140 lines
18 KiB
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140 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="B47FE59927051824D3E864098DC10A60" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6ef290f2-f65d-4dfa-afbd-2fbb505860ab" ID-PMC="PMC5904508" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-745-1" ID-PubMed="29670448" ID-ZooBank="16F1AE595650485F9D8C6149E962D461" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-745-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 745" ModsDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" checkinTime="1521799043702" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Moore, Matthew R., Cave, Ronald D. & Branham, Marc A." docDate="2018" docId="77E1BB001FC725CE151A09B47286947C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 745: 1-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 745" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" docTitle="Dyscinetus Harold 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="C24FFFFC630B3774FFCFDB4EFFAFAD27" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1701315738437" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="465B94D52131426E860952F1E00B75AE">
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<mods:title id="F3B38F847CA12A872C217B98D3F674DF">Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2976C53631085BA9DD65E075DCE97B0D">Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0BBFE08C85B381CC8682E4F96DAC3D99">Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C6BBE9F36550332920D0D4F30120C5BF">Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6D0CF2457398C979B5DED0427F0B3C27">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8FBAECE440A438331994600236E49F89">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="22E5701556FEF09EC82648EB4BCA0EE9">
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<mods:date id="ED566E6381CD942486D85B26EED6BDD0">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="7BA7AC524657A792257A1FA083FEC149" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="38DEC6AD969140722ECD4AFD996FC24C">745</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="58450537C18ABBB52C6A18881C695B62">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="16D22BBCE2C864F94CC5C46AF68E70B1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="554F329A1CEC3BE4565741A3ACED200B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="77E1BB001FC725CE151A09B47286947C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142479965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77E1BB001FC725CE151A09B47286947C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77E1BB001FC725CE151A09B47286947C" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="25BF688A5E8E2BE4350BE4BE247CC361" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="49DC84102AD653EA865BE4E29969700A" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="3F538DAC111F3D2A285116D58AE79F5D" ID-CoL="493S" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus Harold, 1869</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1C9BF892669B0AE39E57CE598B63A3E2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="B5596335EADB7584869CE861FFBE2CB6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1AAC0E3E61AAF3322B4CCEE5069813F4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="B38FD10008F774C4205038A38C6A23C0" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melolontha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melolontha geminata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">Melolontha geminata</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1801, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B293C2B351FEA74E205B09880CC00979" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="valid taxa">
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<paragraph id="403EEC33D68E35B925ADE660A2891C9F" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Valid taxa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF06124FFC224316FC430DF4ABCA656B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">21 species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C339F53484E361D0DA5609FBF1E79C25" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="6CEC4720B218B51C4E7D0742A22DDF10" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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comprises 21 species distributed from North America south to Argentina and the West Indies (Fig. 58). Smooth, large, and mostly black
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<taxonomicName id="32372A765CF79E012A35D624C61163DF" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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species superficially resemble hydrophilid beetles.
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<taxonomicName id="16C64CF04331246D6C05EB56AA04B6D8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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is generally not considered an aquatic or semiaquatic genus. However, some species in the genus have an intriguing association with moist, mucky soils and aquatic plants.
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<taxonomicName id="D7D05DAFC01F4D63279D930502BFC10D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus rugifrons" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugifrons">Dyscinetus rugifrons</taxonomicName>
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and another
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<taxonomicName id="8F3D08A42DE077DF72A0D5278B600943" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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sp. attack water hyacinth in Uruguay (
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<bibRefCitation id="1CDB40DD7D9D2C877940525B6010A7EC" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Silveira Guido 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="ECC8098B1350EB9C6E589B292E33792C" author="Bennett, FD" journalOrPublisher="Hyacinth Control Journal" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="44 - 52" title="Exploration for natural enemies of the water hyacinth in northern South America and Trinidad." volume="7" year="1968">Bennett and Zwolfer 1968</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4F7A3165C3732ABE295F50E9B4DF5CDA" author="Perkins, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pest Articles and News Summaries" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="304 - 314" title="Arthropods that stress waterhyacinth." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877409411855" volume="20" year="1974">Perkins 1974</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="FCB230A42CC5FB139893347EF60F30D4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus morator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morator">Dyscinetus morator</taxonomicName>
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also attacks water hyacinth in Florida (
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<bibRefCitation id="DBE19866EE8A254C113D273B11A6A802" author="Perkins, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pest Articles and News Summaries" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="304 - 314" title="Arthropods that stress waterhyacinth." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877409411855" volume="20" year="1974">Perkins 1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8911442D6E08C0153DF606436D7C7F72" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). These species are considered scavengers and enhancers of damage started by other arthropods on water hyacinth, though they are known to attack healthy tissues (
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<bibRefCitation id="70A71EF7D3FD872AFF02AC39A60B394A" author="Perkins, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pest Articles and News Summaries" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="304 - 314" title="Arthropods that stress waterhyacinth." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877409411855" volume="20" year="1974">Perkins 1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="26EB580AE7D6FDE9D47D78E7A8C20FA7" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). Feeding damage on water hyacinth occurs inside petioles, crowns, petiole bases, and submerged roots (
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<bibRefCitation id="65285A6CFCF0BC469B9691EA3CEB461A" author="Perkins, BD" journalOrPublisher="Pest Articles and News Summaries" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="304 - 314" title="Arthropods that stress waterhyacinth." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877409411855" volume="20" year="1974">Perkins 1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5A8746E421A99B759EF7A3951969E953" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="1C4136068024A6DECF0EE6583CAC179A" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<paragraph id="D6424B38A19D6A4FE33E91B057BC8AFF" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Figure 58. Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="9D25E1C68571767764F2259A5D705E57" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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species in North, Central, and South America and the West Indies. Numbers indicate number of taxa per country or region.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="CD3D641BFBC562AAE0658FCC5D59B551" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Experiments indicated that
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<taxonomicName id="74A493B6D1A5D064094214B99D0EA9FF" lsidName="D. morator" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="morator">D. morator</taxonomicName>
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can survive submerged in water for up to 36 hours (
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<bibRefCitation id="321D6790BDB02FABB244642EC9A5BDA2" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). The mechanism allowing for this prolonged submersion is unclear. Air bubbles are visible along the elytral margin and on the metathorax in submerged individuals (
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<bibRefCitation id="91DF411450247AB9EFD37A626E8F4001" author="Buckingham, GR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="27 - 33" title="Dyscinetusmorator (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults attack waterhyacinth, Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiaceae)." volume="43" year="1989">Buckingham and Bennett 1989</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="EFC4D2FA6EA4A78238227628249702DB" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus laevipunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevipunctatus">Dyscinetus laevipunctatus</taxonomicName>
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Bates was also observed submerged in association with water hyacinth in
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<pageBreakToken id="CA91DB9DD5029422BD17F70F0A55306B" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">Mexico</pageBreakToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="21FF0D703C52E286091862B1ACC8DD08" author="Garcia-Rivera, G" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="63 - 69" title="First record of Dyscinetuslaevipunctatus Bates (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) in an aquatic environment in Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.125.0112" volume="125" year="2015">
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<normalizedToken id="5EF4C06BBC1633AB260FFBBE5E0369AF" originalValue="García-Rivera">Garcia-Rivera</normalizedToken>
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and Contreras-Ramos 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Unlike many other genera in the group,
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<taxonomicName id="982DD8F74D7A17961187A2D054715B55" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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adults are not known to visit flowers. A Brazilian
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<taxonomicName id="846A1A9B382001F1184DB967FEF350E7" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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species was reportedly attracted to the floral odors of
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<taxonomicName id="82CBA72E0FFA2D4E53B1CE79B21B2D4F" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Annona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Annona" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Annona</taxonomicName>
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sp., although these beetles were not encountered in any inflorescences (
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<bibRefCitation id="EA6EDA91F1957E3B6E11689873BA8BA9" author="Gottsberger, G" journalOrPublisher="Entwicklungsgeschichte und Systematik der Planzen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="165 - 187" title="Beetle pollination and flowering rhythm of Annona spp. (Annonaceae) in Brazil." volume="167" year="1989">Gottsberger 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). This is the only mention of
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<taxonomicName id="98EAE75EED1F138CB0719AC74415D4ED" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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floral attraction in the literature.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F75328FB382BE4FD3E40814D1F3DB9B" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName id="29325380D9EDF2127495E293B0FC41AE" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
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species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsal coloration dark piceous to black; 2) body convex, not strongly anteroposteriorly compressed or dorsoventrally flattened; 3) clypeus trapezoidal with apex truncate in dorsal view; 4) frontoclypeal suture complete medially; 5) males with anterolateral
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<pageBreakToken id="AFFDC4A495FA762A49AC0E32A0E18851" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">margin</pageBreakToken>
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of the mandibles lacking weak tooth; 6) mandibular molar area with rows of circular micropunctures; 7) mandibular molar area on proximal margin with 2 semicircular depressed pits; 8) galea of maxilla on inner surface with 2 fused basal teeth, 2 free medial teeth, and 2 fused apical teeth (2-2-2 arrangement); 9) pronotum with broadly incomplete beaded basal margin; 10) males and females with 3 protibial teeth on lateral margin, basal tooth not greatly reduced, only slightly removed from the more apical 2 teeth, and oriented laterally; 11) protibial spur straight to weakly deflexed; 12) males with inner protarsal claw enlarged and narrowly cleft at apex; 13) mesocoxae not widely separated, nearly touching; 14) metacoxae on lateral edge with transverse, depressed sulcus; 15) metacoxae with lateral edge perpendicular to ventral surface; 16) meso- and metatibiae with distal, transverse carinae; 17) anterior edge of hindwing distal to apical hinge with erect setae and lacking produced, membranous border; 18) vein RA with single row of pegs proximal to apical hinge; 19) propygidium not expanded, with propygidium and pygidium not fused.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |