369 lines
36 KiB
XML
369 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.160.2290" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f93df35f-2101-43af-97e3-9fa3fe24a2ee" ID-PMC="PMC3253628" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-160-1" ID-PubMed="22303117" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-160-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 160" ModsDocTitle="A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis" checkinTime="1451249424265" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Chiu, Ming-Chung, Huang, Chin-Gi, Wu, Wen-Jer & Shiao, Shiuh-Feng" docDate="2011" docId="7752021C3D87C6902C965BF617990BCF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 160: 1-22" docOrigin="ZooKeys 160" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.160.2290" docTitle="Chordodes formosanus Chiu 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="ED57805BFFEBFFEAB119FF8DFFA0CD3A" masterDocTitle="A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis" masterLastPageNumber="22" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668153101227" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chiu, Ming-Chung</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huang, Chin-Gi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wu, Wen-Jer</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shiao, Shiuh-Feng</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>160</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>22</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.160.2290</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.160.2290</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-160-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032839" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:288E5D71-A694-4B65-BC15-164606F0DE4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7752021C3D87C6902C965BF617990BCF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:288E5D71-A694-4B65-BC15-164606F0DE4B" authority="Chiu, 2011" authorityName="Chiu" authorityYear="2011" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus Chiu, 2011</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Wufengqi Waterfalls (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="24.832117">24°49'55.62"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.747246">121°44'50.10"E</geoCoordinate>
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), Jiaushi Township, Yilan County, Taiwan (Holotype). Dachijieu (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="24.94978">24°56'59.21"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.56725">121°34'2.12"E</geoCoordinate>
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), Sindian (New Taipei City) (allotypes). Paratypes collected from Taiwan and Jap
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">an</pageBreakToken>
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: Taipei Zoo (Taipei City), Sindian (New Taipei City), Taroko National Park (Hualien County), Wufengqi Waterfalls (Yilan County), Taiwan and Miyazaki Prefecture and Sakado (Saitama Prefecture), Japan. For detailed data, see Table 1.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Partial bodies of holotype (male, 167 mm), and allotype (female, 282 mm) deposited at the Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University with the hosts. Paratypes deposited at the Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, and National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan and Lake Biwa Museum, Shiga, Japan. For detailed information, see Table 1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type-host">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type-host.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula formosana" order="Mantodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">Hierodula formosana</taxonomicName>
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Giglio-Tos (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Mantodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mantodea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName family="Mantidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="family">Mantidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula formosana" order="Mantodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">Hierodula formosana</taxonomicName>
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endemic to Taiwan, and the adult always emerging from late June to early August. Hosts of some samples belonging to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula patellifera" order="Mantodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellifera">Hierodula patellifera</taxonomicName>
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which distributed in both Taiwan and Japan. Their adults usually emerging in late autumn, about 2 months later than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula formosana" order="Mantodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">Hierodula formosana</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The specific name refers to Taiwan, the collection locality of the type specimens.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(Figs 1-5)</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male adult (n = 17) (Figs 1, 2). Body length 74-277 mm, width (widest) 0.7-1 mm (after dehydration). In alcohol-preserved specimens, body rough and flat with dorsal and ventral grooves; dark-brown with bright lengthwise regions on both dorsal and ventral sides and darkly pigmented line on ventral side in most specimens (Fig. 1D).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Posterior end (Fig. 1C) not lobed, with short spines (ca. 5-12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) among areoles on margin. Cloacal opening subterminal, oval, 27-78
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long and 17-63
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide. A pair of oval regions without areoles posterior to cloacal opening, each with scattered bristles extending as two rows of ventral strips (155-160
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide), structured by cord-like folds or flat areoles; flat areoles ornamented with short filaments in a cluster on top or scattered on cord-like folds, or absent. Paired oval bristlefields (70-77
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide and 145-243
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long) bearing bristles on borders between flat areoles and normal areoles on lateral side of cloacal opening; bristles in bristlefields varying among individuals; some bearing only shorter or thinner unbranched bristles and some with both branched and unbranched bristles (Figs 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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). Anterior end tapered, same color as body, with white tip (white cap) but no dark collar under a stereomicroscope. Under SEM, anterior end round with moderately flat areoles and short bristles on surface; about 10 of them elevated and cone-like near anterior terminal; long thick bristles scattered among areoles, some between areoles and some penetrating areoles (Fig. 2C). Anterior end on one individual with residual larval cuticle tapered but flat terminally (Fig. 2A); also flat surrounding ornamentations and bristles (Fig. 2B). Mouth opens terminally in some individuals.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Entire body covered by areoles with cord-like folds in between. Areoles characterized into five types (simple, tubercle, thorn, circumcluster, and crowned areoles). Simple areoles (Fig. 1A), most abundant, covering most of body surface except anterior end and ventral side of posterior end; each 5-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, more or less circular or oval, generally with a smooth surface but some with dots, grooves, or short bristles on surface. Simple areoles varying in height and some significantly elevated areoles in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">clusters</pageBreakToken>
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of two to ten, looking like bulging areoles as mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="37 - 114" title="Summary of Chordodes species (Nematomorpha, Gordiida), with a discussion of their diagnostic characters." volume="44" year="2008">Schmidt-Rhaesa et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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; but darker under light microscopy (Fig. 1D). Tubercle areoles (Fig. 1A) scattered among simple areoles, each shaped similarly to simple areole but with a tubercle (6-9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long) on apically concave center. Thorn areoles (Fig. 1A) distributed slightly along dorsal and ventral middle lines, similar to tubercle areoles but with a long solid thorn (22-57
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long) instead of a tubercle. Thorn areoles small or absent in two samples. Crowned areoles clustered in pair with a central tubercle in between and surrounded by 12-20 circumcluster areoles with short filaments on apical surface (short-crowned areoles) (Figs 1A, B); scattered over trunk except anterior and posterior ends; each with medium filaments (10-15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) originating from apical center and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">sidelong</pageBreakToken>
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to edges; only one male with a few crowned areoles containing a few filaments of around 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Female adult (n = 14) (Fig. 3). Length 263.7 (78-440) mm; body width (widest) 1-1.5 mm (after dehydration); body rough, flattened, dorsal and ventral grooves present; light to dark-brown with lengthwise regions on both dorsal and ventral sides, and darkly pigmented line on ventral side in most specimens. Some individuals with dark patches on bodies.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Posterior end (Fig. 3B) rounded, slightly swollen, covered by moderately flat areoles with cord-like folds surrounding cloacal opening; short bristles (10-27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) scattered between borders of moderately flat areoles and cord-like folds. Cloacal opening on terminal end, circular, 18-33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, no circumcloacal spine.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Anterior end with similar structure and color to males except lower cone-like areoles; terminally flat anterior end also appearing in one individual. Pattern and distribution of areoles (Fig. 3A) also similar to those of males but much more crowded in most individuals. Thorns of areoles shorter than those of most males (11-30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) but small or absent in three females. Cord-like folds present between areoles. Crowned areoles
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">scattered</pageBreakToken>
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over trunk as in males while roughly arranged in two lines on ventral and dorsal midlines, bearing significantly longer filaments (longest apical filaments ranging 65.57-392.25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(237.47
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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66.22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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, for details see
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Diagnosis”">"Diagnosis"</normalizedToken>
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)) (Figs 3A, C).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Eggs (Fig. 4).In laboratory, egg strings stuck onto substrate or drifting on bottom. Eggs (6 days after being laid) (Fig. 4B) nearly circular, 30.39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(n = 10) in diameter. Egg strings white when laid and becoming light-brown within 1 day, turning dark-gray just before hatching. Eggs collected in field (Fig. 4C) all stuck onto rocks; mostly brown to gray, but some light-brown as those just laid in laboratory.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Larvae (Figs 4, 5). Larvae remaining near egg strings after hatching, not active. Under light microscopy, larval preseptum (Fig. 4A) averaging 20.55 (16.32-24.78)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long and 13.21 (10.93-16.34)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide; postseptum averaging 24.91 (22.52-27.44)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long and 10.06 (9.25-11.49)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide, stylet averaging 11.04 (9.59-13.25)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
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and 3.36 (2.76-3.91)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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wide. Pseudointestines V-shaped (Fig. 4A) with one small and one large branch, both with a swelling on posterior ends. Large branch averaging 8.27 (7.28-9.82)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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, small branch averaging 6.70 (5.43-7.59)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long. Under SEM, larvae superficially annulated with 13 segments on preseptum and 10 on postseptum, ectodermal septum as a single segment between them. Three sets of hooks arranged in three rings on anterior preseptum (Fig. 5A): outer ring containing seven hooks (outer hooks), two ventrally positioned and closely together on base (ventral double hook); six hooks on second ring located between each outer hook (middle hook); inner ring containing at least three inner spines, but real number unknown. A stylet (Figs 5A, C) appearing inside preseptum, ornamented with two sets of spines: nine spines on dorsal and ventral sides of stylet, five small lateral papillae on left side.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">A</pageBreakToken>
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pair of anterior and posterior terminal spines (Fig. 5B) on posterior of postseptum. Pseudointestine exterior opening (Fig. 5B) centrally located between anterior terminal spines on ventral body. Several larvae covered by residual skin: one observed in broken egg suggesting that molting had occurred before emergence (Fig. 4D).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Horsehair worms from the mantids
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula formosana" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">Hierodula formosana</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula patellifera" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellifera">Hierodula patellifera</taxonomicName>
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were characterized by all six types of areoles, including simple, tubercle, thorn, circumcluster, short-crowned, and long-crowned areoles in the female. The same six areole types are similar to those of
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
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described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, I" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="400 - 402" title="On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan." volume="25" year="1952">Inoue (1952)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Baek, KM" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 228" title="Two species of genus Chordodes (Gordioidea, Nematomorpha) from Korea." url="doi: 10.1038/387489a0" volume="9" year="1993">Baek (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. Nevertheless, the significantly longer filaments on female crowned areoles suggest they belong to a new species,
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. By the way, the absence of long-crowned areoles in our male sample of
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. probably implies their potential for distinguishing these two different species. However, since the dimorphism of male crowned areoles has not been mentioned in
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
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, more studies are needed to uncover this phenomenon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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The crowned areole is an autapomorphy of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">Chordodes</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is composed of two major areoles ornamented with apical filaments and several surrounding circumcluster areoles. The dimorphic length of the apical filaments divides the crowned areoles into two types, short-crowned areoles with short ornamental filaments and long-crowned areoles with long ones. All samples we checked (both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and one male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) had short-crowned areoles scattered all over the body trunk, with the long-crowned areoles only appearing on the ventral and dorsal midlines of the female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. andmale
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not themale
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. We did not personally observe the female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these dimorphic crowned areoles must be present according to the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, I" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="400 - 402" title="On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan." volume="25" year="1952">Inoue (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baek, KM" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 228" title="Two species of genus Chordodes (Gordioidea, Nematomorpha) from Korea." url="doi: 10.1038/387489a0" volume="9" year="1993">Baek (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Additionally, the apical filament lengths of long-crowned areoles were significantly longer on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. We randomly chose two to five sets of long-crowned areoles from our female samples and measured each of their longest apical filaments. In the 68 sets of long crowned areoles, the longest apical filaments ranged 65.57-392.25 (237.47
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
66.22)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Fifty-one of these 68 (75%) sets of crowned areoles had apical filaments of> 200
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The longest apical filaments in our male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 92.03-139.70
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Significantly shorter filaments in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, I" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="400 - 402" title="On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan." volume="25" year="1952">Inoue (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baek, KM" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 228" title="Two species of genus Chordodes (Gordioidea, Nematomorpha) from Korea." url="doi: 10.1038/387489a0" volume="9" year="1993">Baek (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has long-crowned areoles with filaments of around 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, I" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="400 - 402" title="On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan." volume="25" year="1952">Inoue 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; fig. 1a) and filaments of <200
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baek, KM" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 228" title="Two species of genus Chordodes (Gordioidea, Nematomorpha) from Korea." url="doi: 10.1038/387489a0" volume="9" year="1993">Baek (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. For other differences and detailed comparisons, see Table 2 and the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Discussion”">"Discussion"</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Table 2. Comparison of areolar types between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 107" title="Japanese horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from the Lake Biwa Museum." volume="9" year="2004">Schmidt-Rhaesa 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, samples of which were considered to be
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, I" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="400 - 402" title="On a new species of Chordodes (Gordiacea) from Japan." volume="25" year="1952">Inoue 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baek, KM" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 228" title="Two species of genus Chordodes (Gordioidea, Nematomorpha) from Korea." url="doi: 10.1038/387489a0" volume="9" year="1993">Baek 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in this investigation
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">Areolar type</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes japonensis" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">Chordodes japonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">This study</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Schmidt-Rhaesa (2004)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">This study</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Inoue (1952)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Baek (1993)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula formosana" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">Hierodula formosana</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula patellifera" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellifera">Hierodula patellifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Hierodula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hierodula patellifera" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellifera">Hierodula patellifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Tenodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tenodera sinensis" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">Tenodera sinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Fig. 1A</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Fig. 2C</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Fig. 1A</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Fig. 2A</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 1. Male adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Cuticular surface with five types of areole B paired crowned areoles with a central tubercle C posterior end of the male D bright lengthwise regions with a darkly pigmented line on the ventral side of male body. Cir, circumcluster areole; Clo, cloacal opening; P, pigmented line; Sc, short-crowned areole; Sim, simple areoles; T, central tubercle; Th, thorn areole; Tu, tubercle areole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 2. Details of ornamentations on anterior and posterior ends of male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Anterior end with larval cuticle B flat ornamentations and bristles on top of anterior end C cone-like areoles with bristles on top of anterior end
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
bristlefields with branched and unbranched bristles (D), short and unbranched bristles (E), or thin and unbranched bristles (F). Bri, bristle; Coa, cone-like areole; Lc, residual of larval cuticle; Fla, flat ornamentations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 3. Female adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Cuticular surface with six types of areole B posterior end of female C ventral side of female body. Bri, bristle; Cir, circumcluster areole; Clo, cloacal opening; Lc, long crowned areole; Sc, short-crowned areole; Sim, simple areoles; Th, thorn areole; Tu, tubercle areole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 4. Eggs and larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Live larva in water B eggs (6 days after being laid) C egg strings stuck onto a rock D larva in an egg with residual cuticle. EctoS, ectodermal septum; Ho, hooklet; PostS, postseptum; PreS, preseptum; PsI, pseudointestine gland; Rc, residual cuticle; Sty, stylet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 5. Detail of larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chordodes formosanus" order="Gordioidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="formosanus">Chordodes formosanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Anterior view of a larva showing stylet and hook arrangement B posterior view of a larva C style with spines and lateral papillae. Asp, anterior terminal spine; Lp, lateral papillae; Is, inner spines; Mh, middle hook; Oh, outer hook; Peo, Pseudointestine exterior opening; Psp, posterior terminal spine; S, stylet; Ssp, stylet spines; Vdh, ventral double hook.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |