832 lines
109 KiB
XML
832 lines
109 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657356" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a7a14919-538e-47c6-af07-0e81457a5583" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784174" ID-ISSN="0067-1975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657356" checkinTime="1617215003774" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Strusz, D. L., Percival, Ian G., Wright, A. J., Pickett, John W. & Byrnes, A." docDate="1998" docId="03A57505FFEF6D57C1E4F6C19C9CF771" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.50.2.171-186.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 50 (2)" docSource="https://journals.australian.museum/strusz-et-al-1998-rec-aust-mus-502-171186/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316.1:RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleId="CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316" docStyleName="RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Keteiodoros bellense Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes 1998, n.sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="185" masterDocId="FF9C0D7DFFEA6D59C03BFFF39B5FFFB2" masterDocTitle="A giant new trimerellide brachiopod from the Wenlock (Early Silurian) of New South Wales, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="186" masterPageNumber="171" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" updateTime="1636528479267" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A giant new trimerellide brachiopod from the Wenlock (Early Silurian) of New South Wales, Australia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Strusz, D. L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Percival, Ian G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wright, A. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pickett, John W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Byrnes, A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1998</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1998-10-07</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>171</mods:start>
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<mods:end>186</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://journals.australian.museum/strusz-et-al-1998-rec-aust-mus-502-171186/</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1278</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a7a14919-538e-47c6-af07-0e81457a5583</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0067-1975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4652977</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657356" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784174" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657356" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A57505FFEF6D57C1E4F6C19C9CF771" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A57505FFEF6D57C1E4F6C19C9CF771" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[479,959,2354,2393]" box="[479,959,2354,2393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<heading box="[479,959,2354,2393]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes, 1998" authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[479,854,2354,2393]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="bellense" status="n.sp.">
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<emphasis box="[479,854,2354,2393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Keteiodoros bellense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[874,959,2354,2393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[547,889,2459,2498]" box="[547,889,2459,2498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Figs. 4-13,
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<tableCitation box="[761,889,2459,2498]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[1273,1370,2063,2097]" captionTargetBox="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" captionText="Table 1. Dimensions in millimetres of selected shells; dimensions are approximate, with those in brackets estimated on the basis of predicted complete outline." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" tableUuid="DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737">Table 1</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[227,1210,2564,2740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Type material.
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480305" collectionCode="AM" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" specimenCode="F101116" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[493,677,2564,2603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode box="[691,757,2564,2603]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[767,918,2564,2603]" collectionCode="AM" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">F101116</specimenCode>
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, a partly prepared incomplete shell (
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<figureCitation box="[549,690,2610,2649]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[223,329,1819,1855]" captionTargetBox="[242,1180,415,1731]" captionText="Figure 7. A-B-two prepared incomplete shells; 2 cm scale bar at lower left. A-holotype AM FlO11l6 in anterior view; the vaults on both valves have not been cleaned out, and there is still some sediment at top left adhering to one side of the dorsal valve; the dorsal umbo has been partly removed during preparation, as it was difficult to distinguish recrystallised matrix fromrecrystallised shell, and such a large umbo was not expected in that position. B-paratype CPC 34410 in anterodorsal aspect, a partly prepared incomplete ventral valve with part of the dorsal umbo still resting on the ventral platform." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657219/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480306" box="[729,1198,2610,2649]" collectionCode="AM" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" specimenCode="F101117" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus box="[729,931,2610,2649]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode box="[954,1020,2610,2649]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[1039,1198,2610,2649]" collectionCode="AM" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">F101117</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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-
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480309" box="[231,735,2656,2695]" collectionCode="CPC" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" specimenCode="101128,101133" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode box="[231,504,2656,2695]" collectionCode="AM" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">101128,101133</specimenCode>
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-101135,
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<collectionCode box="[659,735,2656,2695]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<accessionNumber box="[659,735,2656,2695]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34408" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">CPC</accessionNumber>
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</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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34408-34416,
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<accessionNumber box="[994,1202,2656,2695]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF30558" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[994,1089,2656,2695]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480301" box="[1099,1202,2656,2695]" collectionCode="MMF" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" specimenCode="33364-33367" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">30558</materialsCitation>
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</accessionNumber>
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,
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<specimenCode box="[228,465,2702,2740]" collectionCode="MMF" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">33364-33367</specimenCode>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[227,1207,2806,2892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Other material.
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<collectionCode box="[524,590,2806,2845]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
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FlO1l29-101132, 101136-101147,
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<accessionNumber box="[227,431,2853,2892]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34417" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[227,304,2853,2892]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">CPC</collectionCode>
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34417
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</accessionNumber>
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-34419,
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<accessionNumber box="[576,768,2853,2892]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF30557" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[576,673,2853,2892]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
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30557
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</accessionNumber>
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,30559,33368 -33370.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[226,1209,2955,3178]" lastBlockId="5.[1285,2267,420,505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Type locality. Between localities S208 and S285 of
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<bibRefCitation author="Strusz, D. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="176" pagination="334 - 361" refId="ref11629" refString="Strusz, D. L., 1961. Lower Palaeozoic corals from New South Wales. Palaeontology 4 (3): 334 - 361." type="journal article" year="1961">Strusz (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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, above the head of a small gully within the Oakdale Anticline about
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<quantity box="[493,596,3047,3086]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
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north-northwest of "Catombal Park" (formerly "Barnby Hills") homestead, Parish of Mumbil southeast ofWellington,
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<collectingRegion box="[650,951,3139,3178]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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(extended grid reference 686970E, 6381300N, Wellington 1:50,000 sheet 8632 I+IV). See
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<figureCitation box="[1576,1676,466,505]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[391,499,2595,2631]" captionTargetBox="[389,2118,427,2542]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geological map of the Oakdale Anticline (Mumbil district), showing also the position of Strusz's (1960) localities in the Bell River Member, Dripstone Formation. The basal shaly-ca1careous part of the Member is stippled; the shells described herein come from the arrowed area between localities S285 and S208. Modified after Vandyke & Byrnes (1976). Grid references for the three trimerellide localities (Wellington 1:50,000 sheet 8632 I+IV) are: S122-687300E, 6381550N; S208-686950E, 6381250N; S285-687100E, 6381350N." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652979/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1284,2266,560,691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Type horizon, age. Low in the Bell River Member, Dripstone Formation, Mumbil Group. Homerian?, late Wenlock, Early Silurian.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1285,1705,747,786]" box="[1285,1705,747,786]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Diagnosis. As for genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1281,2269,842,3178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Description.
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<emphasis box="[1531,1915,842,880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">External morphology:</emphasis>
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The shell is large, globose, thick-walled, approximately equibiconvex; smooth apart from growth lines (Fig. 5A). The only wellpreserved complete shell of the very few known (
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<typeStatus box="[2121,2266,980,1019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">paratype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode box="[1284,1349,1026,1064]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
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F101117, Fig. 4) has its greatest depth at mid-length, greatest width at about % length (see
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<tableCitation box="[2046,2187,1072,1111]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[1273,1370,2063,2097]" captionTargetBox="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" captionText="Table 1. Dimensions in millimetres of selected shells; dimensions are approximate, with those in brackets estimated on the basis of predicted complete outline." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" tableUuid="DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737">Table 1</tableCitation>
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for dimensions). Other relatively little-damaged shells suggest the greatest depth is often further forward. In cross section the shell is ovoid, generally deeper than wide. The commissure is sinuous laterally, and anteriorly shows a broad shallow dorsally-directed tongue. The ventral valve is medially flattened for most of its length, the flattened zone changing to a broad sulcus near the anterior margin. The dorsal valve is also boat-shaped in cross-section: gently curved laterally and medially, strongly curved in between. The ventral umbo is long, rather flattened, pointed, anacline, and suberect to strongly incurved (Figs. 4, 5). No specimen is well enough preserved to show the inner surface of the beak, while transverse sections (Fig. 6) and one silicified fragment (
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<accessionNumber box="[1713,1936,1716,1754]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33367" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[1713,1812,1716,1754]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
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33367
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</accessionNumber>
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) are equivocal, so the presence of a pseudointerarea cannot be firmly established, but we interpret the area on the ventral valve posterior to the dorsal umbo and more or less continuous with the ventral platform as a poorly defined pseudointerarea. There is no sign of a homeodeltidium. The dorsal umbo is deeply incurved, strongly swollen, and generally concealed beneath the ventral beak; its ventral surface matches the transverse profile of the pseudointerarea where the two are in contact (see Figs. 6, 7). Dark lines in longitudinal sections, probably indicating the buried surface of the dorsal platform, show a spiral trace through as much as 300°. One of the silicified
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<typeStatus box="[2101,2266,2267,2306]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">paratypes</typeStatus>
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(
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<accessionNumber box="[1294,1530,2313,2351]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33365" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[1294,1396,2313,2351]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
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33365
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</accessionNumber>
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, Fig. 9) reveals a sharply pointed beak with an apical angle of 110°; the beak is also markedly asymmetric, being directed right-ventrolaterally at about 60° to the commissure. Similar but much weaker asymmetry is also apparent in another silicified
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<typeStatus box="[2124,2268,2497,2535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">paratype</typeStatus>
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(
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<accessionNumber box="[1294,1515,2543,2582]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33366" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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<collectionCode box="[1294,1393,2543,2582]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
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33366
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</accessionNumber>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[1538,1664,2543,2582]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="12.[373,477,1403,1439]" captionTargetBox="[377,2096,404,1373]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 10. Paratype MMF 33366, a well-preserved silicified fragment of a dorsal valve interior, in anteroventral aspect at left (1 cm scale bar), and with the umbonal region enlarged in oblique lateral view at right. The dorsal beak is not preserved. The posterior part of the dorsal platform is gently concave longitudinally and strongly vaulted anteriorly, producing a shallow median longitudinal depression which gradually widens anteriorly. Supporting the platform above the now-missing valve floor is aY-shaped septum. At the broken anterior end of the platform, a small triangular cavity is formed between the divergent arms of the Y and the overlying platform floor. Anteriorly the platform is approximately 30 mm wide, and is estimated to have stood above the valve floor by at least 23 mm. At the posterior end of the platform, a thin median septum (7= cardinal buttress) about 10 mm long extends nearly vertically from the platform floor, expanding posterodorsally to merge with a bulbous medial expansion at the base of the articulating plate. The greater part of the articulating plate is broken away, revealing a horizontally ovoid cross-section. As in MMF 33365 there is asymmetry present: in the aspect figured at left, the septum and articulating plate bulge display a slight but obvious anticlockwise rotation. The articulating plate is much more robust than that in MMF 33365, which was possibly from a juvenile individual. The lateral edges of the articulating plate are flattened and slightly extended, giving the base of the plate a broadly lanceolate cross-section. There are growth lamellae on the posterior surface of the plate, which is separated from the remnant of the valve margin by a deep channel (compare Fig. 9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4653001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4653001/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1281,2269,842,3178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
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Posterior to about 20% of total length (about
|
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<quantity box="[2105,2223,2589,2627]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
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||
in the sectioned shell, Fig. 6), the margins of the dorsal valve are broadly rounded, and lie within the ventral valve, merging posteriorly with the swollen dorsal umbo. Somewhat forward of that level (at about
|
||
<quantity box="[1986,2103,2772,2811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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||
in Fig. 6) they become thinner, and rest against the outer edge of the ventral valve margin. Where the dorsal valve margins change from being inside to outside the ventral valve margins, there are short transitional zones where both margins have thick flattened tops which we interpret as pivot surfaces for valve movement (
|
||
<quantity box="[1953,2147,3047,3087]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="56.5" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="55.0">55-58 mm</quantity>
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||
in the sectioned shell, and apparent in
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1818,1977,3094,3132]" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
<accessionNumber box="[1989,2185,3094,3132]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34410" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1989,2066,3094,3132]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">CPC</collectionCode>
|
||
34410
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[223,329,1819,1855]" captionTargetBox="[242,1180,415,1731]" captionText="Figure 7. A-B-two prepared incomplete shells; 2 cm scale bar at lower left. A-holotype AM FlO11l6 in anterior view; the vaults on both valves have not been cleaned out, and there is still some sediment at top left adhering to one side of the dorsal valve; the dorsal umbo has been partly removed during preparation, as it was difficult to distinguish recrystallised matrix fromrecrystallised shell, and such a large umbo was not expected in that position. B-paratype CPC 34410 in anterodorsal aspect, a partly prepared incomplete ventral valve with part of the dorsal umbo still resting on the ventral platform." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657219/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1427,1647,3139,3178]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33364" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1427,1525,3139,3178]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="5" pageNumber="176">MMF</collectionCode>
|
||
33364
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
, Fig. 8). Forward from there (60-75
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657217/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" targetBox="[441,2091,470,2358]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[383,2115,2437,2640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[384,489,2437,2473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
4. A-E-the only well preserved nearly complete (although somewhat worn) shell, paratype AM FlOll17. A-dorsal view; B-E-lateral, ventral, anterior and posterior views (dorsal valve uppermost in D and E); 2 cm scale bars. The anterior edges of the valves are slightly damaged (E); the rapid development of the ventral sulcus near the anterior margin is clearly visible in C and E, while B shows the relationship of the valve margins behind and in front of the pivot zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[225,1214,2750,3202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">mm), a low flange develops on the inner edge of each ventral valve margin which fits into a groove near the inner edge of each dorsal valve margin. The inner edges of the grooves disappearforwards, leaving the tapered outer edges of the dorsal valve margins resting against the outer surfaces of the ventral flanges. The flanges in turn become lower, the ventral valve margins narrow, and from about the shell mid-length the commissure assumes a more conventional appearance, without any overlap of dorsal valve over ventral valve.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1285,2271,2749,3202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1600,2749,2789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Ventral interior:</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral platform is strongly developed, about 40% as high as the valve and occupying about a third of the total width anteriorly. It extends well beyond mid-length, and covers a large cavity which is divided into two long vaults by an even longer median septum which may reach the start of the anteroventral sulcus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1425,1460,3025,3064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">In</emphasis>
|
||
cross-section the sides are steep to slightly overhanging, and gently convex, while the upper surface is a broad shallow trough which longitudinal sections and the excavated shell show is not a continuous smooth curve
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652987" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652987/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" startId="7.[219,327,2016,2052]" targetBox="[253,1146,428,1904]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[218,1201,2016,2385]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[219,327,2016,2052]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
5. Incomplete large shell, paratype CPC 34408; 2 cm scale bar. The exterior of the ventral valve displays growth lines where adhering sediment has been mechanically removed, and anteriorly a broad very shallow sulcus. The side view shows the shell in inferred life position; the preserved part of the shell was probably below the sediment-water interface, and so protected from storm damage by the surrounding sediment. The restricted space between ventral and dorsal umbos is evidence for the severe limit imposed on the angle of gape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" targetBox="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1272,2255,2029,2181]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1273,1419,2063,2097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions in millimetres of selected shells; dimensions are approximate, with those in brackets estimated on the basis of predicted complete outline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1270,2257,2221,3161]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<table box="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" gridcols="5" gridrows="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2252,2290]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th box="[1793,1910,2252,2290]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">length</th>
|
||
<th box="[1968,2073,2252,2290]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">width</th>
|
||
<th box="[2135,2238,2252,2290]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2135,2238,2252,2290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">depth</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2345,2383]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2345,2383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1290,1449,2345,2383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2345,2383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">AMF101116</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2345,2383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">(180)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2345,2383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>110</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2345,2383]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">130</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2394,2433]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2394,2433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1290,1439,2394,2433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2394,2433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">AMFlOl117</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2394,2433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">145</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2394,2433]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">115</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2394,2433]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">125</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2445,2483]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2445,2483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1290,1439,2445,2483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1910,2445,2483]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">AMFlOl128(135)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2445,2483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">101</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2445,2483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">112</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2495,2533]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2495,2533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1290,1439,2495,2533]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1910,2495,2533]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">AMFlOl133(139)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2495,2533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">108</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2495,2533]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">116</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2546,2582]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2546,2582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">AMFlO1142</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2546,2582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">144</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2546,2582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>85</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2546,2582]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>105</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2596,2633]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2596,2633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1290,1439,2596,2633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2596,2633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1508,1714,2596,2633]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34408" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1508,1598,2596,2633]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">CPC</collectionCode>
|
||
34408
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2596,2633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480307" accessionNumber="CPC34408" box="[1800,1889,2596,2633]" collectionCode="CPC" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="105" typeStatus="paratype">(180)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2596,2633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>120</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2596,2633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">130</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2645,2684]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2645,2684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1289,1439,2645,2684]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2645,2684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1508,1715,2645,2684]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34409" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1508,1598,2645,2684]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">CPC</collectionCode>
|
||
34409
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2645,2684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480311" accessionNumber="CPC34409" box="[1800,1889,2645,2684]" collectionCode="CPC" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="130" typeStatus="paratype">(135)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2645,2684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">95</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2645,2684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">85</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2696,2734]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2696,2734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1289,1439,2696,2734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2696,2734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1508,1710,2696,2734]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34411" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1508,1597,2696,2734]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">CPC</collectionCode>
|
||
34411
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2696,2734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480304" accessionNumber="CPC34411" box="[1800,1889,2696,2734]" collectionCode="CPC" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="85" typeStatus="paratype">(170)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2696,2734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">120</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2696,2734]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">135</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2745,2784]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2745,2784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1289,1439,2745,2784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2745,2784]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1508,1716,2745,2784]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CPC34412" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1508,1598,2745,2784]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3snx-0r7t" name="Culture collection of Pedro Crous" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">CPC</collectionCode>
|
||
34412
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2745,2784]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480303" accessionNumber="CPC34412" box="[1800,1889,2745,2784]" collectionCode="CPC" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="135" typeStatus="paratype">(160)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2745,2784]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>145</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2745,2784]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">120</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2796,2834]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2796,2834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1289,1439,2796,2834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2796,2834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480310" accessionNumber="MMF30558" box="[1490,1714,2796,2834]" collectionCode="MMF" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="120" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1490,1714,2796,2834]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF30558" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1490,1599,2796,2834]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF</collectionCode>
|
||
30558
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2796,2834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>130</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2796,2834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">105</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2796,2834]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">120</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2846,2884]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[1289,1449,2846,2884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1289,1439,2846,2884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" type="generic" typeStatus="Paratype">Paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2846,2884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066480302" accessionNumber="MMF33364" box="[1489,1716,2846,2884]" collectionCode="MMF" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="120" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1716,2846,2884]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33364" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1489,1599,2846,2884]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mme0-gx6r" name="Museu Municipal do Funchal" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF</collectionCode>
|
||
33364
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2846,2884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">126</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2846,2884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">127</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2896,2934]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2896,2934]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1715,2896,2934]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF30557" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF30557</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2896,2934]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>102</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2896,2934]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">123</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2896,2934]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">122</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2946,2984]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2946,2984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1715,2946,2984]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF30559" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF30559</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2946,2984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>140</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,2946,2984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">118</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,2946,2984]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">(125)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,2996,3035]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,2996,3035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1714,2996,3035]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33368" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF33368</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,2996,3035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>160</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,3046,3085]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,3046,3085]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1715,3046,3085]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33369" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF33369</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,3046,3085]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>135</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,3046,3085]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>84</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1289,2238,3097,3135]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[1489,1758,3097,3135]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1489,1716,3097,3135]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33370" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF33370</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1793,1910,3097,3135]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>98</td>
|
||
<td box="[1968,2073,3097,3135]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">>82</td>
|
||
<td box="[2135,2238,3097,3135]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">(75)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[216,1202,2530,3166]" lastBlockId="7.[1276,2254,391,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<quantity box="[218,250,2530,2570]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="7" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="50.0">in</quantity>
|
||
front of the contact zone with the dorsal umbo, but terraced, the faces of the terraces facing forward. The one silicified ventral valve fragment (
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[807,1031,2623,2661]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33367" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF 33367</accessionNumber>
|
||
) shows a strong but fairly smooth bulge in a position just forward of where the remnant of the dorsal umbo rests against the pseudointerareaPosteriorly, the upper edges of the platform rise steeply and flare outwards then forwards to merge with the valve margins in continuity with (and so buttressing) the marginal flanges which interlock with the dorsal valve. They thus enclose deep umbonal cavities whose apices are about level with or slightly behind the flattened pivot surfaces on the valve margins (Fig. 6). The platform vaults are increasingly constricted posteriorly by thickening of the top and sides of the platform; from the sections, the vaults start in front of the umbonal cavities. There is also a narrow and relatively short conical cavity at the junction of the platform and median septum. No muscle impressions have been seen on the available specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1273,2257,634,1915]" lastBlockId="8.[225,1208,2978,3200]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1275,1550,634,672]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Dorsal interior:</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal platform is similar in extent and form to that in the ventral valve, including a strong median septum and long vaults, but its edges merge posteriorly with the swollen beak rather than with the valve margins. The platform surface appears to be smooth, without any indication of muscle insertion. Umbonal cavities are apparently absent but, as with the ventral platform, there is a narrow cavity at the front of the platform, at its junction with the median septum. There is a close fit between the dorsal umbo and the posteriorly raised margins of the pseudointerarea (Figs. 5,6). Partly enveloping the dorsal beak is a thick curved plate (see Fig. 8), which arises from a large mass of dense tissue resting on the posterior end of the dorsal platform. This plate is concentric with, but raised above, the dorsal umbo, and extends longitudinally through an arc of about 120 to 1500, such that it approaches the surface of the ventral platform. In
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1878,2022,1416,1455]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[2039,2254,1416,1455]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33366" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF 33366</accessionNumber>
|
||
its base is supported by a distinct ridge extending straight up from the surface of the platform; this, presumably the cardinal buttress, is not evident in the transverse sections. Silicified
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1457,1626,1600,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1647,1872,1600,1638]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33365" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">MMF 33365</accessionNumber>
|
||
and 33366 (Figs. 9, 10) show that the laterally placed recesses between plate and umbo are striated; they are presumed to have been sites of diductor muscle attachment (see discussion below). Longitudinal sections (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1845,1978,1784,1822]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="13.[241,346,2184,2220]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 11. A-B-axiallongitudinal sections of two incomplete shells. A-AM FlG1121; B-AM FlG1120 (2 cm scale bars) showing the present relationship between the dorsal umbo and ventral platform, the curved articulating plate which is inferred to cover the dorsal ends of the diductor muscles, and the layered pad of tissue on the pseudointerarea against which the dorsal umbo may have moved during opening and closing (compare Figs. 7, 12). Note also the strong spiral trace of the surface of the dorsal platform, and the extensive recrystallisation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657221/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) show that the distal end of the articulating plate faces a terrace on the ventral platform. Beneath that terrace distinct closely spaced growth traces can be seen, and the tissue here is clearly a pad resting on the surface of the ventral platform, rather than being part of the platform structure itself; it probably corresponds to the swelling seen in
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[225,449,3162,3200]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33367" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">MMF 33367</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652993" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652993/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="179" startId="8.[380,487,2676,2712]" subCaptionStartIDs="8.[560,612,2801,2837]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 13" targetBox="[389,2115,413,2593]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[379,2113,2676,2879]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[380,487,2676,2712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
6. Selected serial sections of a nearly complete shell,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1390,1525,2676,2712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
epe 34409; distances are from the ventral umbo, parallel to the plane of commissure, and black areas are adhering or infilling sediment;
|
||
<quantity box="[2033,2113,2718,2753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="179" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
scale bar at lower right. The last section with traces of shell was at
|
||
<quantity box="[1441,1568,2759,2795]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5699999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="157.0">157 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and the reconstructed longitudinal profile (see Fig. 13) suggests this was close to the relatively abrupt anterior closure of the shell. The interlocking flange-"socket" arrangement in front of the pivot zones on the valve margins is labelled on the 62.8 mm section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1280,2269,2978,3200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1281,1488,2978,3016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">Dimensions</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1515,1642,2978,3016]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[1273,1370,2063,2097]" captionTargetBox="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" captionText="Table 1. Dimensions in millimetres of selected shells; dimensions are approximate, with those in brackets estimated on the basis of predicted complete outline." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" pageId="8" pageNumber="179" tableUuid="DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). There are only one or two more or less complete shells, all others being damaged.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2134,2169,3023,3063]" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">In</emphasis>
|
||
most cases only the posterior half (more or less) of the shell is preserved, and examination of the outcrop reveals that this is a function of the living position. The shells occur in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657219/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" targetBox="[242,1180,415,1731]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[221,1203,1819,2231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Figure 7. A-B-two prepared incomplete shells; 2 cm scale bar at lower left. A-holotype AM FlO11l6 in anterior view; the vaults on both valves have not been cleaned out, and there is still some sediment at top left adhering to one side of the dorsal valve; the dorsal umbo has been partly removed during preparation, as it was difficult to distinguish recrystallised matrix fromrecrystallised shell, and such a large umbo was not expected in that position. B-paratype CPC 34410 in anterodorsal aspect, a partly prepared incomplete ventral valve with part of the dorsal umbo still resting on the ventral platform.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[219,1201,2331,2829]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
relatively crowded layers, mostly beak downwards, and each layer has been truncated by storm action, removing or damaging the anterior ends of the larger shells. In many shells the valves are gaped and slightly dislocated. The originally probably aragonitic shells are recrystallised (at times very coarsely-see Figs. 8, 11) to calcite, and weathered-free shells have generally lost part ormore often all of the outer surface. Consequently in most cases the dimensions for width and depth shown in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[998,1126,2698,2737]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[1273,1370,2063,2097]" captionTargetBox="[1289,2238,2252,3135]" captionText="Table 1. Dimensions in millimetres of selected shells; dimensions are approximate, with those in brackets estimated on the basis of predicted complete outline." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" tableUuid="DF73949BFFED6D5EC4C2F7FC9CCAF737">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
are approximate, and for length or depth an estimate using the one complete shell provides a guide to probable outline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[217,1200,2887,3156]" lastBlockId="9.[1272,2260,407,3158]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
Discussion. Few described trimerellides approach
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes, 1998" authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[218,579,2933,2972]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="bellense" status="n.sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[218,579,2933,2972]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Keteiodoros bellense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[599,676,2933,2972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in size or convexity. Closest are the gigantic
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Percival, 1995" authorityName="Percival" authorityYear="1995" box="[497,913,2979,3018]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,647,2979,3018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[663,913,2979,3018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Upper Ordovician
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Limestone" authorityName="Limestone" box="[433,795,3025,3064]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Belubula Limestone</taxonomicName>
|
||
southwest of Orange, NSW, and the somewhat smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Popov & Rukarishnikova, 1986" authorityName="Popov & Rukarishnikova" authorityYear="1986" class="Craniata" family="Adensuidae" genus="Adensu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[873,1009,3071,3110]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Adensu</emphasis>
|
||
Popov & Rukarishnikova, 1986
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from rocks of similar age in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1435,1631,407,445]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1650,1808,407,445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1650,1802,407,445]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Belubula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
estimated to have reached a length of
|
||
<quantity box="[1475,1581,453,491]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
, is also comparable with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[2012,2214,453,491]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2012,2214,453,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its deep ventral umbonal cavities, but the ventral platform is low, not vaulted or excavated, and there is a stout cardinal buttress; the dorsal platform, too, is relatively low. At a length of about
|
||
<quantity box="[1541,1654,637,675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
and a depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1907,2118,637,675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="50.0">50 to 70 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Popov & Rukarishnikova" authorityYear="1986" box="[2134,2258,637,675]" class="Craniata" family="Adensuidae" genus="Adensu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2134,2258,637,675]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Adensu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only half the maximum size of the Australian shells. The genus was made the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1705,1774,729,768]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of a new trimerellide family based partly on large size and great convexity, but mainly in having raised dorsal muscle fields separated by deep grooves, and lacking the typical trimerellide platforms in both valves.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[1405,1658,913,952]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not think the available material justified a separate family, and pointed out similarities with gerontic
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Percival, 1995" authorityName="Percival" authorityYear="1995" box="[1418,1997,1005,1044]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Eodinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="stevensi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1418,1756,1005,1044]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Eodinobolus stevensi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[1766,1997,1005,1044]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Fossil Hill Limestone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1272,2260,407,3158]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
While
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1439,1611,1098,1136]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Trimerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1439,1611,1098,1136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Trimerella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1871" box="[1693,1865,1098,1136]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Dinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1693,1865,1098,1136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Dinobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have vaulted platforms in both valves, their shells are much less convex, the ventral beaks are high and not strongly incurved, with well differentiated pseudointerareas, and the dorsal umbos are small. In all these features they are unlike
|
||
<emphasis box="[2042,2256,1282,1320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[2042,2251,1282,1320]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Articulation in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1553,1728,1327,1365]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Trimerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1553,1728,1327,1365]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Trimerella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is obscure but, in
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1871" box="[2070,2248,1327,1365]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Dinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Dinobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rowell" authorityYear="1963" box="[1275,1492,1373,1411]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Eodinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Eodinobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1590,1775,1373,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Northrop" authorityYear="1939" box="[1590,1769,1373,1411]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Gasconsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Gasconsia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billings" authorityYear="1872" box="[2029,2258,1373,1411]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Monomerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2029,2258,1373,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Monomerella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1349,1485,1419,1458]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Popov & Rukarishnikova" authorityYear="1986" box="[1349,1479,1419,1458]" class="Craniata" family="Adensuidae" genus="Adensu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Adensu</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
it appears to comprise a transverse cardinal socket overhanging the platform in the ventral valve, in whichrests the posterior edge of an articulating plate which is effectively the thickened and protruding posteriormargin of the dorsal valve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norford, B. S." box="[1602,1842,1603,1641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="242 - 244" refId="ref11073" refString="Norford, B. S., 1960. A well-preserved Dinobolus from the Sandpile Group (Middle Silurian) of northern British Columbia. Palaeontology 3 (2): 242 - 244." type="journal article" year="1960">Norford, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norford, B. S. & H. M. Steele" box="[1859,2251,1603,1641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="161 - 171" refId="ref11108" refString="Norford, B. S., & H. M. Steele, 1969. The Ordovician trimerellid brachiopod Eodinobolus from south-east Ontario. Palaeontology 12 (1): 161 - 171." type="journal article" year="1969">Norford & Steele, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hanken, N. M. & D. A. T. Harper" box="[1275,1687,1649,1687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="243 - 254" refId="ref10666" refString="Hanken, N. M., & D. A. T. Harper, 1985. The taxonomy, shell structure and palaeoecology of the trimerellid brachiopod Gasconsia Northrop. Palaeontology 28 (2): 243 - 254." type="journal article" year="1985">Hanken & Harper, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Popov, L. E. & T. B. Rukavishnikova" box="[1708,2251,1649,1687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="56 - 60" refId="ref11345" refString="Popov, L. E., & T. B. Rukavishnikova, 1986. Novoye semeystvo gigantskikh bezzamkovykh brakhiopod iz verkhnego ordovika Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana. [A new family of gigantic inarticulate brachiopods from the Upper Ordovician of southern Kazakhstan.] Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1986 (1): 56 - 60." type="journal article" year="1986">Popov & Rukavishnikova, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; precise details of the articulation have been questioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mergl, M." box="[1275,1494,1741,1779]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref10912" refString="Mergl, M., 1989. Trimerellid brachiopods in the Silurian (WenlocklLudlow) in the Prague Basin (Central Bohemia). Vestnik Usti'edniho ustavu geologickeho 64 (5): 267 - 276." type="journal article" year="1989">Mergl, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The simpler term "hinge plate" is already used for part of the cardinalia in rhynchonellate brachiopods. The arrangement in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1837,2037,1833,1871]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1837,2037,1833,1871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is seemingly more complex: it uses areas on the valve margins as pivoting surfaces, while medially there is articulation between the ventral surface of the dorsal umbo on the one hand, and the surface of the pseudointerarea on the other, a little like a unidirectional "ball and socket" joint; the articulating plate appears to have served mainly as a "stop" to unwanted longitudinal movement, and as a protective cover for the diductor muscle attachment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1272,2260,407,3158]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
Possibly related is
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Whiteaves, 1884" authorityName="Whiteaves" authorityYear="1884" box="[1634,2251,2247,2285]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Monomerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1634,1960,2247,2285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Monomerella ovata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whiteaves, J. F." box="[1970,2251,2247,2285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref11915" refString="Whiteaves, J. F., 1884. On some new, imperfectly characterized or previously unrecorded species of fossils from the Guelph Formation of Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Palaeozoic Fossils 3 (1): 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1884">Whiteaves, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Ludlow-age Guelph Dolomite of Ontario (Holmer, pers. comm., 1997). Dorsal internal structures, critical to generic assignment, have not been described, but the ventral interior illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, J. & J. M. Clarke" box="[1812,2189,2430,2469]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" refId="ref10619" refString="Hall, J., & J. M. Clarke, 1892. An introduction to the study of the genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda, part 1. Geological Survey of New York, Palaeontology, vo!. VIII, xvi + 367 pp." type="book" year="1892">Hall & Clarke (1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pI. IVD, fig. 15) differs in its long well-differentiated pseudointerarea and much shorter platform. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2089,2251,2522,2561]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Talent (pers. comm., 1995) has collected rather smaller but externally very similar specimens from the Wenlock Ludlow Yarrangobilly Limestone in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1882,2181,2660,2698]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and the Silurian at Chillagoe in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1941,2147,2706,2744]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
; these remain undescribed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1272,2260,407,3158]" lastBlockId="10.[225,1212,1920,2464]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
Finally, it is interesting to compare the quite specialised
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1488,2844,2882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1272,1482,2844,2882]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with its complex morphology and gigantic size, with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Nikitin & Popov, 1984" authorityName="Nikitin & Popov" authorityYear="1984" box="[1460,2010,2890,2928]" class="Craniata" family="Ussuniidae" genus="Ussunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1460,1593,2890,2928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Ussunia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nikitin, I. F. & L. E. Popov" box="[1611,2010,2890,2928]" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" pagination="121 - 166" refId="ref10994" refString="Nikitin, I. F., & L. E. Popov, 1984. Brakhiopody i biostratigrafiya srednego i verkhnego ordovika khrebta Chingiz. Chast n. Brakhiopody bestamakskoy i sargaldakskoy svit (sredniy Ordovik). [Middle and upper Ordovician brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Chingiz Mountains. Part n. Brachiopods of the Bestamak and Sargaldak suites (middle Ordovician).] Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, Alma-Ata: 121 - 166." type="book chapter" year="1984">Nikitin & Popov, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the late Llandeilo to early Caradoc of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1858,2073,2935,2974]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. An early trimerellide-like genus displaying features transitional from craniopsids,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nikitin & Popov" authorityYear="1984" box="[1499,1634,3027,3066]" class="Craniata" family="Ussuniidae" genus="Ussunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="180" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1499,1634,3027,3066]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="180">Ussunia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is biconvex but not at all globose, with an undifferentiated pseudointerarea extended anteriorly as a flattened limbus. Muscles were inserted directly on to the valve floor-platforms were not developed. The shell was thick and solid, without umbonal excavation to lighten the valves.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nikitin & Popov" authorityYear="1984" box="[803,935,2012,2051]" class="Craniata" family="Ussuniidae" genus="Ussunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[803,935,2012,2051]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Ussunia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no form of mechanical articulation, and the dorsal beak showed no sign of enrolling.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[546,746,2104,2143]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,746,2104,2143]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages 4 to 5 times the length and width of
|
||
<emphasis box="[611,758,2150,2189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nikitin & Popov" authorityYear="1984" box="[611,752,2150,2189]" class="Craniata" family="Ussuniidae" genus="Ussunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Ussunia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and is about 7 times as globose. The two genera are separated in time by about 35 million years;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nikitin & Popov" authorityYear="1984" box="[482,612,2242,2281]" class="Craniata" family="Ussuniidae" genus="Ussunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,612,2242,2281]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Ussunia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents the small unspecialised ancestral stock, while
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[687,913,2288,2327]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[687,913,2288,2327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the highly specialised, complex and gigantic descendant on a line soon to pass into oblivion. Cope's Rule was rarely more clearly expressed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652995/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" startId="10.[384,490,1618,1653]" targetBox="[370,2102,426,1567]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[383,2111,1618,1820]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[384,490,1618,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
8. A peel taken from a transverse serial section of paratype MMF 33364, at 60.3 mm from the posterior end; 1 cm scale bar. The swollen articulating plate (arrowed), and the slots it conceals (which we interpret as locations of diductor attachment), are clearly visible in the centre of the photograph, as is the trace of the dorsal platform. At right can be seen the relationship between the valve margins at the pivot zone. Note the heavy but irregular recrystallisation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[221,1212,2519,3201]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[223,657,2519,2558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Functional morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
The most distinctive feature of this new trimerellide, apart from its size and strong biconvexity, is the inferred method of articulating the valves. This involves the valve margins, the dorsal umbo, and the pseudointerarea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[221,1212,2519,3201]" lastBlockId="10.[1281,2268,1921,3200]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">
|
||
Polished and serial sections (e.g., Figs. 6, 11), and prepared shells (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[504,604,2794,2834]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[223,329,1819,1855]" captionTargetBox="[242,1180,415,1731]" captionText="Figure 7. A-B-two prepared incomplete shells; 2 cm scale bar at lower left. A-holotype AM FlO11l6 in anterior view; the vaults on both valves have not been cleaned out, and there is still some sediment at top left adhering to one side of the dorsal valve; the dorsal umbo has been partly removed during preparation, as it was difficult to distinguish recrystallised matrix fromrecrystallised shell, and such a large umbo was not expected in that position. B-paratype CPC 34410 in anterodorsal aspect, a partly prepared incomplete ventral valve with part of the dorsal umbo still resting on the ventral platform." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657219/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), show that the dense posterior part of the dorsal valve, greatly enlarged and extremely strongly incurved, fitted laterally within the limits of the posteriorly equally dense ventral platform and pseudointerarea. Infront of this region where the dorsal umbo sat within the pseudointerarea over its full width, the lateral margins of the dorsal valve expanded rapidly, such that a solid shelf formed on each side which rested on the flattened top of the ventral valve margin (Fig. 6, from 55.7 mm; Fig. 8). This zone of flattened valve margins was short, and was where the margins crossed over one another as seen dorsoventrally. These flattened zones are inferred to have acted as pivots (not teeth and sockets) for the opening and closing of the shell. This is a form of articulation which, while rudimentary, is nevertheless somewhat reminiscent of that in some non-strophic rhynchonellate shells such as pentamerides. In front of the pivot zone each dorsal valve margin developed a broad somewhat oblique groove, into which fitted a similarly oblique flange arising from the inner edge of the ventral valve margin (Figs. 6, 7, 12). Functionally, the result was an interlocking system which, when the shell was closed, prevented relative movement of the two valves in the plane of commissure. When the shell was open, the close fit of the dorsal umbo in the pseudointerarea probably also constrained by the position of the adjacent muscles, would have provided significant restraint on relative lateral and skewing movements between the valves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[1281,2268,1921,3200]" lastBlockId="11.[221,1209,2449,3178]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">
|
||
None of the available material is well enough preserved to show muscle scars but, if one considers the musculature involved in shell articulation, it can be assumed that the adductors would have extended from one platform to the other, as inferred for other trimerellides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norford, B. S. & H. M. Steele" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" pagination="161 - 171" refId="ref11108" refString="Norford, B. S., & H. M. Steele, 1969. The Ordovician trimerellid brachiopod Eodinobolus from south-east Ontario. Palaeontology 12 (1): 161 - 171." type="journal article" year="1969">Norford & Steele, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mergl, M." box="[1567,1776,3023,3062]" pageId="10" pageNumber="181" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref10912" refString="Mergl, M., 1989. Trimerellid brachiopods in the Silurian (WenlocklLudlow) in the Prague Basin (Central Bohemia). Vestnik Usti'edniho ustavu geologickeho 64 (5): 267 - 276." type="journal article" year="1989">Mergl, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the size and probable weight of the valves, the considerable strength of such short thick muscles would probably have been very necessary to close the shell, and even more so to keep it closed against adverse conditions. However, the method of opening the shell poses problems, especially in view of the close fit between pseudointerarea and dorsal umbo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652997" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652997/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" startId="11.[227,332,1944,1980]" targetBox="[241,1209,393,1875]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[225,1207,1944,2314]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[227,332,1944,1980]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
9. Paratype MMF 33365, a silicified fragment of a dorsal umbo, in approximately ventral (top) and lateral (bottom) aspects; 1 cm scale bar. Note the distinct asymmetry of the sharp incurved beak (apical angle 110°, directed right-ventrally at about 60° to the commissure), and the tracks of the bottom edges of the dorsal platform. Only the proximal part of the articulating plate is preserved, but its relationship to the beak is clear. The flat-bottomed ridged channel between beak and plate (compare Figs. 8, 10) we interpret as the site of diductor attachment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[221,1209,2449,3178]" lastBlockId="11.[1276,2263,384,3182]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
|
||
Muscles extending forward from the anterior surface of the dorsal umbo to the ventral platform upon contraction would have served not to open the shell, but simply to pull the dorsal valve forward (which the interlocking of the valve margins and the bulge on the ventral platform in front of the dorsal umbo would have prevented anyway). To achieve proper leverage, muscles operating as diductors (we have no way of establishing precise homologies, so in this paper use the term "diductors" in a purely functional sense, as the muscles responsible for opening the shell) must have extended forward from somewhere on the dorsal umbo behind or ventral to the above-described marginal pivot zones. Muscles attached to the distal face of the curved articulating plate and extending to an attachment area well forward on the ventral platform would have met this criterion, but there are two difficulties: when the shell was closed, there would have been little if any room between plate and platform for passage of the muscles, and contraction of the muscles would have put significant strain on the base of the plate, possibly enough to break it. Examination of serial and longitudinal sections, and of the silicified specimens, suggests an alternative (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[2116,2240,752,792]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="8.[380,487,2676,2712]" captionTargetBox="[389,2115,413,2593]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Selected serial sections of a nearly complete shell, paratype epe 34409; distances are from the ventral umbo, parallel to the plane of commissure, and black areas are adhering or infilling sediment; 2 cm scale bar at lower right. The last section with traces of shell was at 157 mm, and the reconstructed longitudinal profile (see Fig. 13) suggests this was close to the relatively abrupt anterior closure of the shell. The interlocking flange-"socket" arrangement in front of the pivot zones on the valve margins is labelled on the 62.8 mm section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652993/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
): that the dorsal ends of the diductors were attached to the umbonal surface in the lateral slots at the sides of the articulating plate, and emerged to either side of the plate. There are appropriate gaps at the sides of the dorsal umbo between sections at 55.7 and 60.8 mm in Fig. 6, approximately aligned with, but ventral to, the marginal pivot zones, and also in the peels from
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1957,2175,1075,1114]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33364" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">MMF 33364</accessionNumber>
|
||
, Fig. 8. As already noted,
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1685,1915,1121,1160]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33365" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">MMF 33365</accessionNumber>
|
||
and 33366 reveal appropriately situated striated areas suitable for such attachment. With the diductors attached to the outer parts of the ventral platform in front of its mid-length, there would have been adequate space for the viscera and adductors medially. Mechanically this would have formed an effective lever system, opening the shell about the proposed pivot points to at least a 10° gape and possibly as much as 20°. However, one effect of such a system is that the dorsal umbo would have slid on the pseudointerarea unless restrained by soft tissue and periostracum. The geometry visible in longitudinal sections would have allowed for this movement, and the posterior geometry of the shell appears to be such that neither the exterior space between the two umbos (which is in any case not very large) nor the visceral space posterior to the dorsal umbo changed significantly during such a movement. The laminated pad on the floor of the pseudointerarea occupying the zone where such sliding would have occurred, may have formed a bearing surface for such movement, perhaps also serving by a close fit of the two surfaces to exclude sediment. Moreover, the articulating plate would have protected the dorsal ends of the laterally placed muscles from damage during such movement. A thickened zone of periostracum may have been present, but this is uncertain because of the state of preservation of the shells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[1276,2263,384,3182]" lastBlockId="12.[212,1200,2178,3181]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">The manner of posterior closure, and the way in which the valves moved during opening, is important, because the shells sat freely umbo-down in sediment, and the space between dorsal and ventral umbos could only have been occupied by either tissue or silt. There appears to be no room forpassage of a pedicle (in common with othertrimcrcllidcs), and so it is unlikely there was organic tissue filling the space, but unless the silt were either extremely soft and fluid (thixotropic?) or shaped bythe animalinto afirmstablecavity, it would have been an impediment to valve opening. The proposed opening mechanism would not have been strong enough to work against loose but resistant material, and the diductors would probably have served (in conjunction withrelaxation of the adductors) simply to initiate opening. This is supported by the observation that the weight distribution of the dorsal valve about the pivots appears to have been evenly balanced when the shell was closed. The large solid beak on the ventral side of the pivot-line was balanced by the larger volume of thinner-walled platform and shell wall making up the anterior part of the valve. Stability in that position was increased by the solid shell mass making up that part of the dorsal valve posterior to (hence below) the pivot-line. However, once opening movement was initiated, the weight of the anterior part of the dorsal valve, moving through a perceptible arc, would have overcome the weight of the dorsal umbo which barely changed its orientation relative to the pivot zone.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4653001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4653001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4653001/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" startId="12.[373,477,1403,1439]" targetBox="[377,2096,404,1373]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[370,2099,1403,2066]" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Figure 10. Paratype MMF 33366, a well-preserved silicified fragment of a dorsal valve interior, in anteroventral aspect at left (1 cm scale bar), and with the umbonal region enlarged in oblique lateral view at right. The dorsal beak is not preserved. The posterior part of the dorsal platform is gently concave longitudinally and strongly vaulted anteriorly, producing a shallow median longitudinal depression which gradually widens anteriorly. Supporting the platform above the now-missing valve floor is aY-shaped septum. At the broken anterior end of the platform, a small triangular cavity is formed between the divergent arms of the Y and the overlying platform floor. Anteriorly the platform is approximately 30 mm wide, and is estimated to have stood above the valve floor by at least 23 mm. At the posterior end of the platform, a thin median septum (7= cardinal buttress) about 10 mm long extends nearly vertically from the platform floor, expanding posterodorsally to merge with a bulbous medial expansion at the base of the articulating plate. The greater part of the articulating plate is broken away, revealing a horizontally ovoid cross-section. As in MMF 33365 there is asymmetry present: in the aspect figured at left, the septum and articulating plate bulge display a slight but obvious anticlockwise rotation. The articulating plate is much more robust than that in MMF 33365, which was possibly from a juvenile individual. The lateral edges of the articulating plate are flattened and slightly extended, giving the base of the plate a broadly lanceolate cross-section. There are growth lamellae on the posterior surface of the plate, which is separated from the remnant of the valve margin by a deep channel (compare Fig. 9).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[212,1200,2178,3181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">The considerable weight of the dorsal valve would have required the constraint of strong adductor muscles to stop it from sliding downwards out of the bearing surface formed by the pseudointerarea. The size and elevation of the platforms suggests that the adductors were indeed strong, but this function may also have been aided by the close conjunction of the distal end of the articulating plate with the terraced face of the tissue pad which formed the bearing surface on the top of the pseudointerarea. Moreover, at least in gerontic shells the strongly incurved ventral beak formed a cup effectively restraining the dorsal valve from below. A further implication of the weight of the valve is that closing the shell would at least initially have required the strong adductors suggested above.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1514,2010,2178,2216]" box="[1514,2010,2178,2216]" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Phylogenetic relationships</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1269,2257,2271,3183]" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">
|
||
The new genus is characterised by gigantic size and a unique articulatory mechanism comprising dorsal articulating plate, robust zones on the edges of the ventral valve pivoting against equally robust zones on the dorsal margins, and, in front of those zones on the valve margins, oblique ventral flanges restraining twisting movement by articulating with marginal dorsal "sockets" (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[2005,2127,2547,2586]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="13.[1292,1400,2784,2818]" captionTargetBox="[1347,2225,439,2678]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 12. A-B, oblique views of the shell exterior (A) and interior (B) of Keteiodoros bellense n.sp., reconstructed from the complete paratype AM FI01117 (Fig. 4) and serially sectioned paratype CPC 34409 (Fig. 6), and modified after the holotype (Fig. 7) and the silicified dorsal valve, paratype MMF 33366 (Fig. 10); 2 cm scale bars. In B, the open valves have been truncated anteriorly to show their cross-sections, while the dorsal valve has been strongly rotated, and lifted vertically above the ventral valve, to show its interior; the inferred position of the "hinge" line is shown as a dashed line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4653003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4653003/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). These and other associated morphological features adapted
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1269,1471,2639,2677]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1269,1471,2639,2677]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
well to its preferred environment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1269,2257,2271,3183]" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">
|
||
Taken by themselves, tendencies towards gigantism or oblate/spheroidal shape have relatively little phylogenetic significance. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Popov & Rukavishnikova, 1986" authorityName="Popov & Rukavishnikova" authorityYear="1986" class="Craniata" family="Adensuidae" genus="Adensu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1999,2128,2776,2815]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Adensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Popov, L. E. & T. B. Rukavishnikova" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" pagination="56 - 60" refId="ref11345" refString="Popov, L. E., & T. B. Rukavishnikova, 1986. Novoye semeystvo gigantskikh bezzamkovykh brakhiopod iz verkhnego ordovika Yuzhnogo Kazakhstana. [A new family of gigantic inarticulate brachiopods from the Upper Ordovician of southern Kazakhstan.] Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1986 (1): 56 - 60." type="journal article" year="1986">Popov & Rukavishnikova, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a monotypic Late Ordovician trimerellide, endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1923,2128,2868,2907]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which has a similar shape to, and dimensions approaching those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1326,1560,2960,2999]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1326,1555,2960,2999]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Popov & Rukavishnikova" authorityYear="1986" box="[1774,1909,2960,2999]" class="Craniata" family="Adensuidae" genus="Adensu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1774,1909,2960,2999]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">Adensu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks both raised muscle platforms and umbonal cavities, and its articulating plate lies parallel to the commissure. Accordingly it is not thought to be closely related to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1269,1496,3145,3183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1269,1491,3145,3183]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="183" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657221" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657221/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" targetBox="[278,1207,442,2120]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[239,1223,2184,2554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Figure 11. A-B-axiallongitudinal sections of two incomplete shells. A-AM FlG1121; B-AM FlG1120 (2 cm scale bars) showing the present relationship between the dorsal umbo and ventral platform, the curved articulating plate which is inferred to cover the dorsal ends of the diductor muscles, and the layered pad of tissue on the pseudointerarea against which the dorsal umbo may have moved during opening and closing (compare Figs. 7, 12). Note also the strong spiral trace of the surface of the dorsal platform, and the extensive recrystallisation.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[237,1223,2656,3200]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Substantial umbonal shell thickening is a typical means in many unrelated brachiopods (e.g., pentamerides) of preventing dislodgement by waves or currents of shells lacking pedicle or cementation attachment. Long umbonal cavities are likewise common to most known Silurian trimerellide genera, as are prominent ventral platform vaults. The only known trimerellides with strongly vaulted dorsal platforms are
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Li & Han, 1980" authorityName="Li & Han" authorityYear="1980" box="[598,1143,2977,3016]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Paradinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[598,848,2977,3016]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Paradinobolus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li, L. - Z. & N. - R. Han" box="[865,1143,2977,3016]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="8 - 21" refId="ref10779" refString="Li, L. - Z., & N. - R. Han, 1980. Discovery of Ordovician Trimerellidae (Brachiopoda) from western Zhejiang and its significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 19: 8 - 21 (Chinese, with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1980">Li & Han, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Li, 1984" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1984" box="[237,605,3023,3062]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Prosoponella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,459,3023,3062]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Prosoponella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li, L. - Z." box="[469,605,3023,3062]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="775 - 781" refId="ref10741" refString="Li, L. - Z., 1984. New materials of Ordovician Trimerellidae (Brachiopoda) from western Zhejiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 23: 775 - 781 (Chinese, with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1984">Li, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bothfrom the early Ashgill of South
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[238,350,3069,3108]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and the widely distributed and long-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[239,411,3115,3154]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Trimerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,411,3115,3154]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Trimerella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(late Ordovician to middle Silurian). A single silicified incomplete dorsal valve with such a platform,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4653003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4653003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4653003/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" startId="13.[1292,1400,2784,2818]" targetBox="[1347,2225,439,2678]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[1291,2278,2784,3194]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Figure 12. A-B, oblique views of the shell exterior (A) and interior (B) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes, 1998" authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1537,1864,2826,2860]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="bellense" status="n.sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1537,1864,2826,2860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Keteiodoros bellense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1882,1956,2826,2860]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, reconstructed from the complete paratype AM FI01117 (Fig. 4) and serially sectioned paratype CPC 34409 (Fig. 6), and modified after the holotype (Fig. 7) and the silicified dorsal valve, paratype MMF 33366 (Fig. 10); 2 cm scale bars. In B, the open valves have been truncated anteriorly to show their cross-sections, while the dorsal valve has been strongly rotated, and lifted vertically above the ventral valve, to show its interior; the inferred position of the "hinge" line is shown as a dashed line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657225/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" targetBox="[218,1190,400,1392]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[214,1197,1482,1809]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[214,321,1482,1517]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
13. Reconstructed axial longitudinal section of a shell, with the inferred positions of the adductor and diductor muscles projected onto that plane. A dashed line gives the dorsal valve in open position, showing the minimum amount of gape possible under this scheme. Based on the serially sectioned shell, which has been used to project the axis of rotation of the dorsal valve from its inferred position at the valve margins, and on the longitudinal section of AM FlO1l21 (Fig. llA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[210,1199,1944,3176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
referred doubtfully to
|
||
<emphasis box="[593,850,1944,1982]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Li & Han" authorityYear="1980" box="[593,844,1944,1982]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Paradinobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Paradinobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is also known from the Late Ordovician Malongulli Formation in central
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Superficial similarities aside, none of these trimerellides share sufficient characters in common with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[212,413,2128,2166]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,413,2128,2166]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be considered directly related.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[210,1199,1944,3176]" lastBlockId="14.[1267,2247,404,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
The specialised articulatory mechanism of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[995,1196,2174,2212]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1196,2174,2212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely to provide the best clue to its evolutionary relationships. One trimerellide,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Percival, 1995" authorityName="Percival" authorityYear="1995" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="spectacula">
|
||
<emphasis box="[818,1196,2266,2304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula spectacula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[211,457,2311,2349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Late Ordovician (early Eastonian, equivalent to late Caradoc)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Limestone" authorityName="Limestone" box="[683,1022,2357,2395]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Belubula Limestone</taxonomicName>
|
||
of central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[211,520,2403,2441]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
, is a potential ancestor to
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1194,2403,2441]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[985,1189,2403,2441]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Although separated in time by approximately 25 million years, and without intervening evolutionary stages being known at present, the two genera share significant morphological similarities, habitat preferences, and geographic proximity.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[592,741,2632,2671]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[592,741,2632,2671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is of gigantic size for Late Ordovician trimerellides, reaching an estimated
|
||
<quantity box="[1054,1197,2679,2717]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity box="[450,584,2725,2763]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width; the largest individuals are thus comparable in length with
|
||
<emphasis box="[777,991,2770,2809]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[777,985,2770,2809]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
though the latter is relatively much wider and deeper.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[941,975,2816,2855]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">In</emphasis>
|
||
profile, both are similarly strongly equibiconvex. Note also that both genera display asymmetry (compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[854,1106,2908,2947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[210,247,2954,2993]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">4J</emphasis>
|
||
with
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[358,582,2954,2993]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MMF33365" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">MMF 33365</accessionNumber>
|
||
, Fig. 9), although the direction of asymmetry of only the ventral valve of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[855,1007,3000,3039]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[855,1007,3000,3039]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparent from the figure. Grossly thickened posterior regions of the ventral valves in both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[605,808,3092,3130]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[605,808,3092,3130]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Keteiodoros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[903,1055,3092,3130]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[903,1055,3092,3130]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain large conical umbonal cavities. Of particular significance is one gerontic individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1743,1894,404,444]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1743,1894,404,444]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Percival" box="[1918,2161,404,444]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref11185" refString="Percival, 1. G., 1995. Eodinobolus and related trimerellid brachiopods from the Late Ordovician of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 18: 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Percival, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 4C) which exhibits an incipient modification of the dorsal homeochilidial (or articulating?) plate which could well have led to the specialised articulation of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2028,2243,542,582]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[2028,2238,542,582]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Percival (p. 50) noted in reference to this particular silicified dorsal valve that in gerontic specimens this plate "can enlarge to form a prominent curved bulbous plate, bearing growth striations, & extending ventrally above level of commissure with a knife-edge anteroventrally".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[1267,2247,404,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
It is reasonable to suggest that over the ensuing 25 million years of evolution this plate developed into the robust incurved articulating plate of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1829,2055,911,950]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1829,2049,911,950]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
bearing a median bulge and buttressed anteriorly by a median ridge, and forming part of a large ball-like dorsal umbo bearing against the concave pseudointerarea. Whereas a massive muscle (attached to the ventral cardinal socket and inserted in the dorsal subcardinal depression) was essential in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1267,1418,1187,1227]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Belubula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1267,1418,1187,1227]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">Belubula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to prevent a shearing motion of the valves during articulation, paired diductors attached at the sides of the articulating plate, lateral to the ball joint, could have served the same purpose in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1628,1836,1326,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strusz & Percival & Wright & Pickett & Byrnes" authorityYear="1998" box="[1628,1831,1326,1365]" class="Craniata" family="Trimerellidae" genus="Keteiodoros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trimerellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="185" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Keteiodoros</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[1268,2251,1493,2243]" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">
|
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In reconciling the initially divergent ideas on aspects of this unusual brachiopod, a large part has been played by the technical help we have received, and for which we are grateful. Michael Doyle of AGSO had the difficult task of mechanically preparing specimens, made the first set of serial sections, and did much of the photography. At the University of Wollongong Andrew Southall prepared peels from the serial sections, and Trudi Marshall prepared drawings from those peels. Gary Dargan of the Geological Survey ofN.S.W. prepared further sections and the silicified specimens, while David Barnes photographed them. We would also like to thank Lars Holmer and reviewers Michael Bassett and Jisuo Jin for their interesting and useful comments. John Pickett and Ian Percival publish with permission of the Director-General,
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<collectingRegion box="[1935,2248,2040,2076]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="14" pageNumber="185">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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Department of Mineral Resources. Desmond Strusz completed the paper while a Visiting Fellow in the Geology Department, Australian National University, and would like to thank Prof. Arculus for providing the necessary facilities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |