spicules excluded). B – principal spicules. C – small spicules. D – extra­long spicule, general view. E – the same as D, details of proximal and distal ends. F – sceptre­like spicules. Scale bars: B – C 0.1 mm; D 1 mm; E – F 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/183882/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/183883/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6C303715E6DFFBF5D4711D5FC2AAFEF" box="[793,921,1426,1452]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="11.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,305,1089]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1424,283,1915]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Polymastia invaginata: Results of spicule measurements." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Polymastia invaginata: comparison of characters given by different authors." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3E66425E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3E66425E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" tableUuid-0="DF3E66425E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" tableUuid-1="DF3E66425E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC911A5FEA5AFBF" blockId="7.[151,1437,1506,1665]" box="[151,278,1506,1532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Synonymy</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC9124DFEABAC22" blockId="7.[151,1437,1506,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5111E45E6DFFBF5EC9124DFEABAC22" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5EC9124DFE34AC62" box="[151,391,1546,1569]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC9124DFE34AC62" box="[151,391,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E6DFFBF5FFC124DFD20AC62" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[418,659,1546,1569]" page="271" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5FFC124DFDEEAC62" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[418,605,1546,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 20 (117), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1907">Kirkpatrick 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 271
</treatmentCitation>
; 1908: pp. 15–16, pl. XII(1b), pl. XIV (5–15a); 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5ACB124DFAACAC62" author="Burton" box="[1173,1311,1546,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="133" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology, 6 (4), 393 - 458." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 446
</treatmentCitation>
; 1932: 338; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E6DFFBF5EA3126DFE1CAC02" author="Koltun" box="[253,431,1578,1601]" page="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5EA3126DFE34AC02" author="Koltun" box="[253,391,1578,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 26
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. IV(10–14); 1976: 168; Boury­Esnault and van 
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E6DFFBF5D8C126DFB22AC02" author="Beveren" box="[978,1169,1578,1601]" page="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5D8C126DFBD8AC02" author="Beveren" box="[978,1131,1578,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comite national francais des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</treatmentCitation>
–37, pl. IV (13–14), figs. 9d, e, f.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC9122DFC39ACC2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1506,1665]" box="[151,906,1642,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5111E45E6DFFBF5EC9122DFC39ACC2" box="[151,906,1642,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5EC9122DFE34ACC2" box="[151,391,1642,1665]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5EC9122DFE34ACC2" box="[151,391,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E6DFFBF5FD0122DFDB3ACC2" box="[398,512,1642,1665]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="invaginata" variety="gaussi">
var. 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E6DFFBF5FE2122DFDB3ACC2" box="[444,512,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">gaussi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E6DFFBF5C45122DFD5FACC2" author="Hentschel" box="[539,748,1642,1665]" page="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E6DFFBF5C45122DFD76ACC2" author="Hentschel" box="[539,709,1642,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="134" refString="Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903, 15 (1), 35 - 141." type="journal article" year="1914">Hentschel 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 49
</treatmentCitation>
, Taf. V, 
<figureCitation id="137A2A4F5E6DFFBF5D1B122DFC35ACC2" box="[837,902,1642,1665]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1747]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polymastia invaginata: external morphology and skeleton architecture. A – specimen SMF 10543. B – a specimen from series SMF 10546. C – a specimen from series SMF 10554. D – histological section of SMF 10543, general view. E – histological section of SMF 10546, general view. F – histological section of SMF 10548, detail of choanosome with stellate bundles of small spicules. G – histological section of SMF 10547, detail of cortex. H – histological section of SMF 10543, detail of cortex with a sceptre­like spicule. Scale bars: A – C 10 mm; D – E 1 mm; F – H 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183882/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E6DFFB05EC912F5FD2EA856" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5EC912F5FE34AC8D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1714,1943]" box="[151,391,1714,1742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E6DFFBF5E98129AFDEEADD4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1714,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5E98129AFEB2ACB4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[198,257,1757,1783]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10540–10541 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5FE3129AFDE6ACB4" box="[445,597,1757,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS61/132­3; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5D5B129AFCF3ACB4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[773,832,1757,1783]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10542 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5DFA129AFB8EACB4" box="[932,1085,1757,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS61/134­3; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5AB3129AFA9BACB4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[1261,1320,1757,1783]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10543 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5BD1129AFEBFAD5C" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS61/141­9; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5F951342FDB5AD5C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[459,518,1797,1823]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10544–10545 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5C981342FCEEAD5C" box="[710,861,1797,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 10546 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5A5D1342FB1FAD5C" box="[1027,1196,1797,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">19 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS61/143­2; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5B3F1342FA2FAD5C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[1377,1436,1797,1823]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10547 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5EAA136AFECDAD04" box="[244,382,1837,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS67/057­2; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5C75136AFDD5AD04" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[555,614,1837,1863]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10548–10551 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5D7E136AFC0BAD04" box="[800,952,1837,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS67/074­7; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5A38136AFB12AD04" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[1126,1185,1837,1863]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10552 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5B58136AFA23AD04" box="[1286,1424,1837,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS67/078­11; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5F1E1312FEC8AD2C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[320,379,1877,1903]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10553 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5F811312FDC7AD2C" box="[479,628,1877,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 10554 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5D4A1312FC1FAD2C" box="[788,940,1877,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS67/102­11; 
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E6DFFBF5A351312FB15AD2C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[1131,1190,1877,1903]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">SMF</collectionCode>
10555 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5B531312FA27AD2C" box="[1293,1428,1877,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) and 10556 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E6DFFBF5F7F133AFE0BADD4" box="[289,440,1917,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS67/121­7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05EC914DFFE93AAF1" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" box="[151,288,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E9814F8FD2EA856" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05E9814F8FE7FAA9B" box="[198,460,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">External morphology.</emphasis>
Sponges are cushion­shaped or hemispherical, always attached to the substrata (figs. 4A–C). Their diameter may reach 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05C2B14A0FD75AB42" box="[629,710,231,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
and thickness is up to 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05D8914A0FB9FAB42" box="[983,1068,231,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="cm" value="2.9">2.9 cm</quantity>
. The surface is usually densely hispid, its colour varies from dark brown to dark grey due to the sediment particles incorporated between protruding spicules. The upper surface bears one or very rarely few papillae, light brown or grey coloured and measuring 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05F46151AFE3BAB34" box="[280,392,349,375]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="2.0">2–13 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05C71151AFD23AB34" box="[559,656,349,375]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Papillae are usually slightly sunken below the surface hispidation, occasionally being located inside a small pit within which the surface is smooth and pale. Oscula are opened at the papillae summits and ostia are scattered over the walls of the papillae. No ostia can be seen on the surface. The cortex is pale grey to whitish, hardly detachable and rather resilient. The choanosome is grey to beige, heterogeneous in consistency.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E62FFB05E981665FCFEAD68" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E981665FE5EA93B" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05E981665FE82A878" box="[198,305,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The main choanosomal skeleton is constituted by the radial tracts of principal spicules running from the sponge base to the surface, entering the cortex and diverging into bouquets (figs. 4D, E). The additional choanosomal skeleton is composed of small spicules scattered between the main tracts. These small spicules lie singly or grouped in stellate bundles (fig. 4F). Concentration of the scattered spicules under the cortex is higher than in the lower choanosome. The cortex, measuring 600–1560 µm in thickness, consists of the palisade of small spicules overlapped by the bouquets of the main tracts (fig. 4G). The latter are reinforced by extra­long spicules making up a surface hispidation, the thickness of which is 100–2700 µm. In the cortical bouquets of some sponges we also observed a few remarkable sceptre­like spicules, which were probably modified tylostyles (fig. 4H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E9817C1FD8EAECF" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05E9817C1FE83A9DC" box="[198,304,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Spicules.</emphasis>
Altogether 1267 spicules from 
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E62FFB05CF017C2FCFDA9DC" box="[686,846,901,927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
were measured. Frequency distribution of length revealed three main categories of monactins, corresponding to extra­long spicules of the hispidation, principal spicules of the main tracts, and small spicules forming the additional choanosomal skeleton and the cortical palisade (fig. 5A). The fourth category was constituted by the infrequent sceptre­like spicules. Summarizing results of spicule measurements are given in the main text below, indicating the total number of spicules measured for each category (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05F9A100CFE60AE27" box="[452,467,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
). Particular results of spicule measurements for each specimen (sceptre­like spicules excluded) are given in table 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E9810DDFF4EAF69" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
Principal spicules vary from styles to tylostyles (fig. 5B). They are mainly straight, often fusiform and measure: length 
<date id="FFFF100A5E62FFB05F051086FE69AE98" box="[347,474,1217,1243]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" value="1026" valueMax="1568">1026­1568</date>
­2186, proximal diameter 5­10.5­18 µm, central maximal diameter 8­18.5­32 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05EFF10AEFF1CAF41" box="[161,175,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=264). Their tyles, if present, are spherical, terminally located and measure 8­14.5­24 µm in diameter (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05EFF1157FF1CAF6A" box="[161,175,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=228).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E98117FFB3BAF8B" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
Small spicules are usually straight or rarely slightly curved, stout and fusiform tylostyles with spherical, well­developed, terminally located tyles (fig. 5C). About 11% of these are subtylostyles and nearly 3% are styles. Altogether they measure: length 60­383­988 ìm, tyle diameter 2­9.4­22 µm, diameter of the shaft underneath the tyle 1­5.8­19 µm, maximal diameter of the shaft 2­9.4­30 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05A7511E9FB89AF84" box="[1067,1082,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=860).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E981191FC34AC25" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
Extra­long spicules vary from styles to tylostyles (figs. 5D, E). They are straight, very slender and sharply pointed. Their dimensions are: length 
<date id="FFFF100A5E62FFB05C0D11BAFD67AC54" box="[595,724,1533,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" value="2200" valueMax="2753">2200­2753</date>
­4771 µm, proximal diameter 2­11.8­24 µm, central maximal diameter 5­24.6­41 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05FE61262FE74AC7D" box="[440,455,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=135). The tyles of the extra­long spicules, if present, may be spherical or oval, terminally located and measure 4­14.5­26 µm in diameter (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05D73120BFC8FAC26" box="[813,828,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=111).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E981234FCFEAD68" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
Sceptre­like spicules are considerably stout and either nearly isodiametric or its diameter increases from the proximal to the distal end, the former bearing a tyle and the latter being rounded (fig. 5F). The spherical tyles may be well or weakly developed, terminally located or slightly displaced. Sceptre­like spicules measure: length 145­482­1080 µm, tyle diameter 30­ 47.0­94 µm, proximal diameter 23­42.3­91 µm, central diameter 27­59.0­97 µm, distal diameter 25­60.0­103 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05D501356FCAEAD69" box="[782,797,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
=8).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E62FFB05E98137EFF06AD39" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E98137EFF06AD39" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05E98137EFEEEAD11" box="[198,349,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E62FFB05E98137EFF4EAD11" box="[198,253,1849,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E62FFB05F33137EFE6CAD10" box="[365,479,1849,1875]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
: Southern Ross Sea: near Winter Quarters, 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05D80137EFBF4AD10" box="[990,1095,1849,1875]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="36.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="18.0">18–55 m</quantity>
and off Erebus volcano, 
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E62FFB05B2E137EFF06AD39" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05B2E137EFF02AD39" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="910.0">910 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E62FFB35E9813CFFB63AF03" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E62FFB05E9813CFFADEADB2" blockId="8.[151,1439,152,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05E9813CFFED3ADE2" box="[198,352,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E62FFB05F3513CFFE6BADE1" box="[363,472,1928,1954]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
near­continent sectors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E62FFB05CA013CFFC28ADE1" author="Koltun" box="[766,923,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E62FFB05DF213CFFBC4ADE1" author="Sara" box="[940,1143,1928,1954]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="8" pageNumber="134" refString="Sara, M., Balduzzi, A., Barbieri, M., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Burlando, B. (1992) Biogeographic traits and checklist of Antarctic demonsponges. Polar Biology, 12, 559 - 585." type="journal article" year="1992">
Sarà 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E62FFB05DB213CFFB98ADE2" box="[1004,1067,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
): NN 2–5 including the Western Ross Sea and NN 8–9 including the Weddell Sea (present study as well) and the South 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E62FFB05B6A13E8FF5EADB2" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
. Depth: 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05F111390FE67ADB2" box="[335,468,2007,2033]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.49" metricValueMax="10.8" metricValueMin="0.18" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="549.0" valueMax="1080.0" valueMin="18.0">18–1080 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E62FFB05FBD1390FDCFADB2" author="Koltun" box="[483,636,2007,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun 1964</bibRefCitation>
); ca. 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E62FFB05CE41390FCEFADB2" box="[698,860,2007,2033]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.925" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="1.05" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="2925.0" valueMax="4800.0" valueMin="1050.0">1050–4800 m</quantity>
in the Northern Weddell Sea (present study).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E63FFB15EC912ACFABDADDB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183882/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1747]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E63FFB15EC912ACFABDADDB" blockId="9.[151,1437,1771,1944]" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E63FFB15EC912ACFEAAAD40" bold="true" box="[151,281,1771,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E63FFB15F7E12ABFDA3AD40" box="[288,528,1772,1795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E63FFB15F7E12ABFDA3AD40" box="[288,528,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: external morphology and skeleton architecture. A–specimen SMF 10543. B–a specimen from series SMF 10546. C–a specimen from series SMF 10554. D–histological section of SMF 10543, general view. E–histological section of SMF 10546, general view. F–histological section of SMF 10548, detail of choanosome with stellate bundles of small spicules. G–histological section of SMF 10547, detail of cortex. H–histological section of SMF 10543, detail of cortex with a sceptre­like spicule. Scale bars: A–C 10 mm; D–E 1 mm; F–H 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3E66425E60FFB25EC91223FD2DACFA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183883/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[151,1436,191,1614]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E60FFB25EC91223FD2DACFA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1636,1721]" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E60FFB25EC91223FEBCAC3A" bold="true" box="[151,271,1636,1657]" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E60FFB25F491223FE41AC3A" box="[279,498,1636,1657]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E60FFB25F491223FE41AC3A" box="[279,498,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: spicules. A–frequency distribution of length (sceptre­like spicules excluded). B–principal spicules. C–small spicules. D–extra­long spicule, general view. E–the same as D, details of proximal and distal ends. F–sceptre­like spicules. Scale bars: B–C 0.1mm; D 1 mm; E–F 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E60FFB25E981353FDE0AD15" blockId="10.[151,1435,1812,1958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
SW Atlantic: 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E60FFB25F341353FDA7AD6D" box="[362,532,1812,1838]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
and South 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E60FFB25CC21353FCFCAD6D" box="[668,847,1812,1838]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Orkney Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E60FFB25D011353FC4AAD6D" author="Koltun" box="[863,1017,1812,1838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E60FFB25A581353FB75AD6D" author="Sara" box="[1030,1222,1812,1838]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="10" pageNumber="134" refString="Sara, M., Balduzzi, A., Barbieri, M., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Burlando, B. (1992) Biogeographic traits and checklist of Antarctic demonsponges. Polar Biology, 12, 559 - 585." type="journal article" year="1992">
Sarà 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E60FFB25A1D1352FBCCAD6D" box="[1091,1151,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E60FFB25A851353FF5EAD15" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">South Sandwich Islands</collectingCountry>
, ca. 750–2300 (present study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E60FFB25E981323FC56AD3D" blockId="10.[151,1435,1812,1958]" box="[198,997,1892,1918]" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
SE Pacific: Magellan area of 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E60FFB25C401323FDEEAD3D" box="[542,605,1892,1918]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E60FFB25C331323FC6BAD3D" author="Desqueyroux" box="[621,984,1892,1918]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" refString="Desqueyroux, R. &amp; Moyano, H. (1987) Zoogeografia de Demospongias Chilenas. Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion (Chile), 58: 39 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Desqueyroux &amp; Moyano 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E60FFB25E9813CBFA22ADE5" blockId="10.[151,1435,1812,1958]" box="[198,1425,1932,1958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
Southern Indian Ocean: Kerguelen, 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E60FFB25C3213CBFD42ADE5" box="[620,753,1932,1958]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.955" metricValueMax="3.46" metricValueMin="2.45" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="295.5" valueMax="346.0" valueMin="245.0">245–346 m</quantity>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E60FFB25D7713CBFCC7ADE5" box="[809,884,1932,1958]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Heard</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E60FFB25D2113CBFC79ADE5" box="[895,970,1932,1958]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
(Boury­Esnault &amp; van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E60FFB25A8213CBFA37ADE5" author="Beveren" box="[1244,1412,1932,1958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comite national francais des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" ID-Table-UUID="DF3E66425E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" box="[151,890,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3E66425E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" targetBox="[151,1435,305,1089]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EC914D0FCC9AAEC" blockId="11.[151,1435,151,274]" box="[151,890,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35EC914D0FEB9AAEC" bold="true" box="[151,266,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E61FFB35F4914DFFDBBAAEC" box="[279,520,152,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F4914DFFDBBAAEC" box="[279,520,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Results of spicule measurements.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EC914FFFA29AA8C" blockId="11.[151,1435,151,274]" box="[151,1434,184,207]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Measurements are given in µm. Each measurement is given as minimum­mean­maximum. Upper row represents length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EC9149FFA28AAAC" blockId="11.[151,1435,151,274]" box="[151,1435,216,239]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Middle row represents tyle diameter / diameter of the shaft underneath the tyle. Lower row represents maximal diameter</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EC914BEFC86AB51" blockId="11.[151,1435,151,274]" box="[151,821,248,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">of the shaft and the number of measured spicules (in brackets).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1576FB68AE02" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<table id="F941C46A5E6100475EC91576FA28AE02" box="[151,1435,305,1089]" gridcols="3" gridrows="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91576FA28AB05" box="[151,1435,305,326]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91576FDF1AB05" box="[151,578,305,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35EFB1576FDA3AB05" bold="true" box="[165,528,305,326]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Specimen no. Small spicules</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1576FC1AAB05" box="[707,937,305,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35C9A1576FCCBAB05" bold="true" box="[708,888,305,326]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Principal spicules</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475A791576FA28AB05" box="[1063,1435,305,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35A791576FB58AB05" bold="true" box="[1063,1259,305,326]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Extra­long spicules</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9151BFA28AB32" box="[151,1435,348,369]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9151BFDF1AB32" box="[151,578,348,369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10540 60­218­445</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D151BFC1AAB32" box="[707,937,348,369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1140­1326­1634</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79151BFA28AB32" box="[1063,1435,348,369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">No extra­long spicules were observed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC915C1FA28ABD8" box="[151,1435,390,411]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC915C1FDF1ABD8" box="[151,578,390,411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">3­11.2­21 / 2­7.7­13</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D15C1FC1AABD8" box="[707,937,390,411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">10­11.7­16 / 8­10.1­13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC915F7FA28AB85" box="[151,1435,432,454]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC915F7FDF1AB85" box="[151,578,432,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
2­12.5­22 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35FB515F6FDBBAB85" box="[491,520,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
46)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D15F7FC1AAB85" box="[707,937,432,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
16­19­22 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D7715F6FCF5AB85" box="[809,838,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
17)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9159CFA28ABB3" box="[151,1435,475,496]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9159CFDF1ABB3" box="[151,578,475,496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10541 180­433­720</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D159CFC1AABB3" box="[707,937,475,496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1482­1943­2090</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79159CFA28ABB3" box="[1063,1435,475,496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2204­2344­2508</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91642FA28A859" box="[151,1435,517,538]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91642FDF1A859" box="[151,578,517,538]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">4­8.6­13 / 5­6.7­10</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1642FC1AA859" box="[707,937,517,538]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">8­13.6­16 / 6­10.6­13</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791642FA28A859" box="[1063,1435,517,538]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">13­15.5­17 / 11­12.9­14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91668FA28A806" box="[151,1435,559,581]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91668FDF1A806" box="[151,578,559,581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
5­9.8­18 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F811677FE48A806" box="[479,507,560,581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
41)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1668FC1AA806" box="[707,937,559,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
10­18.4­21 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D621677FCEBA806" box="[828,856,560,581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
7)
</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791668FA28A806" box="[1063,1435,559,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
18­21.9­27 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35AC11677FB08A806" box="[1183,1211,560,581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
13)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9161DFA28A8DA" box="[151,1435,602,665]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9161DFDF1A8DA" box="[151,578,602,665]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10542 240­397­650 (specimen 1) 8­9.6­13 / 2­4.4­8</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D161DFC1AA8DA" box="[707,937,602,665]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1140­1451­1710 8­13.3­16 / 6­9.2­11</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79161DFA28A8DA" box="[1063,1435,602,665]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">No extra­long spicules were observed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC916E8FA28A887" box="[151,1435,687,708]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC916E8FDF1A887" box="[151,578,687,708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
4­7.5­11 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F8116E8FE48A887" box="[479,507,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
83)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D16E8FC1AA887" box="[707,937,687,708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
11­16.7­19 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D6216E8FCEBA887" box="[828,856,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
40)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9169EFA28A8AD" box="[151,1435,729,750]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9169EFDF1A8AD" box="[151,578,729,750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10543 155­403­780</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D169EFC1AA8AD" box="[707,937,729,750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1520­1870­2090</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79169EFA28A8AD" box="[1063,1435,729,750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2242­2402­2622</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91743FA28A95A" box="[151,1435,772,793]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91743FDF1A95A" box="[151,578,772,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">5­9.3­16 / 2­5.3­11</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1743FC1AA95A" box="[707,937,772,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">14­17.5­21 / 10­11.8­18</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791743FA28A95A" box="[1063,1435,772,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">16­18.9­24 / 10­12.2­16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91769FA28A900" box="[151,1435,814,835]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91769FDF1A900" box="[151,578,814,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
3­9.2­18 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F811769FE48A900" box="[479,507,814,835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
44)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1769FC1AA900" box="[707,937,814,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
18­25.6­30 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D621769FCEBA900" box="[828,856,814,835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
10)
</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791769FA28A900" box="[1063,1435,814,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
26­30.6­38 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35AC11769FB08A900" box="[1183,1211,814,835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
10)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9171FFA28A92E" box="[151,1435,856,877]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9171FFDF1A92E" box="[151,578,856,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10544 165­281­950</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D171FFC1AA92E" box="[707,937,856,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1102­1495­2166</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79171FFA28A92E" box="[1063,1435,856,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2356­2356­2356</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC917C4FA28A9DB" box="[151,1435,899,920]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC917C4FDF1A9DB" box="[151,578,899,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">5­10.1­13 / 2­5.6­10</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D17C4FC1AA9DB" box="[707,937,899,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">9­13.5­18 / 5­9.9­13</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A7917C4FA28A9DB" box="[1063,1435,899,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">18­17.6­18 / 13­12.8­13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC917EAFA28A981" box="[151,1435,941,962]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC917EAFDF1A981" box="[151,578,941,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
4­8.8­18 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F8117EAFE48A981" box="[479,507,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
41)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D17EAFC1AA981" box="[707,937,941,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
8­17.6­22 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D7117EAFCFFA981" box="[815,844,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
18)
</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A7917EAFA28A981" box="[1063,1435,941,962]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
16­16­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35AD317EAFB1AA981" box="[1165,1193,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
1)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91790FA28A9AF" box="[151,1435,983,1004]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91790FDF1A9AF" box="[151,578,983,1004]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10545 135­417­929</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1790FC1AA9AF" box="[707,937,983,1004]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1286­1707­2129</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791790FA28A9AF" box="[1063,1435,983,1004]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2286­3011­4771</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91045FA28AE54" box="[151,1435,1026,1047]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91045FDF1AE54" box="[151,578,1026,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">5­8.8­16 / 3­5.6­11</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1045FC1AAE54" box="[707,937,1026,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">14­15.5­18 / 9­12.8­16</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791045FA28AE54" box="[1063,1435,1026,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">15­18.5­26 / 14­17­24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9106BFA28AE02" box="[151,1435,1068,1089]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9106BFDF1AE02" box="[151,578,1068,1089]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
4­9.3­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F81106BFE48AE02" box="[479,507,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
60)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D106BFC1AAE02" box="[707,937,1068,1089]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
19­24.3­30 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D62106BFCEBAE02" box="[828,856,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
2)
</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79106BFA28AE02" box="[1063,1435,1068,1089]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
27­33.3­41 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35AC1106BFB08AE02" box="[1183,1211,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
29)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1010FA3CAE2F" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" box="[165,1423,1111,1132]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
SMF 10546 429­575­943 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35C9A1010FC99AE2F" box="[708,810,1111,1132]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="1029" valueMax="1579">1029­1579</date>
­2086 No extra­long spicules were observed
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1030FC2DAED5" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" box="[165,926,1143,1174]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">(specimen 1) 11­13.1­15 / 5­7.4­11 12­16.9­24 / 8­10.7­14</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35F2110EBFCCBAE82" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" box="[383,888,1196,1217]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
11­13.9­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35FA910EBFDA0AE82" box="[503,531,1196,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
24) 14­19.4­27 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D6210EBFCEBAE82" box="[828,856,1196,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
36)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1091FB63AF03" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
SMF 10547 140­429­988 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35C9A1091FC99AEA8" box="[708,810,1238,1259]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="1026" valueMax="1259">1026­1259</date>
­2052 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35A791091FB23AEA8" box="[1063,1168,1238,1259]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="2470" valueMax="2786">2470­2786</date>
­3724 3­9.5­17 / 2­5.4­13 11­13.7­19 / 6­8.4­13 5­6.8­16 / 2­4.2­11 3­9.6­18 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F81116CFE48AF03" box="[479,507,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
59) 13­16.2­28 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D62116CFCEBAF03" box="[828,856,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
8) 5­11.7­30 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35ACD116CFB1CAF03" box="[1171,1199,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
13)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E61FFB65EFB1112FC24A829" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1112FB68AFFC" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
SMF 10548 135­374­943 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35C9A1112FC99AF29" box="[708,810,1365,1386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="1029" valueMax="1505">1029­1505</date>
­2186 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35A791112FB3CAF29" box="[1063,1167,1365,1386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="2200" valueMax="2791">2200­2791</date>
­3400 3­7.3­16 / 1­6.3­15 9­13.1­19 / 8­12.2­18 15­17.1­19 / 14­16.3­19 3­8.6­27 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F8111EDFE48AFFC" box="[479,507,1450,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
60) 16­21.3­32 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D6211EDFCEBAFFC" box="[828,856,1450,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
40) 27­34.9­41 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35AC111EDFB08AFFC" box="[1183,1211,1450,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
20)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1193FCA8AC4A" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
SMF 10549 105­244­450 No principal spicules were 
<date id="FFFF100A5E61FFB35A791193FB23AFAA" box="[1063,1168,1492,1513]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" value="2318" valueMax="2970">2318­2970</date>
­3534 observed
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35F2111B8FB7CAC7D" blockId="11.[165,1423,1111,1598]" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
5­7.7­13 / 2­4.2­8 4­5.3­6 / 3­4.5­6 5­7.3­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F81126EFE48AC7D" box="[479,507,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
47) 8­10.3­11 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35ACD126EFB1CAC7D" box="[1171,1199,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
20)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB35EFB1213FCCBADFD" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<table id="F941C46A5E6100475EC91213FA28ADFD" box="[151,1435,1620,1982]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91213FA28AC2A" box="[151,1435,1620,1641]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91213FD86AC2A" box="[151,565,1620,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10550 100­323­988</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1213FC22AC2A" box="[707,913,1620,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1026­1462­2014</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475A791213FA28AC2A" box="[1063,1435,1620,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">No extra­long spicules were observed</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91239FA28ACD0" box="[151,1435,1662,1683]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91239FD86ACD0" box="[151,565,1662,1683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2­6.8­13 / 2­5­12</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1239FC22ACD0" box="[707,913,1662,1683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">8­11.9­14 / 6­10.1­13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC912EFFA28ACFD" box="[151,1435,1704,1726]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC912EFFD86ACFD" box="[151,565,1704,1726]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
3­6.7­13 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F8112EEFE48ACFD" box="[479,507,1705,1726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
45)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D12EFFC22ACFD" box="[707,913,1704,1726]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
13­18.2­24 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D6212EEFCEBACFD" box="[828,856,1705,1726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
17)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91294FA28ACAB" box="[151,1435,1747,1768]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91294FD86ACAB" box="[151,565,1747,1768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10552 150­375­880</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1294FC22ACAB" box="[707,913,1747,1768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1444­1858­2166</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791294FA28ACAB" box="[1063,1435,1747,1768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">2204­2625­3610</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC912BAFA28AD51" box="[151,1435,1789,1810]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC912BAFD86AD51" box="[151,565,1789,1810]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">4­8.9­18 / 2­5.1­13</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D12BAFC22AD51" box="[707,913,1789,1810]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">8­13.3­16 / 5­8.7­11</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A7912BAFA28AD51" box="[1063,1435,1789,1810]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">8­15.9­21 / 5­11.2­14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC9136EFA28AD7D" box="[151,1435,1833,1854]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC9136EFD86AD7D" box="[151,565,1833,1854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
3­8.4­19 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F81136EFE48AD7D" box="[479,507,1833,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
125)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D136EFC22AD7D" box="[707,913,1833,1854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
8­14.6­24 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D71136EFCFFAD7D" box="[815,844,1833,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
9)
</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A79136EFA28AD7D" box="[1063,1435,1833,1854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
8­23.7­34 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35ACD136EFB1CAD7D" box="[1171,1199,1833,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
29)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC91313FA28ADD7" box="[151,1435,1876,1940]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC91313FD86ADD7" box="[151,565,1876,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">SMF 10553 160­482­790 (specimen 1) 6­8.7­13 / 3­5.4­8</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D1313FC22ADD7" box="[707,913,1876,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">1292­1636­2014 10­14.5­19 / 7­11­16</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475A791313FA28ADD7" box="[1063,1435,1876,1940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">No extra­long spicules were observed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6100475EC913EEFA28ADFD" box="[151,1435,1961,1982]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6100475EC913EEFD86ADFD" box="[151,565,1961,1982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
6­8.8­13 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35F8113EEFE48ADFD" box="[479,507,1961,1982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
43)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6100475C9D13EEFC22ADFD" box="[707,913,1961,1982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
11­15.3­19 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35D6213EEFCEBADFD" box="[828,856,1961,1982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">n=</emphasis>
20)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E61FFB45B531393FA23A850" blockId="11.[1293,1425,2004,2025]" lastBlockId="12.[165,1424,510,616]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E61FFB35B531393FA22ADAA" box="[1293,1425,2004,2025]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">..... continued</emphasis>
SMF 10556 111­345­914 No principal spicules were No extra­long spicules were observed
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E66FFB45EFB14E3FE26AAF8" ID-Table-UUID="DF3E66425E66FFB45EFB14E3FE26AAF8" box="[165,405,164,188]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3E66425E66FFB45EFB14E3FE26AAF8" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" targetBox="[165,1424,213,489]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45EFB14E3FE26AAF8" blockId="12.[165,405,164,188]" box="[165,405,164,188]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45EFB14E3FEA0AAFF" bold="true" box="[165,275,164,188]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">TABLE 2</emphasis>
(continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45EFB1492FCCBABAA" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<table id="F941C46A5E6600475EFB1492FA23ABAA" box="[165,1424,213,489]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB1492FA23AAA9" box="[165,1424,213,234]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB1492FD86AAA9" box="[165,565,213,234]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45EFB1492FDA3AAA9" bold="true" box="[165,528,213,234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Specimen no. Small spicules</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D1492FC19AAA9" box="[707,938,213,234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45C9A1492FCCBAAA9" bold="true" box="[708,888,213,234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Principal spicules</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475A791492FA23AAA9" box="[1063,1424,213,234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45A791492FB58AAA9" bold="true" box="[1063,1259,213,234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Extra­long spicules</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB1547FA23AB7C" box="[165,1424,256,319]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB1547FD86AB7C" box="[165,565,256,319]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">SMF 10554 145­318­530 (specimen 1) 4­7­10 / 3­4.5­6</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D1547FC19AB7C" box="[707,938,256,319]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">1330­1697­2090 10­14.2­18 / 8­10.7­13</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475A791547FA23AB7C" box="[1063,1424,256,319]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">No extra­long spicules were observed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB1512FA23AB29" box="[165,1424,341,362]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB1512FD86AB29" box="[165,565,341,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
6­7.1­11 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45F811512FE48AB29" box="[479,507,341,362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">n=</emphasis>
41)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D1512FC19AB29" box="[707,938,341,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
13­18­22 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45D771512FCF5AB29" box="[809,838,341,362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">n=</emphasis>
20)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB1538FA23ABD7" box="[165,1424,383,404]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB1538FD86ABD7" box="[165,565,383,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">SMF 10555 360­608­850</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D1538FC19ABD7" box="[707,938,383,404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">1558­1767­2014</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475A791538FA23ABD7" box="[1063,1424,383,404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">No extra­long spicules were observed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB15EEFA23ABFD" box="[165,1424,425,446]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB15EEFD86ABFD" box="[165,565,425,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">8­11.6­14 / 3­5.8­8</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D15EEFC19ABFD" box="[707,938,425,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">13­17.5­21 / 10­10.8­14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6600475EFB1593FA23ABAA" box="[165,1424,468,489]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76A05DF45E6600475EFB1593FD86ABAA" box="[165,565,468,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
6­12­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45F871593FE45ABAA" box="[473,502,468,489]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">n=</emphasis>
42)
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6600475C9D1593FC19ABAA" box="[707,938,468,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
14­18.4­22 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45D621593FCEBABAA" box="[828,856,468,489]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">n=</emphasis>
20)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45F21166FFCA8A870" blockId="12.[165,1424,510,616]" box="[383,795,542,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">5­12.8­22 / 3­9.7­19 observed</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45F211614FDA6A82B" blockId="12.[165,1424,510,616]" box="[383,533,595,616]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
<date id="FFFF100A5E66FFB45F211614FE7FA82B" box="[383,460,595,616]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" value="1915-05-30">5­15­30</date>
(
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45F871614FE45A82B" box="[473,502,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">n=</emphasis>
59)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45EC91696FF4CA8A8" blockId="12.[151,1439,721,1987]" box="[151,255,721,747]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Remarks</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45E9816BEFC3DAFA0" blockId="12.[151,1439,721,1987]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
The external and spicule morphology of 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45C9616BEFCD6A951" box="[712,869,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">P. i n v a g i n a t a</emphasis>
varies greatly, that caused some discrepancy between the descriptions of different authors (table 3). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45D661766FBAAA978" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[824,1049,801,827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 20 (117), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1907">Kirkpatrick (1907)</bibRefCitation>
noticed a sole exhalant papilla, completely invaginated in the thick surface hispidation, and a basal fleshy pad (the latter structure having never been mentioned by the following authors). A year later (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45D201736FBFFA9C8" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[894,1100,881,907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 4, Zoology, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick 1908</bibRefCitation>
) a sponge with two papillae was discovered. Kirkpatrick recognized two categories of spicules – principal styles, or strongyloxeas, of the main tracts, and small tylostyles including the slenderer ones of the stellate bundles in the choanosome and the fusiform ones making up the cortical palisade. In 1914 Hentschel established a new variety, 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E66FFB45A9117AEFF51AE69" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="invaginata" variety="gaussi">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45A9117AEFF51AE69" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">P. invaginata var. gaussi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he distinguished from Kirkpatrick’s sponges by the principal spicules being subtylostyles of smaller size. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45F6D107EFE68AE10" author="Koltun" box="[307,475,1081,1107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun (1964)</bibRefCitation>
emphasized that the principal spicules could vary greatly in shape from styles to subtylostyles and in size. Both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45C5F1026FD78AE38" author="Hentschel" box="[513,715,1121,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903, 15 (1), 35 - 141." type="journal article" year="1914">Hentschel (1914)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45D5D1026FC1AAE38" author="Koltun" box="[771,937,1121,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun (1964)</bibRefCitation>
found no differences in shape between the choanosomal and cortical small tylostyles, though Koltun pointed out that the latter could be slightly larger. All authors mentioned above dealt with 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E66FFB45CCD10F6FCB3AE88" box="[659,768,1201,1227]" name="Antarctica" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
sponges. Meanwhile Boury­Esnault and van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45B6510F6FF5BAEB0" author="Beveren" pageId="12" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comite national francais des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, who studied the material from the Southern Indian Ocean (Kerguelen and 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E66FFB45A05109EFB14AEB0" box="[1115,1191,1241,1267]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Heard</collectingCountry>
), described the specimens with papillae being only partially sunk in the surface hispidation. These authors recognized three spicule categories – principal tylostyles of the main tracts being considerably smaller than those described by the previous authors, small tylostyles of the choanosomal stellate groups and the cortical palisade, and long, sharply pointed tylostyles reinforcing the cortical bouquets of principal spicules and making up the surface hispidation. The latter echinating tylostyles of Boury­Esnault and van Beveren had dimensions similar to those of the principal spicules described by the previous authors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E66FFB45E9811B6FA9EAD80" blockId="12.[151,1439,721,1987]" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
The sponges examined by us share most of the morphological features with 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E66FFB45A0011B6FB4FAC49" box="[1118,1276,1521,1546]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45A0011B6FB4FAC49" box="[1118,1276,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">P. invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by other authors. The presence of up to four papillae in a few ANDEEP specimens is not surprising if keeping in mind the note of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45F011206FD8CAC18" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[351,575,1601,1627]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 4, Zoology, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick (1908)</bibRefCitation>
. The minor invagination of papillae and the sufficient variety of principal spicules from tylostyles to styles might be also expected. In the meantime we observed the cortex reinforced by sharply pointed monactins morphologically similar to those described by Boury­Esnault and van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45B6512D6FF5BAC90" author="Beveren" pageId="12" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comite national francais des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1982">Beveren (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, but on average twice as long as any spicules previously registered in 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E66FFB45A7812FEFB0DAC91" box="[1062,1214,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">P. i n v a g i n a t a</emphasis>
. The other feature distinguishing some of our sponges is the presence of cortical sceptre­like spicules. Principal spicules of our sponges fit well the dimension range given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45CE7134EFC3DAD60" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[697,910,1801,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7), 20 (117), 271 - 291." type="journal article" year="1907">Kirkpatrick (1907</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45DC4134EFC6AAD60" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[922,985,1801,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 4, Zoology, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1908">1908</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45DB3134EFB04AD60" author="Hentschel" box="[1005,1207,1801,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903, 15 (1), 35 - 141." type="journal article" year="1914">Hentschel (1914)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E66FFB45AAE134EFA28AD60" author="Koltun" box="[1264,1435,1801,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), Explorations of the fauna of the seas. Vol. 2 (10). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 6 - 133, 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun (1964)</bibRefCitation>
. Small spicules are also similar to the previous descriptions though their length maximum is relatively higher. This may be explained either by the insufficiently distinct discrimination between small and principal spicules or by the existence of intermediary size category being hidden because of insufficient sample size. We were unable to ascertain if there was any difference between the choanosomal and cortical small spicules.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC" ID-Table-UUID="DF3E66425E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC" box="[151,1085,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3E66425E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" targetBox="[161,1424,283,1915]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E67FFB55EC914D0FB8EAAEC" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,244]" box="[151,1085,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EC914D0FEBAAAEC" bold="true" box="[151,265,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E67FFB55F4E14DFFDB2AAEC" box="[272,513,152,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55F4E14DFFDB2AAEC" box="[272,513,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Polymastia invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: comparison of characters given by different authors.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E67FFB55EC914FDFB04AAB7" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">All dimensions are given in µm as either a mean value or minimum­maximum or minimum­mean­maximum. In spicule dimensions the upper row represents length; the lower row represents central diameter of the shaft.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E67FFB55EFF155CFA87AD50" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<table id="F941C46A5E6700475EFF155CFA23AD38" box="[161,1424,283,1915]" gridcols="6" gridrows="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF155CFA23AB3B" box="[161,1424,283,376]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF155CFEEFAB3B" box="[161,348,283,376]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF155CFE93AB70" bold="true" box="[161,288,283,307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475F21155CFD92AB3B" box="[383,545,283,376]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55FDE155CFE4AAB16" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Kirkpatrick, 1907; 1908</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A155CFD55AB3B" box="[580,742,283,376]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55C1A155CFDCAAB16" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Hentschel, 1914</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F155CFC16AB3B" box="[785,933,283,376]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55D4F155CFC16AB70" bold="true" box="[785,933,283,307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Koltun, 1964</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475D99155CFB33AB3B" box="[967,1152,283,376]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55D96155CFC4EAB3B" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Boury–Esnault &amp; van Beveren, 1982</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475AF6155CFA23AB3B" box="[1192,1424,283,376]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55AF6155CFAF0AB70" bold="true" box="[1192,1347,283,307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Present study</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF15C9FA23AB8A" box="[161,1424,398,457]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF15C9FEEFAB8A" box="[161,348,398,457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF15C9FF4BAB8A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Number of papillae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F2115C9FD92AB8A" box="[383,545,398,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1­2</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A15C9FD55AB8A" box="[580,742,398,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F15C9FC16AB8A" box="[785,933,398,457]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D9915C9FB33AB8A" box="[967,1152,398,457]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF615C9FA23AB8A" box="[1192,1424,398,457]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1­4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF1599FA23A85A" box="[161,1424,478,537]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF1599FEEFA85A" box="[161,348,478,537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF1599FF4BA85A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Invagination of papillae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F211599FD92A85A" box="[383,545,478,537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Complete</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A1599FD55A85A" box="[580,742,478,537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Partial</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F1599FC16A85A" box="[785,933,478,537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Complete</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D991599FB33A85A" box="[967,1152,478,537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Partial</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF61599FA23A85A" box="[1192,1424,478,537]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Partial or none</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF1668FA23A804" box="[161,1424,559,583]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF1668FEEFA804" box="[161,348,559,583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF1668FEE5A804" bold="true" box="[161,342,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Basal fleshy pad</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F211668FD92A804" box="[383,545,559,583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A1668FD55A804" box="[580,742,559,583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F1668FC16A804" box="[785,933,559,583]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D991668FB33A804" box="[967,1152,559,583]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF61668FA23A804" box="[1192,1424,559,583]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF1619FA23A943" box="[161,1424,606,768]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF1619FEEFA943" box="[161,348,606,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF1619FF6DA8F8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Spicules of choanosomal tracts</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F211619FD92A943" box="[383,545,606,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Slightly curved styles or strongyloxeas 2240 40</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A1619FD55A943" box="[580,742,606,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Slender, fusiform subtylostyles 816­1792 15­20</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F1619FC16A943" box="[785,933,606,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Styles or subtylostyles 816­2240 15­40</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D991619FB33A943" box="[967,1152,606,768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform tylostyles 227­590­890 10­22.1­32</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF61619FA23A943" box="[1192,1424,606,768]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform, straight styles (subtylostyles, tylostyles) 1026­1568­2186 8­18.5­32</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF1750FA23A99F" box="[161,1424,791,988]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF1750FEEFA99F" box="[161,348,791,988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF1750FEF8A937" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Spicules of choanosomal stellate bundles</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F211750FD92A99F" box="[383,545,791,988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Slender, slightly curved tylostyles 200 15</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A1750FD55A99F" box="[580,742,791,988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Stout, fusiform tylostyles 120­600 10­25</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F1750FC16A99F" box="[785,933,791,988]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform tylostyles 70­600 6­25</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D991750FB33A99F" box="[967,1152,791,988]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform tylostyles 71­166­312 5­6.5­9</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF61750FA23A99F" box="[1192,1424,791,988]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform, straight or slightly curved tylostyles (subtylostyles, styles) 60­383­988 2­9.4­30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF17B5FA23AE6E" box="[161,1424,1010,1069]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF17B5FEEFAE6E" box="[161,348,1010,1069]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF17B5FF56AE6E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Thickness of cortex</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F2117B5FD92AE6E" box="[383,545,1010,1069]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">500­1250</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A17B5FD55AE6E" box="[580,742,1010,1069]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">400</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F17B5FC16AE6E" box="[785,933,1010,1069]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">400</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D9917B5FB33AE6E" box="[967,1152,1010,1069]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1500</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF617B5FA23AE6E" box="[1192,1424,1010,1069]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">600­1560</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF1005FA23AFD0" box="[161,1424,1090,1427]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF1005FEEFAFD0" box="[161,348,1090,1427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF1005FEE6AE3E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Spicules of cortical palisade</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F211005FD92AFD0" box="[383,545,1090,1427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform, straight tylostyles 140­350 12­19</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A1005FD55AFD0" box="[580,742,1090,1427]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Stout, fusiform tylostyles 120­600 10­25</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F1005FC16AFD0" box="[785,933,1090,1427]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform tylostyles 70­600 6­25</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D991005FB33AFD0" box="[967,1152,1090,1427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Fusiform tylostyles 71­166­312 5­6.5­9</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF61005FA23AFD0" box="[1192,1424,1090,1427]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">1) Fusiform, straight or slightly curved tylostyles (subtylostyles, styles) 60­383­988 2­9.4­30 2) Infrequent scepterlike spicules 145­482­1080 27­59.0­97</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF11EEFA23AC94" box="[161,1424,1449,1751]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF11EEFEEFAC94" box="[161,348,1449,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF11EEFEAFAC44" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Spicules forming surface hispidation</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F2111EEFD92AC94" box="[383,545,1449,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Bouquets of choanosomal tracts</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A11EEFD55AC94" box="[580,742,1449,1751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Bouquets of choanosomal tracts</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F11EEFC16AC94" box="[785,933,1449,1751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Bouquets of choanosomal tracts</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D9911EEFB33AC94" box="[967,1152,1449,1751]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Bouquets of choanosomal tracts reinforced by slender, slightly curved, sharply pointed tylostyles 923­1697.3­2106 13­23.9­32</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF611EEFA23AC94" box="[1192,1424,1449,1751]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Bouquets of choanosomal tracts reinforced by slender, straight, sharply pointed tylostyles or styles 2200­2753­4771 5­24.6­41</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357134885E6700475EFF12BCFA23AD38" box="[161,1424,1787,1915]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<th id="76A05DF45E6700475EFF12BCFEEFAD38" box="[161,348,1787,1915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E67FFB55EFF12BCFF48AD75" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Spicules of basal skeleton</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475F2112BCFD92AD38" box="[383,545,1787,1915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Irregularly located spicules of various size</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475C1A12BCFD55AD38" box="[580,742,1787,1915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D4F12BCFC16AD38" box="[785,933,1787,1915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475D9912BCFB33AD38" box="[967,1152,1787,1915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
<td id="76A05DF45E6700475AF612BCFA23AD38" box="[1192,1424,1787,1915]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Not recorded</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E9814DFFC24A829" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
The considerable polymorphism of 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65C2E14DFFCB8AAF2" box="[624,779,152,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65C2E14DFFCB8AAF2" box="[624,779,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described above may be due to the environmental distinctions between different localities, e.g., between the 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E64FFB65D441487FC34AA99" box="[794,903,192,218]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
and Southern Indian Ocean. Nevertheless the existence of a species complex also cannot be excluded. In any case, all described specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65B5C14AFFA2FAB42" box="[1282,1436,232,257]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65B5C14AFFA2FAB42" box="[1282,1436,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the possession of a single or at least very few exhalant papillae, a densely hispid surface and a single spicule layer in the cortex. 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65FEA157FFCB4AB11" authority="Koltun, 1966" authorityName="Koltun" authorityYear="1966" box="[436,775,312,338]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispidissima">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65FEA157FFDD7AB12" box="[436,612,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. hispidissima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65C32157FFCB4AB11" author="Koltun" box="[620,775,312,338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges (order Tetraxonida) of the Northern and Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Identifiers of the USSR fauna issued by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vo l. 9 0. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 112 pp." type="book" year="1966">Koltun, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the NW Pacific and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65A60157FFF73AB39" authority="Desqueyroux-Faundez" authorityName="Desqueyroux-Faundez" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="villosa">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65A60157FFB19AB12" box="[1086,1194,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. villosa</emphasis>
Desqueyroux­Faúndez
</taxonomicName>
&amp; van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65F451527FE16AB39" author="Soest" box="[283,421,352,378]" pageId="14" pageNumber="133" refString="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (1997) Shallow water Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 104 (2), 379 - 467." type="journal article" year="1997">Soest, 1997</bibRefCitation>
from the SE Pacific are also characterized by the single papilla and the thick surface hispidation formed by extra­long spicules. However, these two species differ from 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65A2F15CFFABFABE2" box="[1137,1292,392,417]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65A2F15CFFABFABE2" box="[1137,1292,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by two spicule layers in the cortex. Meanwhile, a single­layered cortex is shared by 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65DA315F7FA83AB89" authority="Koltun, 1962" authorityName="Koltun" authorityYear="1962" box="[1021,1328,432,458]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65DA315F7FB3FAB8A" box="[1021,1164,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. kurilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65ACA15F7FA83AB89" author="Koltun" box="[1172,1328,432,458]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1962) Four-rayed and siliceous horny sponges (Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida) from the Pacific shallow waters of the islands Paramushir and Shumshu. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 8, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 181 - 199." type="journal article" year="1962">Koltun, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the NW Pacific and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65F07159FFCAAABB1" authority="Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Gibbons" authorityYear="2005" box="[345,793,472,498]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65F07159FFE5AABB2" box="[345,489,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65FAE159FFCAAABB1" author="Samaai" box="[496,793,472,498]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Samaai, T. &amp; Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1: 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the SE Atlantic. The latter species also possesses the choanosomal clews of small spicules similar to the stellate bundles of 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65DA11647FB25A85A" box="[1023,1174,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. i n v a g i n a t a</emphasis>
. But other features of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65E8D166FFED6A802" box="[211,357,552,577]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E8D166FFED6A802" box="[211,357,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65FFE166FFD9CA802" box="[416,559,552,577]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65FFE166FFD9CA802" box="[416,559,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. kurilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including smooth surface, numerous wart­like papillae as well as spicule shape and size, distinguish them considerably from 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65CA81617FC23A82A" box="[758,912,592,617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="invaginata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65CA81617FC23A82A" box="[758,912,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">P. invaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E64FFB65EC91680FC95A934" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65EC91680FD05A8A1" blockId="14.[151,694,711,738]" box="[151,694,711,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65EC91680FDE4A8A2" authority="Lendenfeld, 1888" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,599,711,737]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65EC91680FDE4A8A2" bold="true" box="[151,599,711,737]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65EC91680FED6A8A2" bold="true" box="[151,357,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Polymastia zitteli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65F2A1680FDFCA8A2" author="Lendenfeld" box="[372,591,711,737]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137A2A4F5E64FFB65C39168FFD1FA8A1" box="[615,684,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1267,1291]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,191,1241]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,191,1241]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Polymastia zitteli. A – specimen SMF 10557. B – histological section of idem, general view. C, D – the same as B, details of cortex. E – surface view of detached cortex of idem. F – principal and intermediary spicules. G – small spicules. Scale bars: A 10 mm; B 1 mm; C – E 0.2 mm; F – G 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183884/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65EC9175FFEBDA972" blockId="14.[151,806,792,887]" box="[151,270,792,817]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65EC9175FFEBDA972" box="[151,270,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Synonymy</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65EC91707FC95A934" blockId="14.[151,806,792,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5111E45E64FFB65EC91707FC95A934" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65EC91707FED2A914" ID-CoL="4X98S" box="[151,353,832,855]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Sideroderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65EC91707FED2A914" box="[151,353,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Sideroderma zitteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E64FFB65F221707FDDAA914" author="Lendenfeld" box="[380,617,832,855]" page="211" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65F221707FD86A914" author="Lendenfeld" box="[380,565,832,855]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 211
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65EC91727FEDBA934" box="[151,360,864,887]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E64FFB65EC91727FEBCA934" box="[151,271,864,887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Polymastia</taxonomicName>
zitteli—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE010DB5E64FFB65F361727FDF7A934" author="Hallmann" box="[360,580,864,887]" page="400" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E64FFB65F361727FDA2A934" author="Hallmann" box="[360,529,864,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refString="Hallmann E. F. (1914) A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld's &quot; Catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum &quot;. Part I, II, III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 263 - 315, 327 - 376, 398 - 446." type="journal article" year="1914">Hallmann 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 400
</treatmentCitation>
–402, pl. XV (fig. 6).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E64FFB65EC917EFFB82AF69" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65EC917EFFEC0A981" blockId="14.[151,658,936,1002]" box="[151,371,936,962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E981797FD21A9A9" blockId="14.[151,658,936,1002]" box="[198,658,976,1002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E64FFB65E981797FEB2A9A9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[198,257,976,1002]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">SMF</collectionCode>
10557 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E64FFB65F3A1797FE5EA9A9" box="[356,493,976,1002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS61/132­3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65EC91067FE93AE79" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" box="[151,288,1056,1082]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E98100FFB82AF69" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E98100FFE74AE22" box="[198,455,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">External morphology.</emphasis>
Sponge is cushion­shaped, removed from substrate (fig. 6A). It measures approximately 
<date id="FFFF100A5E64FFB65EB11037FE8AAEC9" box="[239,313,1136,1162]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" value="1933-10-27">33x27</date>
x 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E64FFB65F171037FE23AEC9" box="[329,400,1136,1162]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
. Surface is macroscopically smooth, grey coloured. The cortex is firm, transparent and easily detachable (fig. 6E). It is perforated by numerous small ostia which are not visible by a naked eye. There are several exhalant papillae of conical or tubular shape measuring 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E64FFB65A591087FBD9AE99" box="[1031,1130,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E64FFB65B491087FAC9AE99" box="[1303,1402,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
in diameter. The colour of papillae does not differ from that of the surface. Oscula measuring 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E64FFB65AE810AFFAA3AF41" box="[1206,1296,1256,1282]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter are opened at the papillae summits. The choanosome is grey and rather friable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E64FFB65E98117FFEFAAD19" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E98117FFBD1AFB1" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E98117FFE82AF12" box="[198,305,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The main choanosomal skeleton represents a very loose reticulation formed by the tracts of principal spicules, which branch and anastomose (fig. 6B). Freely scattered intermediary spicules make up the additional choanosomal skeleton. The cortex, measuring 250–540 µm in thickness, consists of two layers (figs. 6C, D). The external palisade is made of the bouquets of small spicules. Its internal area is overlapped by the layer of intermediary spicules regularly arranged tangentially to the surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E981247FEBCAC01" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E981247FE9CAC5A" box="[198,303,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Spicules.</emphasis>
Three size categories of spicules are well distinguished. Thirty spicules of each category were measured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E981217FEFAAD19" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Principal and intermediary spicules are usually straight and fusiform styles, rarely strongyloxeas or subtylostyles (fig. 6F). Principal spicules measure: length 812­908­1315 µm, proximal diameter 6­7.5­10 µm, central maximal diameter 13­16.0­21 µm. Intermediary spicules measure: length 340­395­598 µm, proximal diameter 6­8.3­10 µm, central maximal diameter 8­9.1­11 µm. Small spicules are subtylostyles with slightly subterminal tyles which are only feebly developed (fig. 6G). These subtylostyles are very slender, often slightly curved and measure: length 247­287­333 µm, proximal diameter 2­2.8­4 µm, central maximal diameter 3­4.0­4 µm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E64FFB65E98132FFB25ADC1" box="[198,1174,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E98132FFB25ADC1" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" box="[198,1174,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E98132FFED5ADC2" box="[198,358,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E64FFB65E98132FFF4EADC2" box="[198,253,1896,1921]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
SW Pacific: Eastern Australian Coast: Port Jackson, depth unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E64FFB65E9813D7FAAAADE9" box="[198,1305,1936,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E64FFB65E9813D7FAAAADE9" blockId="14.[151,1439,1056,1962]" box="[198,1305,1936,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E64FFB65E9813D7FD38ADEA" box="[198,651,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
Distribution (other than 
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E64FFB65FB913D7FDABADEA" box="[487,536,1936,1961]" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
locality):
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E64FFB65CCC13D7FCB7ADE9" box="[658,772,1936,1962]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
: NW Weddell Sea, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E64FFB65A4F13D7FBD9ADE9" box="[1041,1130,1936,1962]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2080.0">2080 m</quantity>
(present data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3E66425E65FFB75EC910B4FCBFAF16" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183884/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" targetBox="[151,1435,191,1241]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E65FFB75EC910B4FCBFAF16" blockId="15.[151,1437,1267,1365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75EC910B4FEABAF48" bold="true" box="[151,280,1267,1291]" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75F4110B3FE6BAF48" box="[287,472,1268,1291]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75F4110B3FE6BAF48" box="[287,472,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Polymastia zitteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–specimen SMF 10557. B–histological section of idem, general view. C, D–the same as B, details of cortex. E–surface view of detached cortex of idem. F–principal and intermediary spicules. G–small spicules. Scale bars: A 10 mm; B 1 mm; C–E 0.2 mm; F–G 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E65FFB75E9811F3FDF2ADC5" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E65FFB75E9811F3FDF2ADC5" blockId="15.[151,1438,1460,1926]" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75E9811F3FE86AF8E" box="[198,309,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is the second finding of 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75CD011F3FD5FAF8E" box="[654,748,1460,1485]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75CD011F3FD5FAF8E" box="[654,748,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. zitteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E65FFB75D6B11F3FBA3AF8D" author="Lendenfeld" box="[821,1040,1460,1486]" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 260 pp." type="book" year="1888">Lendenfeld (1888)</bibRefCitation>
described it from Eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E65FFB75B1A11F3FF0BAFB5" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Our sponge fits well the original description as well as the re­description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E65FFB75A0F119BFAACAFB5" author="Hallmann" box="[1105,1311,1500,1526]" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" refString="Hallmann E. F. (1914) A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld's &quot; Catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum &quot;. Part I, II, III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 263 - 315, 327 - 376, 398 - 446." type="journal article" year="1914">Hallmann (1914)</bibRefCitation>
. The latter author clarified the misinterpretations made by Lendenfeld, namely so called trichites, making the cortical palisade, which were in fact very slender subtylostyles, chelae scattered within the palisade, which were evidently foreign, and oxeas found in the choanosomal tracts and in the internal cortical layer, which were obviously extremely fusiform styles or strongyloxeas. 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75CB2123BFCFFACD6" box="[748,844,1660,1685]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75CB2123BFCFFACD6" box="[748,844,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. zitteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares the reticulated choanosomal skeleton with two shallow­water species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75FBA12E3FCD7ACFD" authority="Lamarck, 1813" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1813" box="[484,868,1700,1726]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="boletiformis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75FBA12E3FD21ACFE" box="[484,658,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. boletiformis</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1813)
</taxonomicName>
from the North Atlantic and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75A9212E3FAF4ACFE" box="[1228,1351,1700,1725]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="croceus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75A9212E3FAF4ACFE" box="[1228,1351,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. croceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kelly­ 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E65FFB75EC9128BFE67ACA5" author="Borges" box="[151,468,1740,1766]" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" refString="Kelly-Borges, M. &amp; Bergquist, P. R. (1997) Revision of Southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen. nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31 (3), 367 - 402." type="journal article" year="1997">Borges &amp; Bergquist, 1997</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E65FFB75C7C128BFD74ACA5" box="[546,711,1740,1766]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75C8A128BFCFDACA6" box="[724,846,1740,1765]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="croceus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75C8A128BFCFDACA6" box="[724,846,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. croceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75DD3128BFC5DACA6" box="[909,1006,1740,1765]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="zitteli">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75DD3128BFC5DACA6" box="[909,1006,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. zitteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share three spicule categories, which are typical of most other 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75C4812B3FD29AD4E" box="[534,666,1780,1805]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75C4812B3FD29AD4E" box="[534,666,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and the small cortical subtylostyles with faintly­developed tyles, which distinguish these species from other congeners. Conversely, 
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E65FFB75A5A135BFB01AD76" box="[1028,1202,1820,1845]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="boletiformis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E65FFB75A5A135BFB01AD76" box="[1028,1202,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">P. boletiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by the absence of the intermediary spicule category, but its cortical tylostyles possess well­developed tyles, which are quite typical of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>