262 lines
30 KiB
XML
262 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="AE7C1046C818555568BF3A369F5EC98F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.177176" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33243647-c185-492c-8efd-d4eaae734e76" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="177176" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459852392732" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hodgson, Chris, Gamper, Heather, Bogo, Amauri & Watson, Gillian" docDate="2007" docId="900A87FCFFE7FFC6FF37FF693B3EAB5E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01507p055.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1507" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Stigmacoccus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="6C33FF84FFFFFFDCFFA0FFFE3A2DA86C" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic review of the Margarodoid genus Stigmacoccus Hempel (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Stigmacoccidae), with some details on their biology" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698225463060" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="45C53E95419398C5B48B83FC14FA0B50" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EE4F254AF3370C9CBE62C443AA4BA9A2">
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<mods:title id="FF7E284528BD69E9A5C723255A87342B">A taxonomic review of the Margarodoid genus Stigmacoccus Hempel (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Stigmacoccidae), with some details on their biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="2412EC1F40BCC53134C7561B99F5EFA7" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="532F2B3F90E030EA9EED8044D8394FBB">
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<mods:roleTerm id="29F6F6A092DA07FE5695E14A8B227108">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="888CD539E97A2C66EF0CE0E29E123FCA">Hodgson, Chris</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="16A0FCF4908D284D973A1104D93D7D82" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="FCD970AF7581CA50B5CE15643349E66B">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B1B226B0C9DB87C89530FAC707224DC0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="31B87B839C03AA3BDAA26D41D706A60D">Gamper, Heather</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="5C261D39A6050F55B95B68719D0F911C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="097FC07080ACDDDCA07124E8B0CF2B83">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="67D6D8FF00C2D3178C58ECD40DBF4AA0">Bogo, Amauri</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="26D0969C9AEA6DEBFB83F43A0D19747B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="C63CEADC13226983EFC80F2EE73B97A7">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8C94509BC560B342D48B204A2D228855">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5A75192685A0483DF2D4ADC0709E6473">Watson, Gillian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D858FB58E838F145641BC2FE81647C73">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CB40B781CE174B49E51A36ECB29787C7">
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<mods:title id="7AFA4F226BB521EADE50F0EEEA4FF739">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8A581085D70B4FD013945796D7E17063">
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<mods:date id="53B5CF2172C9E8A353DE16175EACDB04">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="DDC14BD67864FFA543A27A1FD536CF39" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="90B660E409F00DB0FC513442A51435EE">1507</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="303224D2A842E250D0EBBBA83E4DBEBC">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="2C21CE8CC5B9759A4B05E1791F9FAB1C">55</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="E207E32FACC145E038637DC6FB114E58">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="12BC53D71EC9531825F3FA7B9CF4A3FD" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.177176</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="132B392A62ECB278A86AD2C5B49042E6" type="GBIF-Dataset">33243647-c185-492c-8efd-d4eaae734e76</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B0EAF9AD4D00C14AFFFCACAF90DFD34" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F26C66AF92C4E1E501D227E453931D87" type="Zenodo-Dep">177176</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="900A87FCFFE7FFC6FF37FF693B3EAB5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6237314" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119362639" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6237314" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:900A87FCFFE7FFC6FF37FF693B3EAB5E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/900A87FCFFE7FFC6FF37FF693B3EAB5E" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="50B96561FFE7FFC4FF37FF693AD0A8B8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF37FF693B98A8DD" blockId="24.[151,437,151,212]" box="[151,437,151,177]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="43548186FFE7FFC4FF37FF693B98A8DD" bold="true" box="[151,437,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF37FF693B98A8DD" bold="true" box="[151,437,151,177]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE7FFC4FF37FF693B11A8DD" ID-CoL="63TN2" box="[151,316,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF37FF693B11A8DD" bold="true" box="[151,316,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stigmacoccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species C
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF37FF443AD0A8B8" blockId="24.[151,437,151,212]" box="[151,253,186,212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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(
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<figureCitation id="80982A6FFFE7FFC4FF3FFF443AD9A8B8" box="[159,244,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,255,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[205,1399,186,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[198,1412,162,1677]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Cyst stage of Stigmacoccus species C, from Mexico. For lettering, see Fig. 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177186/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50B96561FFE7FFC4FF37FEFB3E8AACDB" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF37FEFB3912A92B" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF37FEFB3BD4A973" bold="true" box="[151,505,261,287]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Material studied.
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<collectingCountry id="60B4767AFFE7FFC4FEDDFEFB3BD4A973" box="[381,505,261,287]" name="Mexico" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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, Carrizal, Michoacan,
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<date id="6C1D102AFFE7FFC4FCB2FEFB39AEA973" box="[786,899,261,287]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1926-01-27">27.i.1926</date>
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, on "Tepehuaje", no collector (
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<collectionCode id="7EB2AE2FFFE7FFC4FAA2FEFB3F73A973" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1282,1374,261,287]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USNM</collectionCode>
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): 1/5 cysts, 2
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF56FED33B1EA92A" box="[246,307,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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(complete) + 3
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FE4EFED33800A92A" box="[494,557,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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, all missing anal areas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66FEAB3864A903" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" box="[198,585,341,367]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66FEAB3BE1A903" bold="true" box="[198,460,341,367]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Unmounted material</emphasis>
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. Not seen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66FE833ED2A9FB" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" box="[198,1279,381,407]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66FE833B84A9FB" bold="true" box="[198,425,381,407]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mounted material</emphasis>
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. More or less circular; length
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FCABFE833965A9FA" box="[779,840,381,406]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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about
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<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE7FFC4FC38FE8339D9A9FB" box="[920,1012,381,407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FBA0FE833E12A9FA" box="[1024,1087,381,406]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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about
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<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE7FFC4FB2FFE833ED1A9FB" box="[1167,1276,381,407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.13">1.13 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66FE5B3E8AACDB" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66FE5B3B06A9D3" bold="true" box="[198,299,421,447]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dorsum</emphasis>
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. Derm densely covered in dermal spines except over a large area medially (densest on
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FAFFFE5B3FB1A9D2" box="[1375,1436,421,446]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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specimens); with a few along anterior margin of head; intersegmental areas within spines reasonably distinct; each spine mainly 20–35 ųm long. With a few short, cone-like spines associated with each abdominal spiracle, each about 10–12 ųm tall and most about
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<date id="6C1D102AFFE7FFC4FD16FDE338FEAA5B" box="[694,723,541,567]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2x</date>
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as tall as wide, distributed as follows:
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FB3CFDE33EF4AA5A" box="[1180,1241,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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:
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<date id="6C1D102AFFE7FFC4FB48FDE33F47AA5B" box="[1256,1386,541,567]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1911-01-03" valueMax="1911-07-03" valueMin="1911-01-03">I–VII 3–11</date>
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and VIII 0;
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF50FDBB3B02AA32" box="[240,303,581,606]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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:
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<date id="6C1D102AFFE7FFC4FE9FFDBB3B8EAA33" box="[319,419,581,607]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">I–V 2–5</date>
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, VI–VIII missing. Setae: (i) hairs all slightly sunken, each 14–18 ųm long; sparse; (ii) hair-like setae not detected; (iii) minute setae of 2 sizes: basal socket about 3 ųm wide + a very short seta about 1 ųm long, sparse; larger setae, each about 2–3 ųm long: most frequent amongst cone-like spines near spiracles. Pores: (i) bilocular pores, each rather round and about 12–13 ųm widest, clearly larger than tubular pore; each in a shallow dermal depression: quite frequent, mainly intersegmental on abdomen; and (ii) tubular pores, each 8–9 ųm wide and 11–14 ųm deep; rather abundant throughout and 3 or 4 times as frequent as bilocular pores on
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FED0FCCB3B80AB22" box="[368,429,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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specimens. Abdominal spiracles,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FC9AFCCB395AAB22" box="[826,887,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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: outer atrium 30–33 ųm long, 35–38 ųm wide, each with 2 rows of pores at distal end; inner atrium 16–20 ųm long, 28–30 ųm wide, with a further short atrium at distal end, 8 ųm long;
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FDB0FC7B3862ABF2" box="[528,591,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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: outer atrium 18 ųm long, 18 ųm wide, each with 1 row of pores at distal end; inner atrium 12 ųm long, 13 ųm wide, short atrium at distal end, 3 ųm long. Anal area missing on
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF37FC2B3AFAAB82" box="[151,215,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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specimens:
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FEC8FC2B3B89AB82" box="[360,420,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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: anal opening 100 ųm wide, with about 16 small pores around outer margin; tuberclelike pores in a band about 4–5 pores deep, each tubercle about 8 ųm tall and 4 ųm wide, plus an outer ring of rounded bollard-like spines 1–2 spines deep, each spine about 7 ųm wide, each with a rather flat apex; outer diameter of band of bollard-like spines 170–175 ųm; abdominal spiracles VIII lying within or just laterad to outer ring of bollard-like spines. Anal tube
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FD01FB8B38F3ACE2" box="[673,734,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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: outer tube about 220 ųm long, and finger-like extensions each 160 ųm long; distribution and shape of pores on anal tube as in generic description.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50B96561FFE7FFC4FF66FB3B3943AE73" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66FB3B3943AE73" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66FB3B3B3AACB3" bold="true" box="[198,279,1221,1247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Venter</emphasis>
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. Distribution of spines similar to that on dorsum. Pore and setal distribution similar to that on dorsum. Antennae without setae or small pores on derm near margin; width:
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FC58FB133E18AD6A" box="[1016,1077,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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23–25 ųm,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FB64FB133F2EAD6A" box="[1220,1283,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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16 ųm. Clypeolabral shield pointing posteriorly, length:
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FD05FAEB38CFAD42" box="[677,738,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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each 310–330 ųm,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FC6BFAEB3E27AD42" box="[971,1034,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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235–250 ųm; labium facing more or less anteriorly,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FED0FAC33B80AD3A" box="[368,429,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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of unknown length but 200 ųm wide,
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FC26FAC339EBAD3A" box="[902,966,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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136–200 ųm long, 140–165 ųm wide. Thoracic spiracles: peritreme
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FE5DFA9B3817AD12" box="[509,570,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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each 38–42 ųm wide, with 1–2 rows of moderate-sized pores totalling about 19–27; length of muscle plate 120–130 ųm;
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FD46FA73390BADCA" box="[742,806,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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20–23 ųm wide, with 9 or 10 pores; muscle plate 75– 82 ųm long; each spiracle with a group of cone-like spines similar to those near abdominal spiracles, each group elongate but almost all spines on posterior margin, few or absent along anterior margin;
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FB50FA233F00AD9A" box="[1264,1325,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large</emphasis>
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with 20– 40;
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF64F9FB3B29AE72" box="[196,260,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small</emphasis>
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with 10–16; each group also with a few larger setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50B96561FFE7FFC6FF66F9D33934A99E" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66F9D33BF7AED0" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66F9D33B64AE2B" bold="true" box="[198,329,1581,1607]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comment.</emphasis>
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These cysts resemble those of
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<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE7FFC4FD6BF9D33947AE2A" box="[715,874,1581,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FD6BF9D33947AE2A" box="[715,874,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stigmacoccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. B above but differ in having (i) cone-like spines (rather than bollard-like spines) near each spiracle; (ii) cone-like spines near each thoracic spiracle much more abundant along posterior margin than anterior margin; and possibly in having (iii) more abundant bilocular and tubular pores.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE7FFC4FF66F9363E33AF9F" blockId="24.[151,1437,261,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FF66F9363BC3AE8E" bold="true" box="[198,494,1736,1762]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Discussion of cyst stage.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE7FFC4FE54F9373850AE8E" box="[500,637,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: on most specimens, the labium was pointing anteriorly, either overlying the clypeolabral shield or anterior to it. The clypeolabral shield appears to lie within the body of the cyst and appears to be only rather loosely connected to it – indeed, it is missing on many specimens. When present on mounted specimens, the clypeolabral shield may point in almost any direction although, when the labium overlies it, it is generally facing posteriorly (i.e., in the normal position). When the clypeolabral shield is facing anteriorly, the labium, when present, is generally some way anterior to it. When the clypeolabral shield is missing, the labium is also generally missing as well, suggesting that it is also only rather loosely connected to the cyst wall. It is unclear as to how the stylets emerge through the cyst wall!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4CDC6662FFE6FFC5FF37F9633E4FAED8" box="[151,1122,1693,1717]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177186/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[205,1399,186,1674]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE6FFC5FF37F9633E4FAED8" blockId="25.[151,1122,1693,1717]" box="[151,1122,1693,1717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FF37F9633B0BAED9" bold="true" box="[151,294,1693,1717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Cyst stage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FE1FF960387CAED9" box="[447,593,1694,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FE1FF960387CAED9" box="[447,593,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Stigmacoccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species C, from Mexico. For lettering, see Fig. 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE6FFC6FF66F9173934A99E" blockId="25.[151,1436,1768,2034]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,152,818]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FF66F9173B15AF6E" box="[198,312,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cyst sizes</emphasis>
|
||
. As far as the authors are aware, two cyst sizes have not been noted previously for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FB5CF9173FB1AF6E" box="[1276,1436,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FB5CF9173FB1AF6E" box="[1276,1436,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Stigmacoccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE6FFC5FF59F8EE3815AF46" author="Gullan" box="[249,568,1808,1834]" pageId="25" pageNumber="55" refString="Gullan, P. J. & Brookes, H. M. (1998) Giant females and bird-of-paradise flies: notes on the biology of Callipappus Guerin-Meneville (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 37, 2 - 7." type="journal article" year="1998">Gullan and Brookes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded two sizes of cyst with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FC0DF8EF3F64AF46" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[941,1353,1808,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Callipappus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FC0DF8EF3EE3AF46" box="[941,1230,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Callipappus rubiginosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the larger (
|
||
<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE6FFC5FEBAF8C63B5DAF3E" box="[282,368,1848,1874]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE6FFC5FE4AF8C6381DAF3E" box="[490,560,1848,1874]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) contained a female and the smaller cysts (each about
|
||
<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE6FFC5FAA9F8C63F70AF3E" box="[1289,1373,1848,1874]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="DF5B9B0FFFE6FFC5FA2DF8C63AEBAF16" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) were considered to enclose male nymphs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE6FFC5FD65F89E3974AF16" author="Foldi" box="[709,857,1888,1914]" pageId="25" pageNumber="54" refString="Foldi, I. (2005) Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae sensu stricto (Hemiptera: Sternorhyncha: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 41, 81 - 125." type="journal article" year="2005">Foldi (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
outlined the life cycle of the ground pearl genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FF3FF8763B67AFCE" box="[159,330,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), illustrating this as including 2 cyst stages in both male and female life cycles, although he states that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FEB5F84F3862AFA6" authority="Phillipi" authorityName="Phillipi" box="[277,591,1968,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FEB5F84F3BF0AFA6" box="[277,477,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Margarodes vitis</emphasis>
|
||
(Phillipi)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have three stages.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE6FFC5FCCDF84E3E09AFA6" author="Morales" box="[877,1060,1968,1994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="55" refString="Morales, C. F. (1991) Margarodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 21, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="1991">Morales (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated and illustrated
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FA8AF84F3B4EAF9D" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Coelostomidea wairoensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE6FFC5FDB4F82639B4AF9E" authority="Morales" authorityName="Morales" box="[532,921,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Ultracoelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brittini">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE6FFC5FDB4F826391CAF9D" box="[532,817,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ultracoelostoma brittini</emphasis>
|
||
Morales
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having two non-mobile feeding stages in the female life cycle but only one in the male, where the 2nd-cyst stage is a mobile non-feeding prepupa. However, it should be noted that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE5FFC6FD88FF3E38CAA8B6" author="Jakubski" box="[552,743,192,218]" pageId="26" pageNumber="55" refString="Jakubski, A. W. (1965) A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 187 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jakubski (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered that there were several moults during the cyst stage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FF5CFF163B9CA96D" box="[252,433,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FF5CFF163B9CA96D" box="[252,433,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Porphyrophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE5FFC6FD91FF1638F4A96E" author="Vahedi" box="[561,729,232,258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="55" refString="Vahedi, A-H. (2002) A revision of the genus Porphyrophora (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) with particular reference to the Middle East and with a discussion of the relationships of the hypogaeic margarodids. Ph. D. Thesis, Imperial at Wye, London University. 358 pp." type="book" year="2002">Vahedi (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
doubted this.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE5FFC6FC23FF163E08A96E" author="Foldi" box="[899,1061,232,258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="54" refString="Foldi, I. (1997 b) Defense strategies in scale insects: phylogenetic inference and evolutionary scenarios (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). In: Grandcola, P. (ed.) The Origin of Biodiversity in Insects: Phylogenetic tests of Evolutionary Scenarios. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 173, 203 - 230." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="b">Foldi (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that the cyst wall of margarodoids was formed of many layers mainly formed from anal fluids, but that these do not equate to exuviae. As far as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FEF2FEC63BDFA93D" box="[338,498,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FEF2FEC63BDFA93D" box="[338,498,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Stigmacoccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are concerned, there would appear to be three possibilities: either (i) the two sizes represent different instars, so that the small cysts refer to instar II and the large cysts to instar III (both sexes); (ii) as for (i) but where the male has only one cyst stage (small), which moults to give rise to the prepupa; or (iii) the differences refer to the sex, the small cysts being male and the larger cysts female. This is discussed further under biology in the final discussion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="50B96561FFE5FFC6FF66FDFE3B3EAB5E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE5FFC6FF66FDFE3E16AAD6" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,818]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FF66FDFE3B82AA75" box="[198,431,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cysts in other taxa</emphasis>
|
||
. Cyst stages appear to be restricted to the more "primitive" margarodoid families, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FF54FDD63B8AAA2E" box="[244,423,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FE12FDD63874AA2E" box="[434,601,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FDC5FDD63924AA2E" box="[613,777,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xylococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Stigmacoccidae and Callipappidae. This group of families was found to be sister to the remaining non-cyst forming margarodoid families by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C324B1BFFE5FFC6FB15FDAE3AC8AAFE" author="Hodgson" pageId="26" pageNumber="55" refString="Hodgson, C. J. & Foldi, I. (2004) Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison and related taxa (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) based on adult male morphology. Proceedings of the Xth International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, 19 th - 23 rd April, 2004, pp 35 - 48." type="journal article" year="2004">Hodgson and Foldi (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on the morphology of their adult males. A cyst stage is found also in the Steingeliidae, one of the reasons why this taxon is sometimes included in the margarodoid family group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="181C36EAFFE5FFC6FF66FD363B3EAB5E" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,818]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FF66FD363BF8AA8D" box="[198,469,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Comparison of cysts of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FE7CFD363853AA8E" box="[476,638,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stigmacoccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FD26FD3638F6AA8D" box="[646,731,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">species</emphasis>
|
||
. All the above cysts are rather similar with the exception of that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA34D69FFE5FFC6FF4BFD0E3B52AB65" box="[235,383,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Stigmacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garmilleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AD7EAF8FFE5FFC6FF4BFD0E3B52AB65" box="[235,383,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">S. garmilleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has the broad band of sclerotisation lying outside the spiracles on abdominal segment VIII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |