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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.85613" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-163" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F9D136F20A2555CEA336E6E300207676" ID-ZooBank="0EA310AF80844448AEDA4CD39772A98B" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-163" checkinTime="1671601408186" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lepeco, Anderson, Barbosa, Diego N. &amp; Melo, Gabriel A. R." docDate="2022" docId="E0509389A67452B289D297D8722BD8B3" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 163-190" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.85613" docTitle="Mirabythus Cai, Shih &amp; Ren 2012" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="F9D136F20A2555CEA336E6E300207676" lastPageNumber="163" masterDocId="F9D136F20A2555CEA336E6E300207676" masterDocTitle="A remarkable new family of stinging wasps from the Cretaceous of Myanmar and China (Hymenoptera, Aculeata)" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="163" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1671601408186" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A remarkable new family of stinging wasps from the Cretaceous of Myanmar and China (Hymenoptera, Aculeata)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lepeco, Anderson</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7467-5244</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil &amp; Laboratorio de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">al.lepeco@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barbosa, Diego N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Melo, Gabriel A. R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
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<mods:start>163</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.85613</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.85613</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-163</mods:identifier>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="163" type="results">
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E0509389A67452B289D297D8722BD8B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0509389A67452B289D297D8722BD8B3" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="163" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
†
<taxonomicName LSID="E0509389-A674-52B2-89D2-97D8722BD8B3" authority="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">Mirabythus Cai, Shih &amp; Ren</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="163" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Figs 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="163" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">Mirabythus</taxonomicName>
†
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">Mirabythus</taxonomicName>
Cai, Shih &amp; Ren, 2012 in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" author="Cai, YP" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" refId="B11" refString="Cai, YP, Zhao, YY, Shih, CK, Ren, D, 2012. A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504(56): e66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" title="A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504 (56): e 66." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" year="2012">Cai et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
: 58. Type species: †
<taxonomicName family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus lechrius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">Mirabythus lechrius</taxonomicName>
Cai, Shih &amp; Ren, 2012.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="163" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
In the original description,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" author="Cai, YP" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" refId="B11" refString="Cai, YP, Zhao, YY, Shih, CK, Ren, D, 2012. A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504(56): e66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" title="A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504 (56): e 66." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" year="2012">Cai et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
considered that the mandibles of †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a series of small notches on the anterior surface. We interpret that these notches correspond in fact to the apical margin of the clypeus, a condition also found in †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lepeco &amp; Melo" authorityYear="2022" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Prionaspidion" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionaspidion" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Prionaspidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. and †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lepeco &amp; Melo" authorityYear="2022" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Trifionyx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trifionyx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Trifionyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. (more evident in †
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. brevidens" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="brevidens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">P. brevidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.). The clypeus of †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is large, comprising nearly one-third of the entire head length, as indicated by the position of the epistomal groove (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8C, D</figureCitation>
). The apical margin of the clypeus and the anterior surface of the mandibles are aligned in the type specimens, and this is also observed in specimens from Burmese amber. The antennal sockets of †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are directed towards the apical margin of the clypeus, below the lower eye tangent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8C, D</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" author="Cai, YP" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" refId="B11" refString="Cai, YP, Zhao, YY, Shih, CK, Ren, D, 2012. A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504(56): e66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" title="A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504 (56): e 66." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" year="2012">Cai et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
represent with dashed lines at least fourteen articles in the antennae of †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. liae" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="liae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. liae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For us, it is nearly impossible to count the number of antennomeres in the holotype. In the case of †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lechrius" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we can clearly see nine flagellomeres in the holotype, with the first two being far longer than the remaining flagellomeres (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Figure 8.</emphasis>
†
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cai et al.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">A, B</emphasis>
†
<taxonomicName family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus lechrius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" author="Cai, YP" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" refId="B11" refString="Cai, YP, Zhao, YY, Shih, CK, Ren, D, 2012. A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504(56): e66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" title="A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504 (56): e 66." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" year="2012">Cai et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">A</emphasis>
photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">B</emphasis>
habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">C, D</emphasis>
†
<taxonomicName family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus liae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="liae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus liae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" author="Cai, YP" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" refId="B11" refString="Cai, YP, Zhao, YY, Shih, CK, Ren, D, 2012. A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504(56): e66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" title="A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 3504 (56): e 66." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2" year="2012">Cai et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">C</emphasis>
photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">D</emphasis>
head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">A, B</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">C, D</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
It is difficult to determine whether the anterior flange of the pronotum is well developed, but none of the specimens exhibit a long propleura with a wide membranous area medially, as is found in most
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
. We interpret that the propleura are covered in dorsal view and, therefore, the pronotal flange is present. In both type specimens the legs are curled below the body, hindering the interpretation of structures in the ventral surface of the mesosoma, but two main characteristics can be observed. First, the structure originally interpreted as a large prosternum seems to represent a void area, where the anterior portion of the mesosoma has detached from the mesepisternum (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8A, B</figureCitation>
). In †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. liae" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="liae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. liae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this detachment is more evident than in †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lechrius" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We interpret that the basisternum (the ventrally exposed portion of the prosternum) is not as large as in scolebythids, for both species, similar to what is observed in †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lepeco &amp; Melo" authorityYear="2022" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Prionaspidion" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionaspidion nanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="nanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Prionaspidion nanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Second, a transverse dark line can be seen crossing the mesepisternum of both type specimens (more conspicuous in †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. liae" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="liae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. liae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which probably represents the angulation of the mesepisternum found in Burmese amber trifionychids (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8A, B</figureCitation>
). This angulation is not found in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
. The propodeum has a transverse angulation marking its posterior declivity in both specimens, a characteristic found in the new family, but not in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
. The point of insertion of the trochanters on the procoxae is difficult to interpret in both specimens, but it is clearly not basal as in all
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
. At least one tibial spur is visible in the hind leg of the holotype of †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lechrius" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In none of the specimens of †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is possible to identify a costal cell on the forewing, and we interpret that, as in the species from Burmese amber, the veins C and Sc+R are fused along most of the anterior margin of the wing (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. † Mirabythus Cai et al. A, B † Mirabythus lechrius Cai et al. 2012 A photograph of habitus, ventral view, line drawing superimposed B habitus, ventral view, line drawing isolated C, D † Mirabythus liae Cai et al. 2012 C photograph of head, dorsal view, line drawing superimposed D head, dorsal view, line drawings isolated. Photograph credits: Taiping Gao and Yaping Cai. Scale bar: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.85613.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/784812" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">8A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="163">
Part of the sting apparatus is evident in both specimens, including most of the third valvula, which is unsegmented and apparently has its apical portion permanently exposed. The terebra in the holotype of †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lechrius" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also apparently curves upward, as in other †
<taxonomicName family="Trifionychidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="family">Trifionychidae</taxonomicName>
fam. nov. In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
the terebra is curved downward. The third valvula and terebra of †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">Mirabythus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinctly elongated, relatively longer in comparison to females of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Scolebythidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolebythidae</taxonomicName>
and other chrysidoids. The two unidentified specimens illustrated by Cai et al. as †
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cai, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2012" family="Trifionychidae" genus="Mirabythus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirabythus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">Mirabythus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">indet</emphasis>
are putative members of †
<taxonomicName family="Trifionychidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="family">Trifionychidae</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. as well, although many characters are not clearly visible. Additional figures of †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lechrius" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="lechrius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. lechrius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and †
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. liae" pageId="0" pageNumber="163" rank="species" species="liae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="163">M. liae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are available at Suppl. material 1: figs S1-S5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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