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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.405.7402" ID-GBIF-Dataset="57127ecf-70b4-42ab-80a8-db5c6970cc3a" ID-PMC="PMC4023268" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-405-1" ID-PubMed="24843275" ID-ZBK="0EC88104E98F4E999397DB767D38050E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-405-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 405" ModsDocTitle="Twenty-four new species of Aleiodes Wesmael from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with associated biological information (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae)" checkinTime="1451245943323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio &amp; Shaw, Scott Richard" docDate="2014" docId="F1722577B72B49517A1881CFC5702EC6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 405: 1-81" docOrigin="ZooKeys 405" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.405.7402" docTitle="Aleiodes frosti Shimbori &amp; Shaw, 2014, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="41C9635C-F5EF-4949-8822-01B80BEE93D0" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FF8C5F2CC211FFCEFFD5A74443758641" masterDocTitle="Twenty-four new species of Aleiodes Wesmael from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with associated biological information (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae)" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668158296605" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Twenty-four new species of Aleiodes Wesmael from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with associated biological information (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Shaw, Scott Richard</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>405</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>81</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.405.7402</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.405.7402</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-405-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">0EC88104E98F4E999397DB767D38050E</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0EC88104E98F4E999397DB767D38050E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152052760" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:41C9635C-F5EF-4949-8822-01B80BEE93D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F1722577B72B49517A1881CFC5702EC6" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/41C9635C-F5EF-4949-8822-01B80BEE93D0" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes frosti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frosti">Aleiodes frosti</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="36" pageNumber="37">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 47-51
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description of holotype">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Female (holotype). Body length 8.1 mm; antenna length 10.7 mm; fore wing length 7.6 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Body color. Yellowish to honey yellow, except for the ocellar triangle and antenna dark brown. Wings tinged yellowish; veins honey brown, parastigma blackish with central yellowish spot.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Head. Antenna 65 antennomeres, antenna 1.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than body, flagellomeres roughly 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide, apical flagellomere with long and narrow
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bottle-nipple”">&quot;bottle-nipple&quot;</normalizedToken>
-shaped apex; malar space short, about as long as basal width of mandible, and about 0.33
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
eye height; in dorsal view eyes 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than temples; occipital carina incomplete dorsally, well defined laterally and meeting hypostomal carina; oral space small and circular, maximum width equal to basal width of mandible; clypeus large, not swollen; ocelli large,
<normalizedToken originalValue="ocellocular">ocell-ocular</normalizedToken>
distance about 0.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
diameter of lateral ocellus; maxillary palp not swollen; head surface sculpture finely shining granulate, occiput smooth and shining; higher face with a small longitudinal ridge and transverse rugosity directed to it; frons polished and excavated, without lateral ridges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Mesosoma. Sculpturing shining granulate; pronotum with few wrinkles posteriorly and dorso-laterally; mesopleuron with small area at antero-dorsal corner rugose, and some wrinkles dorsally; propodeum longitudinally rugose posteriorly, mid-longitudinal carina almost complete; notauli with few crenulae and shallow anteriorly, meeting on depressed rugose area posteriorly; posterior margin of mesoscutum with complete carina; scutellar sulcus shallow and smooth except for the median carina.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Wings. Fore wing: stigma 5.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than high; vein r 0.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein 2RS, 0.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than vein RS+Mb, and 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein m-cu; vein 3RSa 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein 3RSb, and as long as vein 2M; vein 1CUa 1.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein 1cu-a; vein 1CUb 2.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein 1CUa; vein 1M weakly curved at its basal portion; RS+M straight. Hind wing: m-cu present, short and weakly pigmented, interstitial or just antefurcal to r-m; M+CU 1.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
vein 1M; 1M as long as r-m; RS mostly straight and gradually opening from wing margin, slightly bent downward at mid length; vein M straight, dark brown, well pigmented; vein 2-1A present as a short stub.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Legs. Hind tibia with comb of modified setae; tarsal claw simple, not pectinate; hind basitarsus 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than inner apical spur of hind tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Metasoma. T1, T2 and basal 2/3 of T3
<normalizedToken originalValue="rugosestriate">rugose-striate</normalizedToken>
, longitudinal carina complete on T1 and almost complete on T2, but not reaching posterior margin; ovipositor
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">sheaths</pageBreakToken>
parallel sided and truncate, about as long as hind tarsomere III; metasoma unusually long and narrow, T1 2.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than its apical width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Variation. Body length about 8.5 mm; antennomeres = 63; ocelli larger,
<normalizedToken originalValue="ocellocular">ocell-ocular</normalizedToken>
distance 0.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
diameter of lateral ocellus; hind wing vein 2-1A absent to short.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Male. Body length about 8.5 mm; antenna with 63 segments. Virtually identical to female, but
<normalizedToken originalValue="ocellocular">ocell-ocular</normalizedToken>
distance 0.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
diameter of lateral ocellus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Mummy. Length 14.0 mm, black, thorax brown, head honey brown mottled brown, tubular in shape, thorax compact and wrinkled, exit mode unique within
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
: the parasitoid cuts a radial opening at posterior side of the mummy, just behind the hind abdominal prolegs, releasing a
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lid”">&quot;lid&quot;</normalizedToken>
with the anal prolegs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Type-locality: ECUADOR, Napo Province, Yanayacu Biological Station, YY-50211, Beat C-16,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.59833336">S00°35.9'</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-77.89">W77°53.4'</geoCoordinate>
, 2163 m, cloud forest, September 5, 2010.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Type-specimen: Holotype female and mummy, point mounted separately. Top label: &quot;ECUADOR: Napo Province / Yanayacu Biological Station /
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.59833336">S00°35.9'</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-77.89">W77°53.4'</geoCoordinate>
2163m / CAPEA - NSF-BSI-07-17458 / (hand written) July 2010 / YY-50211; back (hand written):
<normalizedToken originalValue="“5-Sep-2010”">&quot;5-Sep-2010&quot;</normalizedToken>
. (UWIM)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Paratypes, 1 female and 1 male (UWIM), same data as holotype, except: 1♀, 23 May 2008, Yanayacu Road, YY-31409,
<normalizedToken originalValue="colección">coleccion</normalizedToken>
por golpeo / ex.
<taxonomicName genus="Poaceae" lsidName="Poaceae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chusquea scandens" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Chusquea scandens</taxonomicName>
- wasp emerged 02 July 2008; 1♂ YY-46923, beat 638, ex. host plant:
<taxonomicName genus="Poaceae" lsidName="Poaceae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chusquea scandens" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Chusquea scandens</taxonomicName>
parasitoid emerged 10 May 2010.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Host plant
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chusquea scandens" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Chusquea scandens</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName genus="Poaceae" lsidName="Poaceae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
); host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Scoturopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scoturopsis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scoturopsis</taxonomicName>
Hering sp. (
<taxonomicName family="Notodontidae" lsidName="" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
); time span from pupation to emergence: about 5 weeks for females, unknown for the male. The parasitoid cuts a radial opening at posterior side of the mummy releasing a
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lid”">&quot;lid&quot;</normalizedToken>
, comprinsing the anal apex of mummified caterpillar, before emergence. The mummy exit mode of this species is unique for the genus, since all previously known mummies produced by
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
species had a posterior hole cut for emergence (
<bibRefCitation author="Zaldivar-Riveron, A" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 20" title="Evolution of the parasitic wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Braconidae): phylogeny and evolution of lepidopteran host ranges and mummy characteristics." url="10.1186/1471-2148-8-329" volume="8" year="2008">
<normalizedToken originalValue="ZaldívarRiverón">Zaldivar-Riveron</normalizedToken>
et al. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes frosti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frosti">
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">Aleiodes</pageBreakToken>
frosti
</taxonomicName>
sp. n. belongs to the seriatus species-group. This species resembles
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigricosta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricosta">Aleiodes nigricosta</taxonomicName>
(Enderlein, 1920) because of its entirely yellowish to honey yellow body, black stemmaticum and brown antenna, but differs in the honey brown fore wing vein C+SC+R, black in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigricosta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricosta">Aleiodes nigricosta</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes frosti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frosti">Aleiodes frosti</taxonomicName>
sp. n. also differs in the extension of median longitudinal carina on metasoma, which is incomplete on tergite 2, but extends to half of tergite 3 in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigricosta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricosta">Aleiodes nigricosta</taxonomicName>
, and the exceptionally elongate metasoma.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes frosti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frosti">Aleiodes frosti</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is also similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes elleni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elleni">Aleiodes elleni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. by the nearly straight hind wing vein RS, enclosing a marginal cell gradually widening toward wing apex, but it can be readily distinguish by the interrupted occipital carina on vertex, compared to the complete occipital carina of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes elleni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elleni">Aleiodes elleni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. The diameter of lateral ocelli, 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="4×">-4x</normalizedToken>
longer than
<normalizedToken originalValue="ocellocullar">ocell-ocullar</normalizedToken>
distance, is also a diagnostic character shared only with one Neotropical species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigribasis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigribasis">Aleiodes nigribasis</taxonomicName>
(Enderlein, 1920); however, most of the already mentioned diagnostic features for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes frosti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frosti">Aleiodes frosti</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (e. g. shape of metasoma and hind wing vein RS, and color patern) are also useful to distinguish it from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigribasis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigribasis">Aleiodes nigribasis</taxonomicName>
. Within the Yanayacu species in the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes seriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seriatus">Aleiodes seriatus</taxonomicName>
group it is similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes greeneyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeneyi">Aleiodes greeneyi</taxonomicName>
because of the incomplete occipital carina at vertex. It differs from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes greeneyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeneyi">Aleiodes greeneyi</taxonomicName>
by the entire yellowish body and its unusual long and narrow metasoma.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
The species is named after the American poet Robert Frost (1874 - 1963), author of the poem &quot;The Road Not Taken.&quot; This species name is also a reference to that poem, and to the unusual emergence mode of this species, recorded here for the first time. The following quotation extracted from this poem summarizes its idea: &quot;Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by,&quot; Robert Frost, 1920. This
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
species takes a &quot;road not taken&quot; by other species, to its adulthood, by emerging in a different and unique way.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>