714 lines
96 KiB
XML
714 lines
96 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0E488FDDA09AA73B490059CB9CCA0674">Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="950235B00A007EB98773A435142A7755">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="375CAB96CFBE8627E920A5BAF9AD1C4C">Cicimurri, David J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BD89FBF37EE59B21DA1082B9DFF10233">Stringer, Gary L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CA7BFD484E7DF55375E061FEA380CFB7">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="18174D41FFE7FFC9FD849ECA4E3B0D13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3664623" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162073062" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3664623" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:18174D41FFE7FFC9FD849ECA4E3B0D13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/18174D41FFE7FFC9FD849ECA4E3B0D13" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFCDFD849ECA4EB90D2E" box="[578,1010,510,537]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFD849ECA4EB90D2E" blockId="98.[578,1010,510,572]" box="[578,1010,510,537]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<heading id="CB494B3BFFE7FFCDFD849ECA4EB90D2E" box="[578,1010,510,537]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFD849ECA4EB90D2E" authority="White, 1955" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[578,1010,510,537]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFD849ECA4E110D2E" bold="true" box="[578,858,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFCA79ECA4EB90D2E" author="White E. I." box="[865,1010,510,537]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFCDFD369D154E4F0D4A" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFD369D154E080D0B" blockId="98.[578,1010,510,572]" box="[752,835,545,572]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FFE7FFCDFD369D154E080D0B" box="[752,835,545,572]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="99.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1390,985,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,975,1761]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Fig. 35. Galeocerdo eaglesomei White, 1955, teeth. A–E. MMNS VP–7496.1, anterolateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation. A. Labial view. B. Close–up of distal notch. C. Lingual view. D. Close–up of simple mesial serrations. E. Mesial view. F–J. MMNS VP–7496.2, lateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation. F. Labial view. G. Close–up of distal notch. H. Lingual view. I. Close–up of simple mesial serrations. J. Mesial view. K–O. MSC 37619.1, lateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation, reversed for comparison, courtesy of James Lowery. K. Labial view. L. Close–up of distal notch. M. Lingual view. N. Close–up of simple mesial serrations. O. Mesial view. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660325/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9D574E4F0D4A" blockId="98.[189,810,611,673]" box="[189,772,611,637]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B9D574F6E0D4A" authority="Agassiz, 1843" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[189,549,611,637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Galeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9D574C3F0D4A" box="[189,372,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeus latidens</emphasis>
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Agassiz, 1843
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</taxonomicName>
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: pl. 26, figs 22–23.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFCDFF7B9DB24E2D0C7C" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9DB24E610D97" blockId="98.[189,810,611,673]" box="[189,810,646,673]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0AEDB79FFE7FFCDFF7B9DB24E610D97" box="[189,810,646,673]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B9DB24FE30D97" authority="White, 1955: 320" authorityName="White" authorityPageNumber="320" authorityYear="1955" box="[189,680,646,673]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9DB24C990D97" box="[189,466,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FFE7FFCDFE1E9DB24FE30D97" author="White E. I." box="[472,680,646,673]" page="320" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="1955">
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<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFE1E9DB24FE30D97" author="White E. I." box="[472,680,646,673]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White, 1955: 320</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, text fig. 1.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9DF34CF50C32" blockId="98.[189,1399,711,844]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0AEDB79FFE7FFCDFF7B9DF34CF50C32" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B9DF34FC80DD6" authority="- White 1926: 26" authorityName="White" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1926" box="[189,643,711,738]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9DF34CE00DD6" box="[189,427,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo latidens</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FFE7FFCDFE0F9DF34FC80DD6" author="White E. I." box="[457,643,711,737]" page="26" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="1926">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFE0F9DF34FC80DD6" author="White E. I." box="[457,643,711,737]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White 1926: 26</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 6, figs 1–21. —
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<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FFE7FFCDFCB39DF349180DD5" author="Pedroni P. M." box="[885,1107,711,738]" page="283" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="1844">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFCB39DF349180DD5" author="Pedroni P. M." box="[885,1107,711,738]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="277 - 298" refId="ref148495" refString="Pedroni P. M. 1844. Memoire sur les poissons fossiles du departement de la Gironde. Actes de la Societe linneenne de Bordeaux 13: 277 - 298." type="journal article" year="1844">Pedroni 1844: 283</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FFE7FFCDFB459DFC483A0DD5" author="Stromer E." box="[1155,1393,711,738]" page="175" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="1905">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFB459DFC483A0DD5" author="Stromer E." box="[1155,1393,711,738]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer 1905b: 175</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 14, figs 10–15.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9C3A4EBD0C1F" blockId="98.[189,1399,711,844]" box="[189,1014,782,808]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0AEDB79FFE7FFCDFF7B9C3A4EBD0C1F" box="[189,1014,782,808]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B9C3A4E1A0C1F" authority="- Thurmond & Jones 1981: 63" authorityName="- Thurmond & Jones" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1981" box="[189,849,782,808]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9C3A4CAA0C1F" box="[189,481,782,808]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo alabamensis</emphasis>
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||
–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FFE7FFCDFE3B9C3A4E1A0C1F" author="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E." box="[509,849,782,808]" page="63" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="1981">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFE3B9C3A4E1A0C1F" author="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E." box="[509,849,782,808]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="ref152244" refString="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E. 1981. Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa." type="book" year="1981">Thurmond & Jones 1981: 63</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, fig. 28, right.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9C054E2D0C7C" blockId="98.[189,1399,711,844]" box="[189,870,817,844]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B9C054F850C7C" authority="- Maisch et al. 2014" authorityName="Maisch" authorityYear="2014" box="[189,718,817,844]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9C054C990C7C" box="[189,466,817,843]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFE299C054F850C7C" author="Maisch H. M. & Becker M. A. & Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A." box="[495,718,817,843]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="183 - 209" refId="ref145693" refString="Maisch H. M., Becker M. A., Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A. 2014. Chondrichthyans from the Lisbon- Tallahatta Formation Contact (middle Eocene), Choctaw County, Silas, Alabama. Paludicola 9 (4): 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Maisch
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFD8B9C064FCC0C7C" box="[589,647,817,843]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 3, 9–14.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFCDFF7B9C464E270B7F" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9C464CE10CBB" blockId="98.[189,426,882,908]" box="[189,426,882,908]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<heading id="CB494B3BFFE7FFCDFF7B9C464CE10CBB" bold="true" box="[189,426,882,908]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9C464CE10CBB" bold="true" box="[189,426,882,908]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9C964E270B7F" blockId="98.[189,1399,929,1096]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20D6F60AFFE7FFCDFF7B9C964E2C0B7F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2564277937" collectionCode="ALMNH, MMNS, MSC" country="United States of America" location="Claiborne Group" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" specimenCode="ANSP 23412, ANSP 23418, ANSP 23419, MSC 2378.1, MSC 37619.1, 2, NJSM 24023" specimenCount="26" stateProvince="Alabama">
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<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FFE7FFCDFF7B9C964F270C8C" box="[189,620,929,956]" name="United States of America" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFD5D9C954E460C8C" bold="true" box="[667,781,929,955]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
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<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE7FFCDFD5D9C954E460C8C" box="[667,781,929,955]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Alabama</collectingRegion>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
• 38 isolated teeth;
|
||
<location id="9561AA8CFFE7FFCDFBE29C9549B30C8C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:18174D41FFE7FFC9FD849ECA4E3B0D13:9561AA8CFFE7FFCDFBE29C9549B30C8C" box="[1060,1272,929,955]" country="United States of America" name="Claiborne Group" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" stateProvince="Alabama">Claiborne Group</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFACD9C95483C0C8C" box="[1291,1399,929,955]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
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||
PV1989.4.1.1 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFFE7FFCDFEB49CF04F5C0CE8" box="[370,535,964,991]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFDEC9CF04FDD0CE9" box="[554,662,964,990]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
PV1989.4.151.1a (
|
||
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFFE7FFCDFCB99CF0495D0CE8" box="[895,1046,964,991]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFBEF9CF049DE0CE9" box="[1065,1173,964,990]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
PV1989.4.219a (
|
||
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFFE7FFCDFAA19CF04C770B35" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFE899CDC4CF00B35" box="[335,443,1000,1026]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
PV1989.4.90,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFDAD9CDC4F9C0B35" box="[619,727,1000,1026]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
PV2000.1.43.4 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFFE7FFCDFC649CDC49730B35" box="[930,1080,999,1026]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFB8C9CDC49FD0B35" box="[1098,1206,1000,1026]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
PV2000.1.44.3,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFF7B9B3F4C100B12" box="[189,347,1035,1061]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFF7B9B3F4C4C0B12" box="[189,263,1035,1061]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
23412
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFEA09B3F4F4E0B12" box="[358,517,1035,1061]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFEA09B3F4CFB0B12" box="[358,432,1035,1061]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
23418
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFDD69B3F4FE50B12" box="[528,686,1035,1061]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFDD69B3F4F110B12" box="[528,602,1035,1061]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
23419
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, GSA-V695,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFC969B3F4EE10B12" box="[848,938,1035,1061]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">MMNS</collectionCode>
|
||
VP-7496 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFFE7FFCDFBEB9B3F498F0B11" box="[1069,1220,1035,1062]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFB1E9B3F48390B12" box="[1240,1394,1035,1061]" collectionCode="MSC" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFB1E9B3F485D0B12" box="[1240,1302,1035,1061]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">MSC</collectionCode>
|
||
2378.1
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFF7B9B1A4DB00B7F" box="[189,251,1070,1096]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">MSC</collectionCode>
|
||
36904,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFE9C9B1A4F490B7F" box="[346,514,1070,1096]" collectionCode="MSC" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFE9C9B1A4CD30B7F" box="[346,408,1070,1096]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">MSC</collectionCode>
|
||
37619.1
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
–
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFDD79B1A4F540B7F" box="[529,543,1070,1096]" collectionCode="MSC" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">2</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFDED9B1A4F220B7F" box="[555,617,1070,1096]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">MSC</collectionCode>
|
||
39039,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C018542CFFE7FFCDFD0E9B1A4E2C0B7F" box="[712,871,1070,1096]" collectionCode="NJSM" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE7FFCDFD0E9B1A4E580B7F" box="[712,787,1070,1096]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">NJSM</collectionCode>
|
||
24023
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFCDFF7B9B5B4E1E0AE5" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9B5B4C050BBE" blockId="98.[189,334,1135,1161]" box="[189,334,1135,1161]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="CB494B3BFFE7FFCDFF7B9B5B4C050BBE" bold="true" box="[189,334,1135,1161]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9B5B4C050BBE" bold="true" box="[189,334,1135,1161]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9BAA4E1E0AE5" blockId="98.[189,1399,1182,1490]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Teeth broadly triangular, with distally inclined, narrow triangular cusp. Anterior teeth with elongate, sinuous mesial cutting edge; cutting edge becomes more uniformly convex towards commissure. Lower two-thirds to three-quarters of mesial edge coarsely serrated; remainder of edge with much smaller serrations; serrations simple in form. Distal edge short, weakly convex, finely serrated nearly to apex. Anterior teeth with distal heel not well differentiated from distal cutting edge; heel becoming more conspicuous towards commissure. Distal heel elongate, concave, very coarsely serrated; serrations simple, decreasing in size basally. Labial crown face flat; lingual face convex; enameloid smooth. Root bilobate; lobes short, rounded, highly diverging; narrow to broadly U-shaped interlobe area. Lingual root face high, flat, bisected by shallow nutritive groove.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFFE7FFC9FF7B9ACD4E3B0D13" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCDFF7B9ACD4C640924" blockId="98.[189,303,1529,1555]" box="[189,303,1529,1555]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="CB494B3BFFE7FFCDFF7B9ACD4C640924" bold="true" box="[189,303,1529,1555]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B9ACD4C640924" bold="true" box="[189,303,1529,1555]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE7FFCCFF7B99134F500D55" blockId="98.[189,1399,1575,2024]" lastBlockId="99.[189,1399,267,610]" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFE4A99134F5E0976" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[396,533,1575,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFE4A99134F5E0976" box="[396,533,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported from Paleogene deposits in Alabama, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFF7B997F4F420952" authority="(Agassiz, 1843)" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[189,521,1611,1637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aduncus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFF7B997F4C0F0952" box="[189,324,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. aduncus</emphasis>
|
||
(Agassiz, 1843)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFDD3997F4E300952" authority="Leriche, 1942" authorityName="Leriche" authorityYear="1942" box="[533,891,1611,1637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFDD3997F4F860952" box="[533,717,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFD13997F4E300952" author="Leriche M." box="[725,891,1611,1637]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref145078" refString="Leriche M. 1942. Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la Plaine cotiere atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis. Les synchronismes des formations tertiaires des deux cotes de l'Atlantique. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 45 (2 - 4): 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1942">Leriche, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFC4E997F498A0952" authority="White, 1956" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1956" box="[904,1217,1610,1637]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFC4E997F496F0952" box="[904,1060,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. clarkensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFBEA997F498A0952" author="White E. I." box="[1068,1217,1610,1637]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="123 - 150" refId="ref153972" refString="White E. I. 1956. The Eocene fishes of Alabama. Bulletins of American Paleontology 36 (156): 123 - 150." type="journal article" year="1956">White, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFB08997F4C1A09BE" authority="White, 1955" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFB08997F483D0952" box="[1230,1398,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFF7B995A4C1A09BE" author="White E. I." box="[189,337,1646,1673]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFE48995A4F9909BF" authority="(Agassiz, 1843)" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[398,722,1646,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFE48995A4F4509BF" box="[398,526,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
(Agassiz, 1843)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFCDA995A4EE909BF" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[796,930,1646,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aduncus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFCDA995A4EE909BF" box="[796,930,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. aduncus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFC1F995A491109BF" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[985,1114,1646,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFC1F995A491109BF" box="[985,1114,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were first reported from the “Tertiary of Alabama” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFDD299A64F87099B" author="Tuomey M." box="[532,716,1681,1708]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="ref152345" refString="Tuomey M. 1858. Second Biennial Report on the Geology of Alabama. N. B. Cloud, State Printer, Montgomery." type="book" year="1858">Tuomey (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; however, these specimens were never illustrated and were destroyed by fire near the end of the Civil War in 1865 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFCB0998049CD09F9" author="Ebersole J. A. & Dean L. S." box="[886,1158,1716,1743]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 45" refId="ref141423" refString="Ebersole J. A. & Dean L. S. 2013. The history of Late Cretaceous vertebrate research in Alabama. Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 31 (1): 3 - 45." type="journal article" year="2013">Ebersole & Dean 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, the identity of his material cannot be corroborated.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFD4F99E34E1509C5" author="Woodward A. S." box="[649,862,1751,1778]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="ref154310" refString="Woodward A. S. 1889. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum. Part. I. British Museum (Natural History), London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61854" type="book" year="1889">Woodward (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned 18 teeth, purportedly from Alabama but housed within various NHMUK collections, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFCDF99CF4ED40822" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[793,927,1787,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aduncus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFCDF99CF4ED40822" box="[793,927,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. aduncus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFC6899CF49000822" author="White E. I." box="[942,1099,1786,1813]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="123 - 150" refId="ref153972" refString="White E. I. 1956. The Eocene fishes of Alabama. Bulletins of American Paleontology 36 (156): 123 - 150." type="journal article" year="1956">White (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reexamined
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFB2599CF4C40080F" author="Woodward A. S." pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="ref154310" refString="Woodward A. S. 1889. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum. Part. I. British Museum (Natural History), London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61854" type="book" year="1889">Woodward’s (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specimens and referred several to a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFCAA982A493D080F" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1956" box="[876,1142,1822,1848]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFCAA982A493D080F" box="[876,1142,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo clarkensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and determined that the remaining teeth were indeed correctly identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFC9F98754EAA086C" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[857,993,1857,1883]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aduncus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFC9F98754EAA086C" box="[857,993,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. aduncus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they instead originated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FFE7FFCDFF7B98504C4E0849" box="[189,261,1892,1918]" name="Malta" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
. A few years prior,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFDC598504FFC0849" author="Leriche M." box="[515,695,1892,1918]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref145078" refString="Leriche M. 1942. Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la Plaine cotiere atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis. Les synchronismes des formations tertiaires des deux cotes de l'Atlantique. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 45 (2 - 4): 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1942">Leriche (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFCD9985049030849" authorityName="Leriche" authorityYear="1942" box="[799,1096,1892,1918]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFCD9985049030849" box="[799,1096,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Galeocerdo alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single tooth derived from Priabonian deposits in Choctaw County, AL. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFC0F98BC49380896" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[969,1139,1927,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFC0F98BC49380896" box="[969,1139,1927,1954]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFB7498BC487E0896" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1202,1333,1927,1954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFB7498BC487E0896" box="[1202,1333,1927,1954]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have since been reported from various Claiborne Group deposits in the state.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE7FFCDFBD7989F499E08F2" author="Westgate J. W." box="[1041,1237,1963,1989]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="263 - 297" refId="ref153747" refString="Westgate J. W. 2001. Chapter 11, Paleoecology and biostratigraphy of marginal marine Gulf Coast Eocene vertebrate localities. In: Grunnell G. F. (ed) Eocene Biodiversity, Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats: 263 - 297. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York." type="book chapter" year="2001">Westgate (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for example, reported 13
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE7FFCDFE9598FA4C9308DF" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[339,472,1998,2024]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE7FFCDFE9598FA4C9308DF" box="[339,472,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from the Gosport Sand at site ACl-4 (TMM 43412.2) in Clarke County.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFEE59E3F4F200E12" author="Feldmann R. & Portell R. W." box="[291,619,267,293]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="90 - 96" refId="ref141775" refString="Feldmann R. M & Portell R. W. 2007. First report of Costacopluma Collins and Morris, 1975 (Decopoda, Brachyura, Retroplumidae) from the Eocene of Alabama, USA. Journal of Crustacean Biology 27 (1): 90 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / S- 2712.1" type="journal article" year="2007">Feldmann & Portell (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFC389E3849C90E12" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1022,1154,267,294]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFC389E3849C90E12" box="[1022,1154,267,294]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the contact of the Tallahatta and Lisbon formations at site ACov-
|
||
<quantity id="574651B2FFE6FFCCFCE09E1B4E2B0E7F" box="[806,864,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
|
||
Covington County. However, because these authors never figured their specimens we cannot confirm or refute their identifications.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFB129E664C400EB8" author="Clayton A. A. & Ciampaglio, C. N. & Cicimurri, D. J." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="60 - 73" refId="ref139906" refString="Clayton A. A., Ciampaglio, C. N. & Cicimurri, D. J. 2013. An inquiry into the stratigraphic occurrence of a Claibornian (Eocene) vertebrate fauna from Covington County, Alabama. Bulletin Alabama Museum of Natural History 31 (2): 60 - 73." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Clayton
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFAFC9E67483C0E5B" box="[1338,1399,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFE8E9E414F200EA7" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[328,619,373,400]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFCDE9E414ED00EB8" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[792,923,373,399]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFCDE9E414ED00EB8" box="[792,923,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from site ACov-11, but examination of actual and figured specimens leads us to conclude that they all to belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFBFF9EAC499E0E85" box="[1081,1237,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFBFF9EAC499A0E85" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1980" box="[1081,1233,408,434]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Physogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Physogaleus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFB1A9EAC4C1A0EE2" author="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref152244" refString="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E. 1981. Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa." type="book" year="1981">Thurmond & Jones (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 28, left) figured a tooth from Monroe County, AL that they referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFB2B9E8F4C1B0ECE" authorityName="Leriche" authorityYear="1942" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFB2B9E8F4C1B0ECE" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but our reexamination of this tooth (ALMNH PV 2005.6.448) revealed that it instead belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFE879D364CA10D2B" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[321,490,514,540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFE879D364CA10D2B" box="[321,490,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFE3C9D364FAC0D2B" author="Maisch H. M. & Becker M. A. & Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A." box="[506,743,514,540]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="183 - 209" refId="ref145693" refString="Maisch H. M., Becker M. A., Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A. 2014. Chondrichthyans from the Lisbon- Tallahatta Formation Contact (middle Eocene), Choctaw County, Silas, Alabama. Paludicola 9 (4): 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Maisch
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD9C9D374FDD0D2B" box="[602,662,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3, 9–14) described and figured two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFB0B9D36483D0D2B" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[1229,1398,514,540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFB0B9D36483D0D2B" box="[1229,1398,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth from the contact of the Tallahatta and Lisbon formations in Choctaw County, and our analysis confirmed their identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE6FFCBFF7B9DBE4ED50EA5" blockId="99.[189,1399,649,923]" lastBlockId="100.[189,1399,267,402]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
As part of this study, teeth of Paleogene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFD779DBE4E710D93" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[689,826,650,676]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD779DBE4E710D93" box="[689,826,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that have been reported from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE6FFCCFACB9DBD483C0D94" box="[1293,1399,649,675]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
were compared to those within several Recent jaw sets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFCA59D99480C0DF0" authority="Peron & Leseur, 1822" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[867,1351,685,711]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFCA59D9949770DF0" box="[867,1084,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
Péron & Leseur, 1822
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only extant member of the genus. The purpose of this analysis was to gain a better understanding of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FFE6FFCCFF7B9DC04DB00C39" box="[189,251,756,782]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and degrees of heterodonty (monognathic, dignathic, ontogenetic) occurring within the jaws of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFF7B9C224C0D0C07" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[189,326,790,816]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFF7B9C224C0D0C07" box="[189,326,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This analysis allowed us to better define the teeth of this genus, test the validity of published differential characteristics for the various reported species, and ultimately help determine whether these species are valid, nominal, or should belong to a different genus. To test for differences that could be attributed to ontogeny, the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFDB69CB44FB20CAD" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[624,761,896,922]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFDB69CB44FB20CAD" box="[624,761,896,922]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth in our sample were directly compared to those within three sizes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFE749E384F540E12" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[434,543,268,294]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFE749E384F540E12" box="[434,543,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jaws. Measured in terms of greatest internal mesiodistal width, the three jaw sizes examined were as follows, small =11.0 cm; medium =
|
||
<quantity id="574651B2FFE1FFCBFC739E1B49530E7D" box="[949,1048,303,330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="cm" value="23.5">23.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
; and large
|
||
<quantity id="574651B2FFE1FFCBFB5D9E1B49B50E7D" box="[1179,1278,303,330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="cm" value="40.6">40.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
. A critical examination and comparison of these three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFD0F9E604E730E5A" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[713,824,340,366]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFD0F9E604E730E5A" box="[713,824,340,366]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jaws provided the following key characteristics that, in turn, helped diagnose the teeth belonging to this genus:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4C1ACDFFFE6FFCCFF7B99C9490D08DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3660325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660325/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" startId="99.[189,232,1789,1815]" targetBox="[201,1390,985,1743]" targetPageId="99">
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE6FFCCFF7B99C9490D08DC" blockId="99.[189,1399,1789,2027]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFF7B99C94C540820" bold="true" box="[189,287,1789,1815]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 35.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE6FFCCFEED99C94FA1082F" authority="White, 1955" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[299,746,1789,1816]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFEED99C94F0E0820" box="[299,581,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE6FFCCFD9499C94FA1082F" author="White E. I." box="[594,746,1789,1816]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, teeth.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFC8F99C94ECB0820" bold="true" box="[841,896,1789,1815]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">A–E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE6FFCCFC5399C94EA40820" box="[917,1007,1789,1815]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">MMNS</collectionCode>
|
||
VP–7496.1, anterolateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFDC398144F51080D" bold="true" box="[517,538,1824,1850]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD0598144F9C080D" bold="true" box="[707,727,1824,1850]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of distal notch.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFBD398144961080D" bold="true" box="[1045,1066,1824,1850]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Lingual view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFB25981449B3080D" bold="true" box="[1251,1272,1824,1850]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of simple mesial serrations.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFDD398774F62086A" bold="true" box="[533,553,1859,1885]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD1898774E46086A" bold="true" box="[734,781,1859,1885]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">F–J</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE6FFCCFCE698774E31086A" box="[800,890,1859,1885]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">MMNS</collectionCode>
|
||
VP–7496.2, lateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFE8098534C1308B6" bold="true" box="[326,344,1895,1921]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFDC698524F5C08B7" bold="true" box="[512,535,1894,1920]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of distal notch.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFC9298534E2008B6" bold="true" box="[852,875,1895,1921]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Lingual view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFBE59853496508B6" bold="true" box="[1059,1070,1895,1921]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of simple mesial serrations.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFEF998BE4C050893" bold="true" box="[319,334,1930,1956]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFE3B98BD4F720894" bold="true" box="[509,569,1929,1955]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">K–O</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FFE6FFCCFD8C98BE4FC30893" box="[586,648,1930,1956]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">MSC</collectionCode>
|
||
37619.1, lateral tooth, “upper” Lisbon Formation, reversed for comparison, courtesy of James Lowery.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD5F98994FFB08F0" bold="true" box="[665,688,1965,1991]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFC9E98994E2708F0" bold="true" box="[856,876,1965,1991]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of distal notch.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFB6C9899498D08F0" bold="true" box="[1194,1222,1965,1991]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">M</emphasis>
|
||
. Lingual view.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFF7B98E44D9908DD" bold="true" box="[189,210,2000,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">N</emphasis>
|
||
. Close–up of simple mesial serrations.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE6FFCCFD6798E44FF308DD" bold="true" box="[673,696,2000,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">O</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesial view. Scale bars = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9E9F482F0EF3" blockId="100.[189,1380,426,453]" box="[189,1380,426,453]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">1. Within a jaw, the number of distal heel cusplets decreases the more laterally a tooth is positioned.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9EEA4E500D2A" blockId="100.[189,1398,478,541]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">2. Among the various jaws, the number of distal heel cusplets on the teeth increases as the shark gets older (presumably because the teeth get larger).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9D014C2D0D44" blockId="100.[189,1399,565,627]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">3. Among the various jaws, the tooth serrations become more compound and complex as the shark gets older.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9DB849840DFD" blockId="100.[189,1398,652,714]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">4. Within a jaw, teeth in the anterior and anterolateral files tend to have a mesial edge that is slightly angular. Teeth in the lateral and posterior files have a smoothly concave mesial edge.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9DD74F940C16" blockId="100.[189,1399,739,801]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">5. Within a jaw, teeth in anterior and anterolateral files have a distal edge that is more convex than those in the lateral and posterior positions.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9C0E49E30C63" blockId="100.[189,1192,826,853]" box="[189,1192,826,853]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">6. Within the jaw, anterior teeth are taller than wide; lateral teeth are wider than tall.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9C5A483C0C9C" blockId="100.[189,1399,877,940]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">7. Within the jaw, the cusps on the upper teeth are slightly more erect than those in the equivalent position of the lower jaw. This characteristic can only be observed in jaw sets, not on isolated teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9CF149AA0B11" blockId="100.[189,1399,964,1063]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">8. Within the jaw, the teeth that are about to shed (the oldest teeth) are smaller than the replacement teeth. Furthermore, replacement teeth generally have an additional distal cusplet. This phenomenon was most evident on the smallest jaw, indicating rapid tooth-size increase in juveniles.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9B744FC40B96" blockId="100.[189,1399,1087,1186]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">9. Within the jaw, serrations on the teeth increase in size apically to the most convex portion of the mesial edge, at which point the serrations decrease in size. Serrations extend nearly to the cusp apex on both the mesial and distal edges.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9B8F4E970BCE" blockId="100.[189,1399,1211,1273]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">10. Within the jaw, the serrations on the mesial edge of anterior teeth are larger than those on the distal edge. In the lateral positions, the teeth are more evenly serrated.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9A2648730A67" blockId="100.[189,1398,1298,1360]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">11. Among the various jaws, the size difference between the mesial and distal serrations on the anterior teeth was observed on each specimen, suggesting this phenomenon is not related to ontogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B9A4C4FB80970" blockId="100.[189,1399,1400,1607]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Although discernable monognathic heterodonty exists within the dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFB819A4D49FF0AA5" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[1095,1204,1401,1427]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFB819A4D49FF0AA5" box="[1095,1204,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the teeth of this species, regardless of size/age or position, have the following defining characteristics: all have a distally inclined cusp; a conspicuous notch where the distal edge meets the distal heel; a convex mesial edge; serrations that are largest on the medial part of the mesial edge, but much finer serrations on the upper half, extending nearly to the apex; very large serrated cusplets on the distal heel but fine serrations on the distal edge, which extend nearly to the apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCBFF7B995A4FD908B3" blockId="100.[189,1399,1646,1925]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFF7B995A4C9D09BF" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[189,470,1646,1672]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFF7B995A4C9D09BF" box="[189,470,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits monognathic heterodonty in that the anterior teeth are more erect, whereas lateral teeth have a lower crown with a more distally inclined cusp. Additionally, the distal heel on anterior teeth is not well differentiated from the distal cutting edge but is seen as a transition from very fine serrations on the distal edge to coarse cusplets on the heel. Lateral teeth have a more conspicuous heel, forming more of a notch with the distal cutting edge. Anterior teeth have a more sinuous mesial cutting edge, whereas lateral teeth are more uniformly convex, although basally weakly concave. Upper and lower teeth were difficult to differentiate with certainty, but lower teeth at times have a slight labial bend in profile view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE1FFCAFF7B989949950B6C" blockId="100.[189,1399,1965,2028]" lastBlockId="101.[189,1399,267,1115]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
With regard to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFEAD98994F3508F0" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[363,638,1965,1991]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFEAD98994F3508F0" box="[363,638,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE1FFCBFD7398994EEA08F0" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[693,929,1965,1991]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE1FFCBFD7398994EEA08F0" box="[693,929,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Galeocerdo latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter species was originally erected by Agassiz (1843) based on teeth from an unknown locality and horizon.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE1FFCBFBF598E5499908DB" author="White E. I." box="[1075,1234,2001,2028]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later referred 39 teeth that were derived from Eocene deposits in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FFE0FFCAFCD89E3F4E3D0E12" box="[798,886,267,293]" name="Nigeria" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC5B9E3849550E12" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[925,1054,267,294]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC5B9E3849550E12" box="[925,1054,267,294]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFBEB9E3F48390E12" author="Dartevelle E. & Casier E." box="[1069,1394,267,293]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref140771" refString="Dartevelle E. & Casier E. 1943. Les Poissons fossils du Bas-Congo et des regions voisines. Annals of the Museum of the Congo belge Series A (Mineralogie Geologie, Paleontologie, Serie 3 2 (2): 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1943">Dartevelle & Casier (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, expressed their opinion that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFD619E044E630E7E" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[679,808,303,330]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFD619E044E630E7E" box="[679,808,303,330]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFC299E1B49CC0E7E" author="White E. I." box="[1007,1159,303,329]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White (1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6), as well those figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFEF99E674F720E59" author="Stromer E." box="[319,569,339,366]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer (1905b: 175</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 14, figs 10–15), differed from the specimens reported by Agassiz (1843: pl. 26, figs 22–23) and possibly represented a new taxon. In agreement with these assessments,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF7B9EAE4C290E82" author="White E. I." box="[189,354,410,437]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently assigned the teeth he figured in 1926 to a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFB2B9EAE4C0A0EEF" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB2B9EAE4C0A0EEF" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Galeocerdo eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFE959E8A4CBF0EEE" author="White E. I." box="[339,500,446,473]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also referred the teeth figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFC5D9E8A492A0EEE" author="Stromer E." box="[923,1121,446,473]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer (1905b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to this new taxon and designated a specimen from his 1926 publication (pl. 6: 2) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FFE0FFCAFC709ED5496A0ECC" box="[950,1057,481,507]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Although we are not certain,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF7B9D314C1D0D28" author="White E. I." box="[189,342,517,543]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White (1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6) may have originally referred his specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC169D3249190D28" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[976,1106,517,544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC169D3249190D28" box="[976,1106,517,544]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the lateral teeth (figs 7–10, 17–21) were wider than tall and appeared conspecific with the type specimen illustrated by Agassiz (1843: pl. 26, figs 22–23), which is a tooth from a lateral or posterior position. It appears that when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFEC39D444F010DBC" author="Dartevelle E. & Casier E." box="[261,586,624,651]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref140771" refString="Dartevelle E. & Casier E. 1943. Les Poissons fossils du Bas-Congo et des regions voisines. Annals of the Museum of the Congo belge Series A (Mineralogie Geologie, Paleontologie, Serie 3 2 (2): 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1943">Dartevelle & Casier (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out that several other of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFC109D4449C30DBC" author="White E. I." box="[982,1160,624,651]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White’s (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
teeth did not match Agassiz’s (1843) type specimen,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFDF89DA04F900D98" author="White E. I." box="[574,731,660,687]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made the decision to assign his 1926 (pl. 6) teeth, as well as those in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFE819D8C4F4C0DE4" author="Stromer E." box="[327,519,696,723]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer (1905b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 14), to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFD539D8C4E740DE5" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[661,831,696,722]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFD539D8C4E740DE5" box="[661,831,696,722]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFC0D9D8C49EB0DE4" author="Stromer E." box="[971,1184,696,723]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer’s (1905b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl.14) specimens are of interest because he combined teeth with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFCD69DE84EF30DC1" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[784,952,732,758]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFCD69DE84EF30DC1" box="[784,952,732,758]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphology with several lateral teeth (pl. 14, figs 11, 13, 15) that appear to be conspecific with Agassiz’s (1843)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFBE19C3449E30C2E" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1063,1192,767,794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFBE19C3449E30C2E" box="[1063,1192,767,794]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FFE0FFCAFB699DCB48510C2E" box="[1199,1306,767,793]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In fact, one of the teeth figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFE3A9C174FF20C09" author="Stromer E." box="[508,697,803,830]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer (1905b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 14, fig. 15) appears nearly identical to Agassiz’s (1843) type specimen, possibly being from the same tooth position (but from the opposite side of the jaw). As part of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFE869C5E4F7A0CB2" author="White E. I." box="[320,561,874,901]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White’s (1955: 320)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
type description for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFCE99C5F4E920CB3" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[815,985,874,901]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFCE99C5F4E920CB3" box="[815,985,874,901]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he described how the teeth could be differentiated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFDF69CBB4FF90C9F" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[560,690,910,937]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFDF69CBB4FF90C9F" box="[560,690,910,937]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their “greater relative height and shorter base, while the anterior margin is much more convex and posterior emargination less marked owing to the length of the denticles, which also reach nearer to the tip.” These characteristics, however, fall within the range of monognathic heterodonty as observed on the Recent jaw sets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC619CCE49580B24" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[935,1043,1018,1044]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC619CCE49580B24" box="[935,1043,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, it is our belief that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF7B9B294C170B0F" author="White E. I." box="[189,348,1053,1080]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">White (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
failed to recognize the degree of heterodonty within Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFBF79B2949F10B00" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[1073,1210,1053,1079]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFBF79B2949F10B00" box="[1073,1210,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leading him to erect a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFE6B9B754F1E0B6C" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[429,597,1089,1115]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFE6B9B754F1E0B6C" box="[429,597,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for what were instead the anterior teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFB909B75499C0B6C" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1110,1239,1089,1115]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB909B75499C0B6C" box="[1110,1239,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE0FFCAFF7B9BB74F100A78" blockId="101.[189,1399,1154,1360]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Despite our contention that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFD869BB74FA00BAA" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[576,747,1155,1181]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFD869BB74FA00BAA" box="[576,747,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFCED9BB74EE40BAA" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[811,943,1155,1181]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFCED9BB74EE40BAA" box="[811,943,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphologies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFB4F9BB748690BAB" author="White E. I." box="[1161,1314,1154,1181]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref153851" refString="White E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a 100500" type="journal article" year="1926">White (1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFAF49BB648250BAA" author="White E. I." box="[1330,1390,1154,1181]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref153943" refString="White E. I. 1955. Notes on African Tertiary sharks. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 5 (3): 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF369B924CF80BF6" author="Stromer E." box="[240,435,1190,1217]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref151733" refString="Stromer E. 1905 b. Die Fischreste des Mittleren und Oberen Eocans von Agypten. I. Teil, Selachii, B. Squaloidei und II. Teil, Teleostomi, A. Ganoidei. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich- Ungarns 18: 163 - 185." type="journal article" year="1905">Stromer (1905b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are conspecific, the designation of the former as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFB339B93483C0BF7" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1269,1399,1190,1217]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB339B93483C0BF7" box="[1269,1399,1190,1217]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is problematic. As explained by Agassiz (1843), his figured
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FFE0FFCAFC4F9BFE4EBB0BD3" box="[905,1008,1226,1252]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected from an unknown locality and horizon. Because this likely renders
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFD399BDA4ECA0A3F" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[767,897,1262,1288]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFD399BDA4ECA0A3F" box="[767,897,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC799BDB49260A3F" box="[959,1133,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
, we suggest the usage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFF1A9A264CC80A1C" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1955" box="[220,387,1297,1324]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eaglesomei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFF1A9A264CC80A1C" box="[220,387,1297,1324]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. eaglesomei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for teeth with this morphology, as it is a name that is available and based on specimens from a known locality and horizon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE0FFCAFF7B9A4C4CA609E4" blockId="101.[189,1399,1399,1747]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
||
It is also our conclusion that many teeth previously referred to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC7A9A4C49750AA6" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[956,1086,1399,1426]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC7A9A4C49750AA6" box="[956,1086,1399,1426]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. latidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (i.e.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFB579A434DB70A82" author="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref152244" refString="Thurmond J. T. & Jones D. E. 1981. Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa." type="book" year="1981">Thurmond & Jones 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 28, right;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFE659AAF4E230A82" author="Van den Eeckhaut G. & De Schutter P." box="[419,872,1435,1461]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref152865" refString="Van den Eeckhaut G. & De Schutter P. 2009. The elasmobranch fauna of the Lede Sand Formation at Oosterzele (Lutetian, middle Eocene of Belgium). Palaeofocus 1: 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="2009">Van den Eeckhaut & De Schutter 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 20, figs 8–11;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFBFD9AAF48560A82" author="Clayton A. A. & Ciampaglio, C. N. & Cicimurri, D. J." box="[1083,1309,1435,1461]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="60 - 73" refId="ref139906" refString="Clayton A. A., Ciampaglio, C. N. & Cicimurri, D. J. 2013. An inquiry into the stratigraphic occurrence of a Claibornian (Eocene) vertebrate fauna from Covington County, Alabama. Bulletin Alabama Museum of Natural History 31 (2): 60 - 73." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Clayton
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB589AA849930A82" box="[1182,1240,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3J;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF7B9A8B4C9A0AEF" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[189,465,1470,1497]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 8, figs 12–16) are misidentified, and instead are lateral teeth belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFF7B9AD64CA60ACB" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[189,493,1506,1532]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Physogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFF7B9AD64CA60ACB" box="[189,493,1506,1532]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Physogaleus alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F99D3EFFE0FFCAFE309AD64F320ACA" box="[502,633,1506,1533]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFD4C9AD64E660ACB" author="Leriche M." box="[650,813,1506,1532]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref145078" refString="Leriche M. 1942. Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la Plaine cotiere atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis. Les synchronismes des formations tertiaires des deux cotes de l'Atlantique. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 45 (2 - 4): 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1942">Leriche 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC689AD6497C0ACB" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[942,1079,1506,1532]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC689AD6497C0ACB" box="[942,1079,1506,1532]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFF7B99334C250917" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[189,366,1542,1568]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Physogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFF7B99334C250917" box="[189,366,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">P. alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F99D3EFFE0FFCAFEB099324CB10917" box="[374,506,1542,1568]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by the presence of serrated mesial and distal cutting edges, with serrations extending nearly to the cusp apex. Our examination of Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC63991E49580973" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[933,1043,1578,1604]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFC63991E49580973" box="[933,1043,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jaws indicates that, these fine serrations are always present (unless taphonomically lost) regardless of tooth size and position, and their presence is therefore not related to heterodonty (monognathic or ontogenetic). On the lateral teeth of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFF3C99A24CE00998" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[250,427,1685,1711]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Physogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alabamensis" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFF3C99A24CE00998" box="[250,427,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">P. alabamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F99D3EFFE0FFCAFE7599A14F7D0998" box="[435,566,1685,1711]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFDB799A24FB70998" baseAuthorityName="Winkler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[625,764,1685,1711]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Physogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="secundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFDB799A24FB70998" box="[625,764,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">P. secundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cutting edges are smooth and mesial denticles never reach the main cusp apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE0FFC9FF7B99CE49580E7E" blockId="101.[189,1399,1786,2027]" lastBlockId="102.[189,1398,267,329]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFEF099CE4CF40823" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[310,447,1786,1812]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFEF099CE4CF40823" box="[310,447,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has traditionally been placed within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFC7799CE492F0823" authorityName="Jordan & Evermann" authorityYear="1896" box="[945,1124,1786,1812]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Carcharhinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFB6F99CF48390822" author="Compagno L. J. V." box="[1193,1394,1786,1813]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="401 - 423" refId="ref140130" refString="Compagno L. J. V. 2005. Global checklist of living chondrichthyan fishes. In: Fowler S. L., Cavanagh R. D., Camhi M., Burgess G. H., Cailliet G. M., Fordham S. V., Simpfendorfer C. A. & Musick J. A. (eds) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras, the Status of Chondrichthyan Fishes: 401 - 423. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland." type="book chapter" year="2005">Compagno 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFF7B982A4C21080F" author="Cappetta H." box="[189,362,1822,1848]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref137948" refString="Cappetta H. 2012. Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, Teeth). Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen." type="book" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFEB3982A4F06080E" author="Nelson J. S. & Grande T. C. & Wilson M. V. H." box="[373,589,1822,1849]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref147339" refString="Nelson J. S., Grande T. C. & Wilson M. V. H. 2016. Fishes of the World, 5 th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE0FFCAFEB3982A4C83080F" box="[373,456,1822,1848]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nelson</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFE08982B4F43080F" box="[462,520,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), recent mitochondrial DNA studies have revealed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFB5B982A483D080F" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[1181,1398,1822,1848]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB5B982A483D080F" box="[1181,1398,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Galeocerdo cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be an outgroup from this otherwise monophyletic family (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFC74987649C8086B" author="Lopez J. A. & Ryburn J. A. & Fedrigo O. & Naylor G. J. P." box="[946,1155,1858,1884]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="50 - 60" refId="ref145562" refString="Lopez J. A., Ryburn J. A., Fedrigo O. & Naylor G. J. P. 2006. Phylogeny of sharks of the family Triakidae (Carcharhiniformes) and its implications for the evolution of carcharhiniform placental viviparity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 50 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02.011" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
López
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFBC598774975086B" box="[1027,1086,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFB4998764820086B" author="Naylor G. J. P. & Caira J. N. & Jensen K. & Rosana K. A. M. & Straube N. & Lakner C." box="[1167,1387,1858,1884]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="31 - 56" refId="ref147251" refString="Naylor G. J. P., Caira J. N., Jensen K., Rosana K. A. M., Straube N. & Lakner C. 2012. Elasmobranch phylogeny, a mitochondrial estimate based on 595 Species. In: Carrier J. C., Musick J. A. & Heithaus R. M. (eds) Biology of Sharks and their Relatives, Edition 2: 31 - 56. CRC Press, Boca Raton." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Naylor
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFB2E98774868086B" box="[1256,1315,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the dentitions of Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFD4998524E4B0848" authorityName="Peron & Leseur" authorityYear="1822" box="[655,768,1894,1920]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE0FFCAFD4998524E4B0848" box="[655,768,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">G. cuvier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens exhibit little dignathic heterodonty, with isolated upper and lower teeth being difficult to distinguish. The presence of strong dignathic heterodonty is a defining characteristic for nearly all members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE0FFCAFCB29899496108F0" authorityName="Jordan & Evermann" authorityYear="1896" box="[884,1066,1965,1991]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Carcharhinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the overall morphology of upper teeth is generally substantially different from that of the lower teeth (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE0FFCAFB6E98E5483908DC" author="Compagno L. J. V." box="[1192,1394,2001,2027]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="251 - 633" refId="ref140067" refString="Compagno L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol 4, Sharks of the World, Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 4 (2): 251 - 633." type="journal article" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FFE3FFC9FF7B9E3F4CFD0E12" author="Voigt M. & Weber D." box="[189,438,267,293]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref153045" refString="Voigt M. & Weber D. 2011. Field Guide for Sharks of the Genus Carcharhinus. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen." type="book" year="2011">Voigt & Weber 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because of this we follow Herman
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE3FFC9FCB49E384EE50E12" box="[882,942,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010) in placing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FFE3FFC9FB4B9E3F485D0E12" authorityName="Muller & Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[1165,1302,267,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE3FFC9FB4B9E3F485D0E12" box="[1165,1302,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Galeocerdo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and all recognized fossil species, within the monogeneric family Galeocerdidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE3FFC9FF7B9E444E5F0EBD" blockId="102.[189,788,368,395]" box="[189,788,368,395]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<heading id="CB494B3BFFE3FFC9FF7B9E444E5F0EBD" bold="true" box="[189,788,368,395]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FFE3FFC9FF7B9E444E5F0EBD" bold="true" box="[189,788,368,395]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Stratigraphic and geographic range in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE3FFC9FD649E444E5F0EBD" box="[674,788,368,394]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FFE3FFC9FF7B9EAB4E3B0D13" blockId="102.[189,1399,415,548]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The specimens in our sample were collected from the contact of the Tallahatta and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE3FFC9FB989EAB49E60E8E" box="[1118,1197,415,441]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
|
||
formations at site ACh-14 and ACon-6, the “upper”
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE3FFC9FD829EF74FD80EEA" box="[580,659,451,477]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
|
||
Formation at site ACl-3, the contact of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FFE3FFC9FBBD9EF749810EEA" box="[1147,1226,451,477]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
|
||
Formation and Gosport Sand at site AMo-4, the basal Gosport Sand at site ACl-4, and the Gosport Sand at site ACh-21. Lower Lutetian to middle Bartonian, zones NP14 to NP17.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |