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<mods:title id="C5791A0DDEF3552AC318976AA53AD8D7">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C4E64DFFB4D921FF366BD2FB40FC94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188112" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188112" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4E64DFFB4D921FF366BD2FB40FC94" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4E64DFFB4D921FF366BD2FB40FC94" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF366BD2FD36FF5C" box="[151,707,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF366BD2FD36FF5C" blockId="6.[151,707,151,210]" box="[151,707,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="D09AE037FFB4D921FF366BD2FD36FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,707,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FF366BD2FD36FF5C" ID-CoL="53YJX" authority="Houlbert, 1917" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,707,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrophalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF366BD2FD36FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,707,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF366BD2FE1BFF5C" bold="true" box="[151,494,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Synpalamides rubrophalaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FE5C6BD2FD4EFF5C" author="Houlbert, C." box="[509,699,151,177]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="49 - 87" part="13" refId="ref12467" refString="Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 13, 49 - 87." title="Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes" type="journal article" year="1917">Houlbert, 1917</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF366BFFFF1EFF3F" box="[151,235,186,210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF366BFFFF1EFF3F" blockId="6.[151,707,151,210]" box="[151,235,186,210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
(
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB4D921FF3E6BFFFF16FF3F" box="[159,227,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 9" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1832,1855]" captionTargetBox="[220,1346,261,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 2 9. Adults of Castniidae. 2. Imara satrapes Kollar, 3, Itapúa, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 3. Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius), 3, Asunción, Paraguay (FCA / DE); 4. Synpalamides rubrophalaris (Houlbert), 3, Alto Paraná, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 5. Castnia invaria penelope Schaufuss (White morph), 3, Sapucay, Paraguay (MGCL); 6. Castnia invaria penelope Schaufuss (red morph), 3, Ypacaraí, Paraguay (FCA / DE); 7. Castnia juturna Hopffer, 3, Argentina (MACN); 8. Telchin licus laura (H. Druce), 3, Canindeyú, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 9. Riechia acraeoides (Guérin-Méneville), 3, Asunción, Paraguay (MNHNPY)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278916/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF366A46FDEDFEF5" box="[151,536,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF366A46FDEDFEF5" blockId="6.[151,536,258,280]" box="[151,536,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FF366A46FDEDFEF5" ID-CoL="967LK" authority="Houlbert, 1917" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,536,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrophalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF366A46FE8CFEF5" box="[151,377,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Castnia rubrophalaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FEDE6A47FDEDFEF5" author="Houlbert, C." box="[383,536,258,280]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="49 - 87" part="13" refId="ref12467" refString="Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 13, 49 - 87." title="Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes" type="journal article" year="1917">Houlbert, 1917</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF366A00FDD1FE03" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF366A00FDD1FE03" blockId="6.[151,1436,325,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF366A00FE75FEB3" bold="true" box="[151,384,325,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
Typical specimens of his species can be easily distinguished from typical
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FAA16A00FF01FE6C" ID-CoL="53YJW" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FAA16A00FF01FE6C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Synpalamides phalaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based mainly in color differences. It was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FC466A2CFB6BFE6C" author="Houlbert, C." box="[999,1182,361,385]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="49 - 87" part="13" refId="ref12467" refString="Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 13, 49 - 87." title="Diagnosis de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes" type="journal article" year="1917">Houlbert (1917)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FB476A2CFAD8FE6C" box="[1254,1325,361,385]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Bahia as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FF366ACBFE60FE48" ID-CoL="967LK" box="[151,405,397,421]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrophalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF366ACBFE60FE48" box="[151,405,397,421]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Castnia rubrophalaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It was later placed in the genus
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FC856AC8FC33FE48" box="[804,966,397,421]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Sympalamides</emphasis>
[sic] (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FBAB6AC8FB43FE48" author="Houlbert, C." box="[1034,1206,397,421]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 730" part="15" refId="ref12497" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." title="Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae" type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert 1918</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FB6C6AC8FA69FE48" author="Rothschild, W." box="[1229,1436,397,421]" firstAuthor="Rothschild" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 27" part="26" refId="ref13413" refString="Rothschild, W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur´s monograph of Castniidae By Talbot &amp; Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26, 1 - 27." title="Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur´s monograph of Castniidae By Talbot &amp; Prout" type="journal article" year="1919">Rothschild (1919)</bibRefCitation>
mentions the species [as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FE106AF7FDFCFE24" ID-CoL="924QQ" box="[433,521,434,457]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FE106AF7FDFCFE24" box="[433,521,434,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Castnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FDB86AF4FD4EFE24" box="[537,699,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Sympalamides</emphasis>
[sic])
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FD5F6AF4FCA2FE24" ID-CoL="967KX" box="[766,855,433,457]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mygdon">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FD5F6AF4FCA2FE24" box="[766,855,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">mygdon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FC3C6AF4FB50FE24" ID-CoL="967LK" authority="Houlbert" authorityName="Houlbert" box="[925,1189,433,457]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrophalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FC3C6AF4FBCCFE24" box="[925,1081,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">rubrophalaris</emphasis>
Houlbert
</taxonomicName>
) collected in November, 1903, from Sapucay,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FE176A93FDD5FE03" box="[438,544,470,494]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF646ABDFA67FDD8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF646ABDFA67FDD8" blockId="6.[151,1436,325,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF646ABDFEABFDFC" bold="true" box="[197,350,504,529]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
The species is distributed in Southern
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FCB46ABCFCA9FDFC" box="[789,860,505,529]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, but reaches
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FC4E6ABFFBADFDFF" box="[1007,1112,506,530]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, however there is a report of at least one specimen supposedly collected in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FD3B6958FCF8FDD8" box="[666,781,541,565]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FCBD6958FBECFDD8" author="Joicey, J. J. &amp; G. Talbot" box="[796,1049,541,565]" firstAuthor="Joicey" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="633 - 653" part="96" refId="ref12623" refString="Joicey, J. J. &amp; G. Talbot. (1925) Notes on some Lepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (9) 16 (96), 633 - 653." title="Notes on some Lepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms" type="journal article" year="1925">Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1925</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FB84695BFB44FDD8" author="Lamas, G." box="[1061,1201,541,565]" firstAuthor="Lamas" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Entomologia" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="73 - 87" part="37" refId="ref12831" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." title="A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera)" type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FB1C6958FAB0FDD8" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1213,1349,541,565]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB4D921FAF16958FA7CFDD8" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1360,1417,541,565]" editor="Heppner, J. B." firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref13133" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." title="Castniidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF646905FDCEFD28" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF646905FDCEFD28" blockId="6.[151,1436,325,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF646905FE3CFDB4" bold="true" box="[197,457,576,601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
It has been collected in Atlantic Forest in the areas of occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FB6D6907FAC0FDB7" box="[1228,1333,578,602]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, where it is possible to find specimens perching on leaves of bushes or small size plants (
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB4D921FBEC6920FB50FD90" box="[1101,1189,613,637]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 21" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 20 21. Adults of Castniidae are seeing here while perching in the typical stegopterous position. 20. Synpalamides rubrophalaris (Houlbert) on an unidentified Arum (Araceae) leaf (Alto Paraná, Estancia Dimes) (Picture: Ulf Drechsel). 21. Gazera heliconioides micha (H. Druce) on a twig, close to the soil surface (Amambay, Cerro Corá) (Picture: Sergio Ríos)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278919/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Ulf Drechsel (pers. comm.) mentions that
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FE3769CCFD20FD4C" box="[406,725,649,673]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrophalaris">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FE3769CCFD20FD4C" box="[406,725,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Synpalamides rubrophalaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively common in the Atlantic Forest of the Alto Paraná Department. The hosts are Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB4D921FF646994FB40FC94" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB4D921FF646994FB40FC94" blockId="6.[151,1436,325,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF646994FE41FD07" bold="true" box="[197,436,721,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Material examined.</emphasis>
13,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB4D921FE576997FD79FD04" box="[502,652,722,745]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sora">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FE576997FD79FD04" box="[502,652,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Castnia sora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FD2D6997FD6FFD07" bold="true" box="[652,666,722,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49"></emphasis>
Druce
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FD7F6997FD19FD07" bold="true" box="[734,748,722,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49"></emphasis>
(mpd.B.h (
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FCCB6994FC23FD04" box="[874,982,721,745]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
) (Slide M-2557, Jacqueline
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FA886997FAC8FD04" box="[1321,1341,722,745]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Y</collectingCountry>
. Miller) (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB4D921FF3E69B0FF03FCE0" box="[159,246,757,781]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">MGCL</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FEA869B0FE47FCE3" bold="true" box="[265,434,757,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">PARAGUARÍ</emphasis>
: 13, (232), Sapucay,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FD0969B3FCE4FCE3" box="[680,785,758,782]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, 10.11.0 4, (Slide M-2558, Jacqueline
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB4D921FB1D69B3FB25FCE0" box="[1212,1232,758,781]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Y</collectingCountry>
. Miller) (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB4D921FA9869B0FA64FCE0" box="[1337,1425,757,781]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">MGCL</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FF36685CFEABFCDF" bold="true" box="[151,350,793,818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB4D921FF36685CFF16FCDF" box="[151,227,793,818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">ALTO</collectionCode>
PARANÁ
</emphasis>
: 13, Estancia Dimes,
<geoCoordinate id="EE59319CFFB4D921FDF9685CFD43FCDC" box="[600,694,793,817]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" precision="925" value="-25.55">25°33S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE59319CFFB4D921FD60685CFCDCFCDC" box="[705,809,793,817]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" precision="925" value="-55.216667">55°13W</geoCoordinate>
.
<date id="FFD3719BFFB4D921FC92685CFC1FFCDC" box="[819,1002,793,817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="2005-12-19" valueMax="2005-12-23" valueMin="2005-12-19">1923.XII.2005</date>
. Coll. U. Drechsel (MNHNPY).
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB4D921FAF7685CFEF0FCBB" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">CANINDEYÚ</emphasis>
: 1Ƥ, Reserva de Mbaracayú, Puesto La Morena.
<date id="FFD3719BFFB4D921FC8A6878FC48FCB8" box="[811,957,829,853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1991-11-06" valueMax="1991-11-08" valueMin="1991-11-06">68.XI.1991</date>
. Coll. C. Aguilar &amp; J. Kochalka [Collected inside Forested area] (MNHNPY); 13 Distrito Ygatimi: Río Jejui-mí,
<date id="FFD3719BFFB4D921FC0D6824FBE8FC94" box="[940,1053,865,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1998-11-07">7.XI.1998</date>
(IBIS-UNP).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>