417 lines
54 KiB
XML
417 lines
54 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DD2CD523A4B49EE6D51054F755593375">Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B688A1FDA7438518104B614A818A6CE">Reygel, Patrick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BAF756244CB602932D2771FBD05494EC">Willems, Wim R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57A8C84BDAC446B32410E9F13F51E1C4">Artois, Tom J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6C8757B338413462B52B2E3501E9BE80">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F24C880C1F4C9D246093A22CFA4DFBDC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6189705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6189705" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F24C880C1F4C9D246093A22CFA4DFBDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F24C880C1F4C9D246093A22CFA4DFBDC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="32FF6A911F4C9D246093A22CFA4DFBDC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4C9D256093A22CFE74FCC9" blockId="8.[151,424,768,794]" box="[151,424,768,794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="21128E761F4C9D256093A22CFE74FCC9" bold="true" box="[151,424,768,794]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256093A22CFE74FCC9" bold="true" box="[151,424,768,794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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Discussion on
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256142A22CFE74FCC9" ID-CoL="7P7FF" box="[326,424,768,794]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256142A22CFE74FCC9" bold="true" box="[326,424,768,794]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Itaipusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4C9D256093A26BFDE1FC3C" blockId="8.[151,1437,839,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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Both new species of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256183A264FE3EFC8C" box="[391,482,840,863]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256183A264FE3EFC8C" box="[391,482,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Itaipusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2561F6A264FD5FFC8C" box="[498,643,839,863]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biglandula">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2561F6A264FD5FFC8C" box="[498,643,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. biglandula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2562BAA264FCD3FC8C" box="[702,783,840,863]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2562BAA264FCD3FC8C" box="[702,783,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. renei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possess all diagnostic characters of the taxon
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256525A264FAA0FC8C" box="[1313,1404,840,863]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256525A264FAA0FC8C" box="[1313,1404,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Itaipusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as given by
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256107A247FE72FC50" author="Karling" box="[259,430,875,899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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: muscular copulatory bulb with an irregular (spiny) cirrus or (spiny) papilla, often combined with strong hooks; filiform prostate ducts; seminal receptacle (i.e. female duct) opening distally in a caudallylocated bursa; testes at about half body length; strong proboscis juncture sphincter of the
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256486A298FB00FC18" box="[1154,1244,948,971]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256486A298FB00FC18" box="[1154,1244,948,971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Itaipusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<typeStatus id="A55E87B81F4C9D2564E0A298FACAFC1F" box="[1252,1302,948,972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
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and a pharynx without a closed mouth sphincter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4C9D2560C1A2D0FD15FAA8" blockId="8.[151,1437,839,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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As to the bursal organs in koinocystidids,
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2562AAA2D7FC8BFBC0" author="Karling" box="[686,855,1019,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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distinguishes between a (primary) bursa, which is mostly surrounded by strong circular muscles, and a resorptive vesicle, which is not muscular, and which is proximally connected to the muscular primary bursa. Additionally, he recognises a “receptacle bursa” which is a swollen, sperm-containing duct between the (stalk of the) primary bursa and the distal sphincter of the seminal receptacle. This terminology is mainly based on conjectures regarding the evolutionary trends in the origin of these structures (for details: see
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256142A583FE01FB14" author="Karling" box="[326,477,1199,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 264−265). However, to allow comparison with other kalyptorhynchs we prefer here a more traditional terminology in which the distal, sperm-resorbing part is called a bursa (the “resorptive vesicle” of
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256093A5DBFEF0FADC" author="Karling" box="[151,300,1271,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
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) and the muscular duct that connects it to the common genital atrium a bursal stalk. This bursal stalk can be swollen and contain sperm (the “primary bursa” of
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256325A437FC65FAE0" author="Karling" box="[801,953,1307,1331]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
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). The “receptacle bursa” of
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2564EBA437FA44FAE0" author="Karling" box="[1263,1432,1307,1331]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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, occurring in a number of species (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D25624EA46DFC56FA84" authority="Karling, 1978" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1978" box="[586,906,1343,1368]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruffinjonesi">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D25624EA46DFD3EFA84" box="[586,738,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. ruffinjonesi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2562EFA413FC56FA84" author="Karling" box="[747,906,1343,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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), on the other hand is typical of koinocystidids and is not found in any other kalyptorhynch taxon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4C9D2460C1A4ABFB63FF07" blockId="8.[151,1437,839,2016]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
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Whereas the epidermis of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2561EFA4A5FDA7FA4C" box="[491,635,1415,1440]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biglandula">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2561EFA4A5FDA7FA4C" box="[491,635,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. biglandula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is syncytial, the epidermis of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2563C8A4A5FBC7FA4C" box="[972,1051,1416,1440]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2563C8A4A5FBC7FA4C" box="[972,1051,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. renei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is cellular. Whether the epidermis is cellular or not is an important taxonomical marker in kalyptorhynch systematics.
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256434A487FB09FA10" author="Karling" box="[1072,1237,1451,1475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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considers the cellular epidermis, consisting of “distinctly delimited cells”, to be a putative symplesiomorphy not only of species of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256093A4DFFE8CF9D8" box="[151,336,1523,1547]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Koinocystididae</taxonomicName>
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, but of rhabdocoels in general. However, he does not elaborate on the distribution of this character state in members of the family. In many cases, species descriptions in literature do not mention the nature of the epidermis, but it is clear that both a cellular and a syncytial epidermis occur within the taxon
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256472A717FAF3F980" box="[1142,1327,1595,1619]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Koinocystididae</taxonomicName>
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, and even species of the same genus may differ as to this character. Apparently, all species of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256436A773FAC1F9A4" authority="Marcus, 1949" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1949" box="[1074,1309,1631,1655]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Utelga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256436A773FBA2F9A4" box="[1074,1150,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Utelga</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256480A74CFAC1F9A4" author="Marcus" box="[1156,1309,1631,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155." type="journal article" year="1949">Marcus, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a cellular epidermis (
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25614BA7AFFE6AF948" author="Ax" box="[335,438,1667,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Ax, P. (1959) Zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der Turbellarienfauna in den ponto-kaspischen Brackwassermeeren. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere), 87, 43 - 184." type="journal article" year="1959">Ax 1959</bibRefCitation>
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), whereas all species of
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2562CEA7A8FC2BF948" authority="Meixner, 1924" authorityName="Meixner" authorityYear="1924" box="[714,1015,1667,1691]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Koinocystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2562CEA7A8FC97F948" box="[714,843,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Koinocystis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256357A7AFFC2BF948" author="Meixner" box="[851,1015,1667,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Meixner, J. (1924) Studien zu einer Monographie der Kalyptorhynchia und zum System der Turbellaria Rhabdocoela. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 60, 89 - 105." type="journal article" year="1924">Meixner, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a syncytial one (
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2564F0A7AFFA44F948" author="Meixner" box="[1268,1432,1667,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Meixner, J. (1924) Studien zu einer Monographie der Kalyptorhynchia und zum System der Turbellaria Rhabdocoela. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 60, 89 - 105." type="journal article" year="1924">Meixner 1924</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256093A78BFEF3F96C" author="Karling" box="[151,303,1703,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1954) Einige marine Vertreter der Kalyptorhynchien-Familie Koinocystididae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 7, 165 - 183." type="journal article" year="1954">Karling 1954</bibRefCitation>
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). For the latter genus, this conclusion is mainly based on the statement by
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<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25646DA78BFAB0F96C" author="Meixner" box="[1129,1388,1703,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Meixner, J. (1925) Beitrag zur Morphologie und zum System der Turbellaria-Rhabdocoela: 1. Die Kalyptorhynchia. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 3, 255 - 343." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="p">Meixner (1925: p. 261)</bibRefCitation>
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that all species of kalyptorhynchs posses a syncytial epidermis. Within the genus
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<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2563E2A7E0FB9DF930" box="[998,1089,1740,1763]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2563E2A7E0FB9DF930" box="[998,1089,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Itaipusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the epidermis can be syncytial or cellular, depending upon the species considered. Our study shows that the epidermis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D25648FA7DDFB03F8D4" box="[1163,1247,1775,1800]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="divae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D25648FA7DDFB03F8D4" box="[1163,1247,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. divae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeed syncytial, as was already mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25620BA638FD69F8F8" author="Marcus" box="[527,693,1811,1835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155." type="journal article" year="1949">Marcus (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described the epidermal cell borders as “generally indistinct” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25609AA61BFC46F89C" author="Marcus" box="[158,922,1847,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155." type="journal article" year="1949" yearSuffix="p">Marcus 1949: p.28: os limites inter-celulares, geralmente indistintos</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2563A9A614FB96F89C" author="Brunet" box="[941,1098,1847,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also mentions a syncytial epidermis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D25610BA670FDC6F8A0" authority="Brunet, 1972" authorityName="Brunet" authorityYear="1972" box="[271,538,1883,1907]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D25610BA670FEB2F8A0" box="[271,366,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. similis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256178A677FDCEF8A0" author="Brunet" box="[380,530,1883,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256220A670FD6FF8A0" box="[548,691,1883,1907]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biglandula">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256220A670FD6FF8A0" box="[548,691,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. biglandula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, therefore, is the third species for which it is sure that the epidermis is syncytial. Apart from in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2561C5A6ADFDCCF844" box="[449,528,1920,1944]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2561C5A6ADFDCCF844" box="[449,528,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a cellular epidermis is also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2563B4A6ADFAB4F844" authority="(Brunet, 1972) Karling, 1980" authorityName="(Brunet, 1972) Karling" authorityYear="1980" box="[944,1384,1919,1944]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acerosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2563B4A6ADFBC2F84B" box="[944,1054,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. acerosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256428A653FB1CF844" author="Brunet" box="[1068,1216,1919,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2564CAA653FAB4F844" author="Karling" box="[1230,1384,1919,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256093A688FEF1F868" author="Brunet" box="[151,301,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D256145A688FCDEF868" authority="(Karling, 1954) Karling, 1978" authorityName="(Karling, 1954) Karling" authorityYear="1978" box="[321,770,1955,1979]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D256145A688FE75F868" box="[321,425,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. scotica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2561BCA68FFD8BF868" author="Karling" box="[440,599,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1954) Einige marine Vertreter der Kalyptorhynchien-Familie Koinocystididae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 7, 165 - 183." type="journal article" year="1954">Karling, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256263A68FFCDEF868" author="Karling" box="[615,770,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25633BA68FFC0BF868" author="Karling" box="[831,983,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1954) Einige marine Vertreter der Kalyptorhynchien-Familie Koinocystididae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 7, 165 - 183." type="journal article" year="1954">Karling 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D2563E8A688FA47F868" authority="(Graff, 1905) Karling, 1978" authorityName="(Graff, 1905) Karling" authorityYear="1978" box="[1004,1435,1955,1979]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sophiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2563E8A688FB87F868" box="[1004,1115,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. sophiae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D25646FA68FFB2CF868" author="Graff" box="[1131,1264,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="von Graff, L. (1905) Marine Turbellarien Orotavas und der Kusten Europas. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlige Zoologie, 83, 68 - 148." type="journal article" year="1905">Graff, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256504A68FFA47F868" author="Karling" box="[1280,1435,1955,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D2560C8A6E4FEF3F80C" author="Ax" box="[204,303,1991,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Ax, P. (1959) Zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der Turbellarienfauna in den ponto-kaspischen Brackwassermeeren. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere), 87, 43 - 184." type="journal article" year="1959">Ax 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4C9D25616BA6E5FDC9F80C" box="[367,533,1991,2016]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variodentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D25616BA6E5FDC9F80C" box="[367,533,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">I. variodentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4C9D256257A6EBFCF0F80C" author="Karling" box="[595,812,1991,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Karling, T. G., Mack-Fira, V. & Dorjes, J. (1972) First report on marine microturbellarians from Hawaii. Zoologica Scripta, 1, 251 - 269." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Karling
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4C9D2562B4A6E5FD35F80C" box="[688,745,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; confirmed in this study). Data are lacking for all other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24610FA1B5FEBAFF63" box="[267,358,153,176]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24610FA1B5FEBAFF63" box="[267,358,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Itaipusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From the above it is clear that at the moment it is not easy to assess which situation is plesiomorphic within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24611FA190FE09FF07" box="[283,469,188,212]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Koinocystididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only a thorough phylogenetic analysis can elucidate this question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4D9D2460C1A1CCFBE9FD1F" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
|
||
At present 13 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2461D3A1CDFDEEFF2B" box="[471,562,225,248]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2461D3A1CDFDEEFF2B" box="[471,562,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Itaipusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described. Five species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2463C6A1CDFB13FF24" authority="Karling, 1980" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1980" box="[962,1231,223,248]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2463C6A1CDFBF6FF2B" box="[962,1066,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. bispina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246436A1F3FB13FF24" author="Karling" box="[1074,1231,223,247]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2464DFA1CDFED6FECF" authority="Karling, 1980" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1980" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="curvicirra">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2464DFA1CDFABFFF2B" box="[1243,1379,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. curvicirra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24656DA1CCFED6FECF" author="Karling" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246112A029FD3DFECF" authority="(Marcus, 1954) Karling, 1980" authorityName="(Marcus, 1954) Karling" authorityYear="1980" box="[278,737,260,284]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246112A029FE55FECF" box="[278,393,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24619DA028FDE9FECF" author="Marcus" box="[409,565,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Marcus, E. (1954) Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papeis avulsos, 11, 419 - 489." type="journal article" year="1954">Marcus, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246240A028FD3DFECF" author="Karling" box="[580,737,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2462E8A029FC2CFECF" authority="Karling, 1978" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1978" box="[748,1008,260,284]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="riegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2462E8A029FC93FECF" box="[748,847,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. riegeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246352A028FC2CFECF" author="Karling" box="[854,1008,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24642CA029FB63FECF" box="[1064,1215,260,284]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruffinjonesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24642CA029FB63FECF" box="[1064,1215,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. ruffinjonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have a male copulatory organ combining a cirrus armed with small spines and some larger hooks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246410A00BFB72FEEC" author="Karling" box="[1044,1198,295,319]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This combination is also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246129A061FEA0FEB7" box="[301,380,333,356]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246129A061FEA0FEB7" box="[301,380,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the spines in this species are considerably smaller and the hooks are not pointed as in the above-mentioned species. A tubiform penis papilla, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24635DA05DFC0CFE5B" box="[857,976,368,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24635DA05DFC0CFE5B" box="[857,976,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246414A05CFB75FE54" author="Marcus" box="[1040,1193,367,391]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Marcus, E. (1954) Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papeis avulsos, 11, 419 - 489." type="journal article" year="1954">Marcus 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2464B3A043FA93FE54" author="Karling" box="[1207,1359,367,391]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or an accessory cirrus as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24618FA0B9FE32FE7F" box="[395,494,405,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="riegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24618FA0B9FE32FE7F" box="[395,494,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. riegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246220A0B9FD15FE7F" box="[548,713,404,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variodentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246220A0B9FD15FE7F" box="[548,713,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. variodentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are missing in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246370A0B9FC1FFE7F" box="[884,963,405,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246370A0B9FC1FFE7F" box="[884,963,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2463EBA0B9FB85FE7F" box="[1007,1113,404,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2463EBA0B9FB85FE7F" box="[1007,1113,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. bispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hooks are located in side pockets of the male atrium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2461D1A09BFDB3FE1C" author="Karling" box="[469,623,439,463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas they are situated in the male atrium proper in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2464F4A095FA9DFE03" box="[1264,1345,441,464]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2464F4A095FA9DFE03" box="[1264,1345,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other four species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24616AA0F0FDD9FE27" author="Marcus" box="[366,517,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Marcus, E. (1954) Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papeis avulsos, 11, 419 - 489." type="journal article" year="1954">Marcus 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246216A0F0FD36FE27" author="Karling" box="[530,746,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G., Mack-Fira, V. & Dorjes, J. (1972) First report on marine microturbellarians from Hawaii. Zoologica Scripta, 1, 251 - 269." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Karling
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24626BA0F1FD7CFE27" box="[623,672,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2462F2A0F0FC51FE27" author="Karling" box="[758,909,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24639EA0F0FC0AFE27" author="Karling" box="[922,982,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another striking feature in this species group is the detailed structure of the female system and the bursa. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24638AA32DFBDCFDCB" box="[910,1024,512,536]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24638AA32DFBDCFDCB" box="[910,1024,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246432A32DFB0FFDCB" box="[1078,1235,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246432A32DFB13FDCB" box="[1078,1231,512,536]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruffinjonesi">I. ruffinjonesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a so-called receptacle bursa (the most distal part of the female duct, which is swollen and highly muscular and is separated from the proximal part of the female duct by a strong sphincter; see above) is present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2463F6A36BFB55FD8C" author="Marcus" box="[1010,1161,583,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Marcus, E. (1954) Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papeis avulsos, 11, 419 - 489." type="journal article" year="1954">Marcus 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246491A36BFAF6FD8C" author="Karling" box="[1173,1322,583,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246532A36BFAAEFD8C" author="Karling" box="[1334,1394,583,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In all other species of the group, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246257A341FD7EFD57" box="[595,674,621,644]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246257A341FD7EFD57" box="[595,674,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such a receptacle bursa is missing. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24644DA341FB0CFD57" box="[1097,1232,621,644]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="curvicirra">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24644DA341FB0CFD57" box="[1097,1232,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. curvicirra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2464D9A341FAF0FD57" box="[1245,1324,621,644]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="renei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2464D9A341FAF0FD57" box="[1245,1324,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. renei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D24653EA341FA40FD57" box="[1338,1436,621,644]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="riegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D24653EA341FA40FD57" box="[1338,1436,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. riegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2460C3A3BDFEB0FD7B" box="[199,364,656,680]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variodentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2460C3A3BDFEB0FD7B" box="[199,364,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. variodentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the bursa is non-muscular and connected to the genital atrium by a muscular bursal stalk. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246588A3BDFF35FD1F" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246588A3BDFF35FD1F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. bispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also the bursa proper is muscular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24626FA398FC9EFD1F" author="Karling" box="[619,834,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G., Mack-Fira, V. & Dorjes, J. (1972) First report on marine microturbellarians from Hawaii. Zoologica Scripta, 1, 251 - 269." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Karling
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2462CDA399FD25FD1F" box="[713,761,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246349A398FC3EFD1F" author="Karling" box="[845,994,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225 - 248." type="journal article" year="1978">Karling 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2463EAA398FBF6FD1F" author="Karling" box="[1006,1066,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A5A391A1F4D9D2460C1A3FBFA4DFBDC" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The presence of an unarmed penis papilla as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2462E6A3F5FCAFFD23" box="[738,883,728,752]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biglandula">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2462E6A3F5FCAFFD23" box="[738,883,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. biglandula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique within the taxon
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2464AEA3F5FAA7FD23" box="[1194,1403,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2464AEA3F5FAD5FD23" box="[1194,1289,729,752]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Itaipusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246511A3F5FAA7FD23" box="[1301,1403,729,752]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scotica">I. scotica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246588A3F5FF31FCC7" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sophiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246588A3F5FF31FCC7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. sophiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246126A3D1FE49FCC7" box="[290,405,764,788]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246126A3D1FE49FCC7" box="[290,405,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a penis papilla, but in these species it is provided with spines, and therefore armed. This situation is referred to as a permanently-everted cirrus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2462FFA233FC48FCE4" author="Karling" box="[763,916,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246459A233FACFFCE4" box="[1117,1299,799,823]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Koinocystididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
an unarmed penis papilla is very uncommon, and only found in four species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246377A268FB38FC8F" authority="Karling, 1980" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1980" box="[883,1252,836,860]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Neoutelga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246377A268FB9CFC8F" box="[883,1088,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Neoutelga inermis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24644CA268FB38FC8F" author="Karling" box="[1096,1252,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2464F6A268FE08FCAC" authority="(Sekera, 1912) Strand, 1914" authorityName="(Sekera, 1912) Strand" authorityYear="1914" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Sekerana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="stolzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2464F6A268FA40FC8F" box="[1266,1436,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Sekerana stolzi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24609AA24BFEEFFCAC" author="Sekera" box="[158,307,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Sekera, E. (1912) Studien uber Turbellarien. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 13, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1912">Sekera, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246146A24BFE08FCAC" author="Strand" box="[322,468,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Strand, E. (1914) Neue Namen verschiedener Tiere. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80, 163 - 164." type="journal article" year="1914">Strand, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2461E4A244FCA6FCAC" authority="Brunet, 1972" authorityName="Brunet" authorityYear="1972" box="[480,890,871,896]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Tenerrhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2461E4A244FD3DFC53" box="[480,737,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Tenerrhynchus magnus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2462EDA245FCA6FCAC" author="Brunet" box="[745,890,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2463B6A244FAD0FCAC" authority="Karling, 1964" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1964" box="[946,1292,871,896]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Parautelga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biloi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2463B6A244FBB5FC53" box="[946,1129,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Parautelga biloi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246475A24BFAD0FCAC" author="Karling" box="[1137,1292,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1964) Uber einige neue und ungenugend bekannte Turbellaria Eukalyptorhynchia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 172, 159 - 183." type="journal article" year="1964">Karling, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246543A24BFF0FFC77" author="Karling" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, these four species differ in many characters from the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246422A2A1FB5DFC77" box="[1062,1153,909,932]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246422A2A1FB5DFC77" box="[1062,1153,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Itaipusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D2464B9A2A0FA82FC77" author="Meixner" box="[1213,1374,908,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Meixner, J. (1925) Beitrag zur Morphologie und zum System der Turbellaria-Rhabdocoela: 1. Die Kalyptorhynchia. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 3, 255 - 343." type="journal article" year="1925">Meixner 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24656EA2A1FEDEFC14" author="Karling" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1964) Uber einige neue und ungenugend bekannte Turbellaria Eukalyptorhynchia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 172, 159 - 183." type="journal article" year="1964">Karling 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D24610AA283FE95FC14" author="Karling" box="[270,329,943,967]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 169." type="journal volume" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E7444EB1F4D9D246150A29DFE3DFC14" author="Brunet" box="[340,481,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174." type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the new species from Galapagos shows all diagnostic features of this taxon. Hence we decide to keep the new species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D2462B2A2F9FCCDFC3F" box="[694,785,981,1004]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D2462B2A2F9FCCDFC3F" box="[694,785,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Itaipusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another unique feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDE542991F4D9D246440A2F9FB08FC3F" box="[1092,1236,980,1004]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biglandula">
|
||
<emphasis id="4891E5081F4D9D246440A2F9FB08FC3F" box="[1092,1236,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">I. biglandula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of the two globular complexes of glands, surrounding the opening of the female duct into the common genital atrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |