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<mods:title id="ACFA23A09D8E43919CEDF24287BF25ED">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08FED63C80458905439E8AF332A5A535">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="78CBE954574629070D4C12142360877F">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F15152E6B25207FDCD1C9847FA306D2E">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="37FDFFD530840BABB5E848B1AF659A2B">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="9D5B5C05AFAE089B5BDF8CBA453D23F0">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<treatment id="5E0B4628DEC6D16DB8E4A58DAA13299B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E0B4628DEC6D16DB8E4A58DAA13299B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E0B4628DEC6D16DB8E4A58DAA13299B" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="FB0C90324627531850517213DD42E0A4" authority="Gray, 1849 (sensu Burbrink et al. 2020)" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" family="Charinaidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae Gray, 1849 (sensu Burbrink et al. 2020)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C34073C1AFD4B0EE3CEB53D6E9FE099" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B36D87AE365FF44F1B01ACB47E728FF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="D30499BB604079D080CA059DB3828810" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
currently comprise two genera,
<taxonomicName id="78E39CBEF7B1C80029386008EAD10B0D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charina" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F550F93FA1F3F37E2DF3022D07FEC114" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Charina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4AC7EB63F01DFBEBEF7FCDAFD11AC59C" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" class="Squamata" family="Ungaliophiidae" genus="Lichanura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lichanura" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0858EACE2D78A7081AF2BE08FFE12BD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Lichanura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with four species, distributed in North and northern Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="E8A36A85B9FC5D8B668C5B5B1976F85E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
). It is recovered as the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="E4EEB54A7C0F2E9D990887066E559396" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
in most recent phylogenetic analyses (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B84984E392330CB9E6FEB7272466F2C4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B468" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, Wiens, JJ, 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" title="A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" year="2013">Pyron et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C6AB6AACFAD9716BF8860ECE3704E85" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B496" refString="Reynolds, RG, Niemiller, ML, Revell, LJ, 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" title="Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" volume="71" year="2014">Reynolds et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="87B89259B12B4D86B3B1352AA2394969" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="16DDA70531C8306F12B883656B8517E8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB29FA1A092BF577C102A78D3B05E1F7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="656 - 697" refId="B694" refString="Zaher, H, Mohabey, DM, Grazziotin, FG, Mantilla, JAW, 2023. The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197: 656 - 697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" title="The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" volume="197" year="2023">Zaher et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). This close, sister group relationship between charinaids and ungaliophiids inferred by molecular data has prompted their treatment in many recent phylogenies and taxonomic schemes as
<normalizedToken id="104DCCBBEDD57F1C615DB773D8E916CC" originalValue="“subfamilies”">&quot;subfamilies&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<taxonomicName id="1CA7162742FE7A254779F79CD426AEE4" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charinainae">Charinainae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9FFE0FFB8A1A6283EDAA1A4562763251" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
respectively) of an expanded concept of
<taxonomicName id="2F7942E52055640E8930522CEA67A42B" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="BC105C08E0F86E313968E952E95A2DF5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B468" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, Wiens, JJ, 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" title="A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" year="2013">Pyron et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="797F932617CE3A454C78B0B22F3A40AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="249 - 260" refId="B470" refString="Pyron, RA, Reynolds, GA, Burbrink, FT, 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" title="A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" volume="3846" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="36C6533FF9CA80235F89ABF2BACA7797" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D3E4F155C34FC7B75B485606522FA8B7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3B15D7B0B9550F0FE9058E66940BB9C3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
), yet other works treat them both at the family level (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="82DD35E7540A7A10DA1A97128C326301" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" author="Wilcox, TP" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="361 - 371" refId="B680" refString="Wilcox, TP, Zwickl, DJ, Heath, TA, Hillis, DM, 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 361 - 371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" title="Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" volume="25" year="2002">Wilcox et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5B004E04B802908B22CEDAF6342774E3" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="40418FC727CD3871970A7BBC0CEA9943" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E1E2114AB901C24A3A9CA88274C1F581" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="656 - 697" refId="B694" refString="Zaher, H, Mohabey, DM, Grazziotin, FG, Mantilla, JAW, 2023. The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197: 656 - 697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" title="The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" volume="197" year="2023">Zaher et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). We here follow the latter opinion and treat
<taxonomicName id="BB3BDA8321264E38C1E6C9013903C6F0" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F882BAF9666C3981B3BB7ADB1D1AAACE" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
at the family level, taking into consideration the above mentioned fact that certain morphology-based or molecular+morphology combined phylogenies recover
<taxonomicName id="75C4913739224D60F8DCC188AA380484" class="Reptilia" family="Erycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erycidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="454FD06FA2A3A0E72256233B48E0273E" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
together as a clade (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="96E28E1EF32E03E923DBA32A8FB5AA48" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00290.x" author="Kluge, AG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="293 - 351" refId="B322" refString="Kluge, AG, 1993b. Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 293 - 351, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00290.x" title="Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00290.x" volume="107" year="1993 b">Kluge 1993b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1A84B7AF65D83CDC2C570D3BDE7AB1B5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" author="Gauthier, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 308" refId="B193" refString="Gauthier, JA, Kearney, M, Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, Behike, ADB, 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" title="Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." url="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" volume="53" year="2012">Gauthier et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="62B9594D503EF28943250F032AB3C0B3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="182 - 206" refId="B532" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, Schaal, SFK, 2016. Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" title="Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" volume="176" year="2016">Scanferla et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E4A79B3852FA9DED03D2FB8BA7393C24" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla 2021</bibRefCitation>
), and most importantly the shared complex caudal vertebral morphology of charinaids and erycids, which is a key anatomical feature (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="2BCBAAF8CF3CC082DDC5D3C73FF500FC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="24 - 37" refId="B610" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1994. Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" title="Oligocene snakes of southern Germany." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" volume="14" year="1994">Szyndlar 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1B8D9D56B65FA9507080765D5211FFE5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853894X00010" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Amphibia-Reptilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="233 - 248" refId="B615" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Schleich, H-H, 1994. Two species of the genus Eryx (Serpentes; Boidae; Erycinae) from the Spanish Neogene with comments on the past distribution of the genus in Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia 15: 233 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853894X00010" title="Two species of the genus Eryx (Serpentes; Boidae; Erycinae) from the Spanish Neogene with comments on the past distribution of the genus in Europe." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853894X00010" volume="15" year="1994">Szyndlar and Schleich 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0E3D809CD97F75428A6EFB06DF1BA5B7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="157 - 182" refId="B570" refString="Smith, KT, 2013. New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America. Zoologischer Anzeiger 252: 157 - 182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" title="New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" volume="252" year="2013">Smith 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="706C524C582E64E30FCE9EE471C379E0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F08F1E6D6A211BA5AAD317D483B9042" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
The fossil record attests a higher diversity of charinaids in the past, including also extinct species of the extant genera (see
<bibRefCitation id="0DA3186314EF45EE182184291D69E82E" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B281" refString="Holman, JA, 2000. Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN" title="Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology." year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E1D3D2875A3338FA421DF823176A9673" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BF91FA2FE7C0BC80989CE9A2F725A4AF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
), as well as a significantly wider distribution, encompassing also the Eocene of Europe, where the genus
<taxonomicName id="3B1CEE7C2B5C8F0C7DDC21AE82E89022" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rageryx" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9A03B12F51AE7493E802608AA1D6E455" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rageryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was confidently referred to that lineage (
<bibRefCitation id="56EC26D76EF99F5480ACBCF2FA50B6C3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="638E98045241B413C9B5B22E0C5414B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Note that the original name of the family,
<taxonomicName id="4C5F5DC67BFAF18D63A80F9E0A8D976F" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Charinidae</taxonomicName>
, recently had its spelling emended to
<taxonomicName id="5529559A69710ECC24D9CD94296CB645" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
by a formal decision of
<bibRefCitation id="3AB1F8EBDA7B1BB9083E3E716E6763D4" author="Huntley, LC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B293" refString="ICZN [International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature] (2020) Opinion 2454 (Case 3688) - CHARINIDAE Gray, 1849 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes): emended to Charinaidae to remove homonymy with Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi); Ungaliopheinae McDowell, 1987 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes) emended to Ungaliophiinae McDowell, 1987.Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature77: 63-65." year="2021">ICZN (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, in order to avoid homonymy with its junior synonym of the arachnid family
<taxonomicName id="1FB59F4ACB774C24825BB4E2121791E7" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Charinidae</taxonomicName>
Quintero, 1986, which had, however, a widespread usage in arthropod literature. An alternative name,
<taxonomicName id="12E769232E088FA7248EFB9311D49014" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1868" family="Lichanuridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Lichanuridae</taxonomicName>
, has also been applied to this family in the 19th century (
<bibRefCitation id="1B32CA514B98F40C61F768D48E75B143" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B127" refString="Cope, ED, 1868b. [Observations on some specimens of Vertebrata presented by Wm. M. Gabb, of San Franciso, which were procured by him in western Nevada and the northern part of Lower California]. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20: 2." title="[Observations on some specimens of Vertebrata presented by Wm. M. Gabb, of San Franciso, which were procured by him in western Nevada and the northern part of Lower California]. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20: 2." year="1868 b">Cope 1868b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6F8E9C3F72BC4844D887C7B5AFAFDAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Vertebral morphology of
<taxonomicName id="C2401726A2505200D2A772D03D440CC0" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
is closely similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="AC1FAA020804AE77107E8594EA9F5136" class="Reptilia" family="Erycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erycidae</taxonomicName>
, with the two groups sharing also the characteristic complex caudal vertebrae, though still differences occur (for more details see Description and Figures of
<taxonomicName id="844A07D90896690E9EE32224E8DAD2BF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charina" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B54ECABB679D3AF8457086251E51D88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Charina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D91867C6AA513260FA9CE0D246F3D9C9" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" class="Squamata" family="Ungaliophiidae" genus="Lichanura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lichanura" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35507148F8443D3893A430EEB3476D58" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Lichanura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below).
<bibRefCitation id="A6A80D2C29FDA0C542859C52A37CD0B5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107" author="Parham, JF" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="346 - 359" refId="B430" refString="Parham, JF, Donoghue, PCJ, Bell, CJ, Calway, TD, Head, JJ, Holroyd, PA, Inoue, JG, Irmis, RB, Joyce, WG, Ksepka, DT, Patane, JSL, Smith, ND, Tarver, JE, van Tuinen, M, Yang, ZH, Angielczyk, KD, Greenwood, JM, Hipsley, CA, Jacobs, LL, Makovicky, PJ, Mueller, J, Smith, KT, Theodor, JM, Warnock, RCM, Benton, MJ, 2012. Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Systematic Biology 61: 346 - 359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107" title="Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107" volume="61" year="2012">Parham et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that the presence of a laterally swollen, trilobate neural spine combined with incipient pterapophyses on the dorsolateral margin of the posterior neural arch in caudal vertebrae is unique in
<taxonomicName id="FC26D1013FD49C2EBCF2C3F70046E154" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charina" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CF9468B2864756BFBE200E5EAFE6E33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Charina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F8890561178D829AE1622F3BD3983B92" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" class="Squamata" family="Ungaliophiidae" genus="Lichanura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lichanura" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DD856A7B0E85084650BE977452FD150" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Lichanura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among extant snakes and can be used as the primary diagnostic feature of
<taxonomicName id="7BF871ACAC4384D553B95E187C1FE681" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7AE13021B5CD31FBF88EB70850743D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Previous figures of vertebrae of extant
<taxonomicName id="F6FBB3CAE95C942EF243168D428B8F04" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
have been so far presented by
<bibRefCitation id="B932DD0617653242CBD385E2A87CA6E8" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="300 - 303" refId="B277" refString="Holman, JA, 1967. Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 300 - 303" title="Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes." volume="3" year="1967">Holman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1A433E187E8F02BD5775A9AB864100D4" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B66" refString="Bogert, CM, 1968a. A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2354: 1 - 38" title="A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico." volume="2354" year="1968 a">Bogert (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D30A9980FFB4B0EC4F348825B24A9F55" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="81 - 124" refId="B274" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Rage, J-C, 1972. Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille. Annales de Paleontologie 58: 81 - 124" title="Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille." volume="58" year="1972">Hoffstetter and Rage (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9E7B25FA05B579E75BDF0D0A645FA7E6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051520106" author="Ruben, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="89 - 99" refId="B521" refString="Ruben, JA, 1977. Some correlates of cranial and cervical morphology with predatory modes in snakes. Journal of Morphology 152: 89 - 99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051520106" title="Some correlates of cranial and cervical morphology with predatory modes in snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051520106" volume="152" year="1977">Ruben (1977)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0107DA7EB06F3A5805D21D7B7D3DECCA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 71" refId="B606" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1987. Snakes from the Lower Miocene locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 55 - 71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" title="Snakes from the Lower Miocene locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" volume="7" year="1987">Szyndlar (1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4193E7418C5D8BF4DBED1156F43A2C73" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="24 - 37" refId="B610" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1994. Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" title="Oligocene snakes of southern Germany." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" volume="14" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="11042A28A094D8036D743183275E2FB0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" author="Gauthier, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 308" refId="B193" refString="Gauthier, JA, Kearney, M, Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, Behike, ADB, 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" title="Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." url="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" volume="53" year="2012">Gauthier et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F1E6124F68AF6D817710E9222337EC5A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="58F65CBFA98729B8BE4C71B9A4DE1674" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" author="Frydlova, P" journalOrPublisher="Bionomina" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B180" refString="Frydlova, P, Janovska, V, Mrzilkova, J, Halaskova, M, Riegerova, M, Dudak, J, Tymlova, V, Zemlicka, J, Zach, P, Frynta, D, 2023. The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" title="The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" year="2023">
<normalizedToken id="20886B60E8AEEDE3C51F8DD5D5166D4F" originalValue="Frýdlová">Frydlova</normalizedToken>
et al. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series have been presented by
<bibRefCitation id="0EA6929150CE8A525A47E4C3ADE015F5" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="300 - 303" refId="B277" refString="Holman, JA, 1967. Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 300 - 303" title="Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes." volume="3" year="1967">Holman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="90D236EFB8EE104E9378C742FF162B9B" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B66" refString="Bogert, CM, 1968a. A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2354: 1 - 38" title="A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico." volume="2354" year="1968 a">Bogert (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="134321CDBBBDB34E17BB5635B48CAB94" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="81 - 124" refId="B274" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Rage, J-C, 1972. Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille. Annales de Paleontologie 58: 81 - 124" title="Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille." volume="58" year="1972">Hoffstetter and Rage (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="44B79A4EF7E4C52AFAFE15188A1398DA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 71" refId="B606" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1987. Snakes from the Lower Miocene locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 55 - 71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" title="Snakes from the Lower Miocene locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011637" volume="7" year="1987">Szyndlar (1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2D8A62108E1C0DC5E05261CF0515987A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="24 - 37" refId="B610" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1994. Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" title="Oligocene snakes of southern Germany." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" volume="14" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="543E08FD64821786B2311B99DDBD283E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" author="Gauthier, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 308" refId="B193" refString="Gauthier, JA, Kearney, M, Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, Behike, ADB, 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" title="Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." url="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" volume="53" year="2012">Gauthier et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D3718F3DAFBD9CFA8433BCF186A7405F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B574" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2021. A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). Geodiversitas 43: 1 - 24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" title="A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a1" volume="43" year="2021">Smith and Scanferla (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="3409916C1AB6C87C9395A2809F8B0C46" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" author="Frydlova, P" journalOrPublisher="Bionomina" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B180" refString="Frydlova, P, Janovska, V, Mrzilkova, J, Halaskova, M, Riegerova, M, Dudak, J, Tymlova, V, Zemlicka, J, Zach, P, Frynta, D, 2023. The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" title="The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" year="2023">
<normalizedToken id="0213C6818B9F55A97B5E1768C58A00EA" originalValue="Frýdlová">Frydlova</normalizedToken>
et al. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
. Quantitative study on intracolumnar variation of charinaid vertebrae was conducted by
<bibRefCitation id="AD9FF94367057EEDDF409B8274A43273" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B246" refString="Head, JJ, 2021. A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of ''anilioid&quot; snakes. Geobios 66-67: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" title="A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of '' anilioid &quot; snakes. Geobios 66 - 67: 55 - 65." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" year="2021">Head (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. Besides, an extensive analysis of the mode of articulation between neighbouring caudal vertebrae of charinaids was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E67D733FC9753ED27B334A3A69D13814" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="24 - 37" refId="B610" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1994. Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" title="Oligocene snakes of southern Germany." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011536" volume="14" year="1994">Szyndlar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="6BA2B7FD9726356D96854D605599E8EC" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="81 - 124" refId="B274" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Rage, J-C, 1972. Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille. Annales de Paleontologie 58: 81 - 124" title="Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae). Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille." volume="58" year="1972">Hoffstetter and Rage (1972)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E0B80E5F113D0B93265CA5A55DA15090" author="Kluge, AG" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B320" refString="Kluge, AG, 1991. Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 178: 1 - 58" title="Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles." volume="178" year="1991">Kluge (1991)</bibRefCitation>
noted the occurrence of paracotylar foramina in
<taxonomicName id="50B7ED26C8ECF85BD3E77D342C3D7F9D" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" class="Squamata" family="Ungaliophiidae" genus="Lichanura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lichanura" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="56DE49A93E2B946D4B944CB0DB43BE10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Lichanura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(but absent in
<taxonomicName id="6C25C83F4A6A593FFA04A39EBB874AB2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charina" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="79ADFAB465EA987DA9E15C6CA51EB24C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Charina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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