312 lines
40 KiB
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312 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49676" ID-GBIF-Dataset="78abb928-cc37-4214-979c-95c1704aa430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162723850" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-115" ID-Pensoft-UUID="287BE1B5D0C25273BA011352122B1BA6" ID-ZooBank="44F42F008B764C95961D4FC588C50BF0" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F0BA732-F1A4-4BBE-B1E0-691BFB410C2A" ModsDocID="1860-0743-1-115" checkinTime="1585017239079" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fujimoto, Shinta & Jimi, Naoto" docDate="2020" docId="7C538413D1FE56ECA407031B56B7BB51" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 96(1): 115-122" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 96 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49676" docTitle="Cyaegharctus Fujimoto & Jimi 2020, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="5F0BA732-F1A4-4BBE-B1E0-691BFB410C2A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" id="287BE1B5D0C25273BA011352122B1BA6" lastPageNumber="115" masterDocId="287BE1B5D0C25273BA011352122B1BA6" masterDocTitle="A new marine tardigrade genus and species (Arthrotardigrada, Styraconyxidae) with unique pockets on the legs" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="115" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" updateTime="1643449904087" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new marine tardigrade genus and species (Arthrotardigrada, Styraconyxidae) with unique pockets on the legs</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujimoto, Shinta</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jimi, Naoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>96</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>115</mods:start>
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<mods:end>122</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49676</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49676</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-1-115</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">44F42F008B764C95961D4FC588C50BF0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">287BE1B5D0C25273BA011352122B1BA6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="162723850" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F0BA732-F1A4-4BBE-B1E0-691BFB410C2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C538413D1FE56ECA407031B56B7BB51" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName LSID="7C538413-D1FE-56EC-A407-031B56B7BB51" authority="Fujimoto & Jimi, 2020" authorityName="Fujimoto & Jimi" authorityYear="2020" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Styraconyxidae" genus="Cyaegharctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyaegharctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Cyaegharctus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="115">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName authority="Fujimoto & Jimi, 2020" authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2020" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Styraconyxidae" genus="Cyaegharctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyaegharctus kitamurai" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="kitamurai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Cyaegharctus kitamurai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et sp. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1983" family="Styraconyxidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="family">Styraconyxidae</taxonomicName>
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with dorso-ventrally flattened body; cuticle smooth; epicuticular pillars present; cephalic region with complete set of cephalic cirri, ovoid primary clavae and compact conical secondary clavae; median cirrus and internal cirri at anterior margin of cephalic region; external cirri latero-ventral to internal cirri; lateral cirri and primary clavae sharing common base at antero-lateral position of cephalic region; secondary clavae between internal and external cirri; buccal apparatus with stylet supports; cirri E spine-like; seminal receptacle ducts opening anterior to gonopore; terminal anus with pair of large longitudinally elongate lobes; dorsal side of each leg with usual sensory organ on proximal part of femur and pocket organs at distal margin of femur; internal digits each with proximal pad and thin peduncle; external digits with proximal developed peduncles; claw sheaths present; adult female with three-pointed claws on all digits; four-claw juvenile with three-pointed claws on internal digits and single-pointed claws on external digits; three-pointed claws each with accessory and secondary hooks less developed compared to primary hook.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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The genus name is masculine and derives from two words,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cyäegha">Cyaeegha</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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, a deity of darkness and caves in the Cthulhu Mythos from Eddy C.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bertin’s">Bertin's</normalizedToken>
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short story
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Darkness, My Name Is</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">arctus</emphasis>
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, a Latinised Greek word meaning bear.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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The presence of pocket organs distinguishes the new genus and species from all other members of the phylum (see
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Description of holotype</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Discussion</emphasis>
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for further information on the new structure). For this uniqueness, it is difficult to infer the new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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taxonomic position, based solely on this morphology. Here we use other comparable morphological characters to infer its taxonomic position. The new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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three-pointed claws and peduncles indicate its affinity to the following four genera of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1983" family="Styraconyxidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="family">Styraconyxidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1981" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Raiarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raiarctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Raiarctus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thulin" authorityYear="1942" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Styraconyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styraconyx" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Styraconyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1983" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tholoarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tholoarctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tholoarctus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(van der
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<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land 1975</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" author="Jorgensen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="401 - 443" refId="B17" refString="Jorgensen, A, Boesgaard, TM, Mobjerg, N, Kristensen, RM, 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802 (4): 401 - 443, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" title="The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" volume="3802" year="2014">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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The new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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epicuticular pillars are not developed to the degree of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1981" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Raiarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raiarctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Raiarctus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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's characteristic pillars (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" author="Jorgensen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="401 - 443" refId="B17" refString="Jorgensen, A, Boesgaard, TM, Mobjerg, N, Kristensen, RM, 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802 (4): 401 - 443, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" title="The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" volume="3802" year="2014">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In addition, the new taxon has its seminal receptacles opening near the gonopore, in contrast to those of the latter genus opening laterally apart from the gonopore (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" author="Jorgensen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="401 - 443" refId="B17" refString="Jorgensen, A, Boesgaard, TM, Mobjerg, N, Kristensen, RM, 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802 (4): 401 - 443, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" title="The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" volume="3802" year="2014">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thulin" authorityYear="1942" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Styraconyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styraconyx" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Styraconyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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harbours species covering a wide range of character states and has been regarded as a non-monophyletic group (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="337 - 353" refId="B25" refString="Kristensen, RM, Renaud-Mornant, J, 1983. Existence d'arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sousfamille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 24: 337 - 353" title="Existence d'arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sousfamille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov." volume="24" year="1983">Kristensen and Renaud-Mornant 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). Due to this problematic state, many of the new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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character states fall within the range of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thulin" authorityYear="1942" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Styraconyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styraconyx" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Styraconyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, i.e. morphology of cephalic cirri, primary clavae, usual leg sensory organs, claws and digits (including peduncles) and seminal receptacles (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
). However, the new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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compact conical secondary clavae differ from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thulin" authorityYear="1942" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Styraconyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styraconyx" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Styraconyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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's flat sac to dome-shaped ones (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). Further, although it is not included in the generic diagnosis (
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
), it is apparent from all the original descriptions of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thulin" authorityYear="1942" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Styraconyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styraconyx" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Styraconyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species that they have a cylindrical body shape differing from the new
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<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
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dorso-ventrally flattened body and also the anus is not known to be developed as the large bi-lobed anus of the new taxon (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, G" journalOrPublisher="Meddelanden fran Goeteborgs Musei Zoologiska avdelning" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B36" refString="Thulin, G, 1942. Ein neuer mariner Tardigrad. Meddelanden fran Goeteborgs Musei Zoologiska avdelning 99: 1 - 10" title="Ein neuer mariner Tardigrad." volume="99" year="1942">Thulin 1942</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Robotti, C" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 3" refId="B34" refString="Robotti, C, 1971. Nuova specie di tardigrado marino: Styraconyx paulae (Heterotardigrada). Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria 4: 1 - 3" title="Nuova specie di tardigrado marino: Styraconyx paulae (Heterotardigrada)." volume="4" year="1971">Robotti 1971</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Astarte" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="87 - 91" refId="B19" refString="Kristensen, RM, 1977. On the marine genus Styraconyx (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada, Halechiniscidae) with description of a new species from a warm spring on Disco Island. Astarte 10: 87 - 91" title="On the marine genus Styraconyx (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada, Halechiniscidae) with description of a new species from a warm spring on Disco Island." volume="10" year="1977">Kristensen 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Renaud-Mornant, J" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B32" refString="Renaud-Mornant, J, 1981b. Tardigrades marins (Arthrotardigrada) du Pacifique Sud. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 4e ser., 3, A: 799-813." title="Tardigrades marins (Arthrotardigrada) du Pacifique Sud. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 4 e ser., 3, A: 799 - 813." year="1981 b">Renaud-Mornant 1981b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pollock, LW" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="109 - 117" refId="B30" refString="Pollock, LW, 1983. A closer look at some marine Heterotardigrada. II: The morphology and taxonomy of Bathyechiniscus, with a description of B. craticulus n. sp. from the Caribbean. The Bulletin of Marine Science 33: 109 - 117" title="A closer look at some marine Heterotardigrada. II: The morphology and taxonomy of Bathyechiniscus, with a description of B. craticulus n. sp. from the Caribbean." volume="33" year="1983">Pollock 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 40" refId="B23" refString="Kristensen, RM, Higgins, RP, 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" title="Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae) with description of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.391" volume="391" year="1984">Kristensen and Higgins 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Addabbo Gallo, M" journalOrPublisher="Oebalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="95 - 103" refId="B5" refString="D'Addabbo Gallo, M, Grimaldi de Zio, S, Morone de Lucia, MR, 1984. Styraconyx testudo n. sp., a new Styraconyxinae of the Mediterranean Sea (Arthrotardigrada: Halechiniscidae). Oebalia 10: 95 - 103" title="Styraconyx testudo n. sp., a new Styraconyxinae of the Mediterranean Sea (Arthrotardigrada: Halechiniscidae)." volume="10" year="1984">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Addabbo">D'Addabbo</normalizedToken>
|
||
Gallo et al. 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Addabbo Gallo, M" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="17 - 33" refId="B6" refString="D'Addabbo Gallo, M, Morone de Lucia, MR, Grimaldi de Zio, S, 1989. Two new species of the genus Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 30: 17 - 33" title="Two new species of the genus Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada)." volume="30" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/12265071.1998.9647426" author="Chang, CY" journalOrPublisher="The Korean Journal of Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="323 - 331" refId="B3" refString="Chang, CY, Rho, HS, 1998. Three new tardigrade species associated with barnacles from the Thai coast of Andaman Sea. The Korean Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 323 - 331, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12265071.1998.9647426" title="Three new tardigrade species associated with barnacles from the Thai coast of Andaman Sea." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/12265071.1998.9647426" volume="2" year="1998">Chang and Rho 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3955.3.6" author="Bartels, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="389 - 402" refId="B1" refString="Bartels, PJ, Fontoura, P, Nelson, DR, 2015. New records of marine tardigrades from Moorea, French Polynesia, with the description of Styraconyx turbinarium sp. nov. (Arthrotardigrada, Halechiniscidae). Zootaxa 3955: 389 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3955.3.6" title="New records of marine tardigrades from Moorea, French Polynesia, with the description of Styraconyx turbinarium sp. nov. (Arthrotardigrada, Halechiniscidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3955.3.6" volume="3955" year="2015">Bartels et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.3" author="Perez-Pech, WA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="492 - 508" refId="B28" refString="Perez-Pech, WA, de Jesus-Navarrete, A, Demilio, E, Anguas-Escalante, A, Hansen, JG, 2020. Marine Tardigrada from the Mexican Caribbean with the description of Styraconyx robertoi sp. nov. (Arthrotardigrada: Styraconyxidae). Zootaxa 4731 (4): 492 - 508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.3" title="Marine Tardigrada from the Mexican Caribbean with the description of Styraconyx robertoi sp. nov. (Arthrotardigrada: Styraconyxidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.3" volume="4731" year="2020">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Pech">Perez-Pech</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
|
||
The new taxon and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both have a dorso-ventrally flattened body, but the latter genus has short legs with strongly developed claws (van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latest diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is brief and we here present some other differences, based on information that van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not implement in the diagnosis and additional information provided by subsequent literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B20" refString="Kristensen, RM, 1980. Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae. Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen 34: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" title="Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" volume="34" year="1980">Kristensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kristensen, RM" editor="Rhode, K" journalOrPublisher="CABI Publishing, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="230 - 235" refId="B22" refString="Kristensen, RM, Hansen, JG, 2005. Tardigrada (water bears). In: Rhode, K, Ed., Marine Parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 230 - 235" title="Tardigrada (water bears)." volumeTitle="Marine Parasitology." year="2005">Kristensen and Hansen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One difference is that, in contrast to the new taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has unique peduncles, which van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
called
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘drop-shaped’">'drop-shaped'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(already illustrated in its original description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cuenot, L" journalOrPublisher="Revue de biologie du nord de la France" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B4" refString="Cuenot, L, 1892. Commensaux et parasites des echinodermes (21 eme note). Revue de biologie du nord de la France 5: 1 - 22" title="Commensaux et parasites des echinodermes (21 eme note)." volume="5" year="1892">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuénot">Cuenot</normalizedToken>
|
||
1892
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); for detailed drawing see van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Land, J van der" journalOrPublisher="Cahiers de Biologie Marine" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B26" refString="Land, J van der, 1975. The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32(Suppl.): 413-423." title="The parasitic marine tardigrade Tetrakentronsynaptae. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza 32 (Suppl.): 413 - 423." year="1975">Land (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another difference is that the new taxon and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have differently arranged cephalic appendages: i) the new
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
primary clavae are positioned laterally apart from the secondary clavae, whereas the two clavae are situated close together in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ii) the new
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
secondary clavae are positioned posterior from the anterior margin of the cephalic region, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are at the antero-lateral margin (see detailed drawings and SEM in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B20" refString="Kristensen, RM, 1980. Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae. Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen 34: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" title="Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" volume="34" year="1980">Kristensen (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of epicuticular pillars in the new taxon further differentiates it from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without pillars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" author="Kristensen, RM" journalOrPublisher="Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="165 - 177" refId="B20" refString="Kristensen, RM, 1980. Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae. Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen 34: 165 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" title="Zur Biologie des marinen Heterotardigraden Tetrakentron synaptae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01984038" volume="34" year="1980">Kristensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, the new taxon and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar secondary clavae morphology and they both have their seminal receptacles opening anterior to their gonopores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kristensen, RM" editor="Rhode, K" journalOrPublisher="CABI Publishing, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="230 - 235" refId="B22" refString="Kristensen, RM, Hansen, JG, 2005. Tardigrada (water bears). In: Rhode, K, Ed., Marine Parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 230 - 235" title="Tardigrada (water bears)." volumeTitle="Marine Parasitology." year="2005">Kristensen and Hansen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is also noteworthy that these two taxa, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pollock" authorityYear="1979" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Angursa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Angursa" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Angursa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have a terminal anus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kristensen, RM" editor="Rhode, K" journalOrPublisher="CABI Publishing, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="230 - 235" refId="B22" refString="Kristensen, RM, Hansen, JG, 2005. Tardigrada (water bears). In: Rhode, K, Ed., Marine Parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 230 - 235" title="Tardigrada (water bears)." volumeTitle="Marine Parasitology." year="2005">Kristensen and Hansen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.510" author="Fujimoto, S" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 19" refId="B11" refString="Fujimoto, S, Hansen, JG, 2019. Revision of Angursa (Arthrotardigrada: Styraconyxidae) with the description of a new species from Japan. European Journal of Taxonomy 510: 1 - 19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.510" title="Revision of Angursa (Arthrotardigrada: Styraconyxidae) with the description of a new species from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.510" volume="510" year="2019">Fujimoto and Hansen 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether these morphological similarities between the new taxon and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tetrakentron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrakentron" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tetrakentron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are phylogenetic signals or not need to be verified with molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
|
||
The new taxon has a dorso-ventrally flattened body differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1983" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tholoarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tholoarctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tholoarctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
's cylindrical body with a large detached outer epicuticle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" author="Jorgensen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="401 - 443" refId="B17" refString="Jorgensen, A, Boesgaard, TM, Mobjerg, N, Kristensen, RM, 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802 (4): 401 - 443, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" title="The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" volume="3802" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Further, the new taxon has ovoid primary clavae and conical secondary clavae, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant" authorityYear="1983" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tholoarctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tholoarctus" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Tholoarctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with cone-shaped primary clavae and large secondary clavae surrounding the internal and external cirri (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" author="Jorgensen, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="401 - 443" refId="B17" refString="Jorgensen, A, Boesgaard, TM, Mobjerg, N, Kristensen, RM, 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802 (4): 401 - 443, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" title="The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: with descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.1" volume="3802" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
|
||
For the morphological differences indicated above, the new
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
designation to any of the four genera is not plausible and the erection of a new genus and species is justified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |