1023 lines
128 KiB
XML
1023 lines
128 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BE91BF9F1E52F6C01ACBD72970E17496">Global phylogeny of the inquilinous gall wasp tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae): first insights and establishment of a new cynipid tribe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5ECD1D089B1F0110999491FCC699B7C2">Lobato-Vila, Irene</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F469770B45BF4C3F0394DE4FAA580752">Bae, Jongmin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C806FA870860BE8099C26A4D5B76F3C">Roca-Cusachs, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70DA6A011085B04A00A628B09FF8000C">Jung, Sunghoon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59B6A8C38215C26C1553B523228DE7F7">Pujade-Villar, Juli</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="3EB8E534DB4654723C86EB50F3F4E3B6" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab085</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039887DFC614FF9FFC8B9506BF13F93A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992961" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199088024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6992961" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887DFC614FF9FFC8B9506BF13F93A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887DFC614FF9FFC8B9506BF13F93A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1348" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">
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<subSubSection id="C32B6542C614FF92FC8B9506BB42F971" box="[890,1343,1658,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C614FF92FC8B9506BB42F971" blockId="7.[890,1343,1658,1683]" box="[890,1343,1658,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">
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<heading id="D0C681A5C614FF92FC8B9506BB42F971" box="[890,1343,1658,1683]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" reason="2">
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IS
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FC6A9506BA6BF970" ID-CoL="87KVK" ID-ENA="167038" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[923,1046,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FC6A9506BA6BF970" box="[923,1046,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">SYNERGUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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A MONOPHYLETIC TAXON?
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32B6542C614FF9FFCD895DFBF13F93A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1348" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C614FF9DFCD895DFBC04FB2C" blockId="7.[809,1424,1698,1751]" lastBlockId="8.[163,781,197,1905]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1346" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FCD895DFBDE2F95A" box="[809,927,1699,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FCD895DFBDE2F95A" box="[809,927,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has traditionally been considered to constitute a monophyletic taxon based on molecular and morphological data (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE2793B9BCC7FF38" author="Penzes Z & Melika G & Bozsoki Z & Bihari P & Miko I & Tavakoli M & Pujade-Villar J & Feher B & Fulop D & Szabo K & Bozso M & Sipos B & Somogyi K & Stone GN" box="[470,698,197,219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="688 - 711" refId="ref13812" refString="Penzes Z, Melika G, Bozsoki Z, Bihari P, Miko I, Tavakoli M, Pujade-Villar J, Feher B, Fulop D, Szabo K, Bozso M, Sipos B, Somogyi K, Stone GN. 2009. Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Systematic Entomology 34: 688 - 711." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
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Pénzes
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFDC293BABC15FF38" box="[563,616,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al</emphasis>
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., 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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, 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFF52939EBF27FF1B" author="Acs Z & Challis R & Bihari P & Blaxter M & Hayward A & Melika G & Csoka G & Penzes Z & Pujade-Villar J & Nieves-Aldrey JL & Schonrogge K & Stone GN" box="[163,346,226,250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="210 - 225" refId="ref11567" refString="Acs Z, Challis R, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, Csoka G, Penzes Z, Pujade-Villar J, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Schonrogge K, Stone GN. 2010. Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 210 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">
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||
Ács
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFF249399BF6FFF1B" box="[213,274,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE9B9398BC40FF1B" author="Bozso M & Penzes Z & Bihari P & Schweger S & Tang CT & Yang MM & Pujade-Villar J & Melika G" box="[362,573,228,250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="26 - 31" refId="ref11862" refString="Bozso M, Penzes Z, Bihari P, Schweger S, Tang CT, Yang MM, Pujade-Villar J, Melika G. 2014. Molecular phylogeny of the inquiline cynipid wasp genus Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Plant Protection Quarterly 29: 26 - 31." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Bozsó
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE499399BF89FF1B" box="[440,500,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFDBD9398BE90FEFA" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Bihari P & Bozso M & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Penzes Z" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="451 - 497" refId="ref14602" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Bihari P, Bozso M, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Penzes Z. 2015 a. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Zootaxa 3999: 451 - 497." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD399399BD79FF1B" box="[712,772,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2015a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFED2927EBF94FEFA" author="Ide T & Kusumi J & Miura K & Abe Y" box="[291,489,258,280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="6 - 12" refId="ref12229" refString="Ide T, Kusumi J, Miura K, Abe Y. 2018. Gall inducers arose from inquilines: phylogenetic position of a gall-inducing species and its relatives in the inquiline tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 111: 6 - 12." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ide
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFEA6927FBFE4FEF5" box="[343,409,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but earlier analyses included only Palaearctic specimens. Despite the obtained phylogenies, these authors considered that the proposed global monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFDDA9223BCE8FE96" box="[555,661,351,372]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFDDA9223BCE8FE96" box="[555,661,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be treated with care, and that Nearctic and Neotropical species, which show significant morphological differences with respect to the Palaearctic taxa, must be included in future analyses. The description of new species from the New World during the last decade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFF5D916ABC3AFDCE" author="Nieves-Aldrey JL & Medianero E" box="[172,583,534,556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref13714" refString="Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E. 2011. Taxonomy of inquilines of oak gall wasps of Panama, with description of eight new species of Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini). Zootaxa 2774: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="2011">Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFD91916ABFF1FDA8" author="Lobato-Vila I & Pujade-Villar J" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12570" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Pujade-Villar J. 2017. Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies 56: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2017">Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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, 2021; Lobato-Vila
|
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<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD8C914ABCCFFDA8" box="[637,690,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020a, b, c) has reinforced the idea that Old World and New World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFE21910FBC47FD6A" box="[464,570,627,648]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE21910FBC47FD6A" box="[464,570,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will eventually be separated into different taxa (Lobato-Vila & PujadeVillar, 2017;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFEDF91CCBC46FD27" author="Lobato-Vila I & Equihua-Martinez A & Estrada-Venegas E & Cibrian-Tovar D & Barrera-Ruiz UM & Pujade-Villar J" box="[302,571,688,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref12976" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Equihua-Martinez A, Estrada-Venegas E, Cibrian-Tovar D, Barrera-Ruiz UM, Pujade-Villar J. 2020 c. Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World. Zootaxa 4822: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE4991CCBF93FD27" box="[440,494,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2020c
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This was already proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFECB91B2BC6AFD06" author="Bozso M & Penzes Z & Bihari P & Schweger S & Tang CT & Yang MM & Pujade-Villar J & Melika G" box="[314,535,718,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="26 - 31" refId="ref11862" refString="Bozso M, Penzes Z, Bihari P, Schweger S, Tang CT, Yang MM, Pujade-Villar J, Melika G. 2014. Molecular phylogeny of the inquiline cynipid wasp genus Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Plant Protection Quarterly 29: 26 - 31." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
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Bozsó
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE7691B3BFBEFD01" box="[391,451,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFDA591B2BE81FCE1" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Bihari P & Bozso M & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Penzes Z" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="451 - 497" refId="ref14602" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Bihari P, Bozso M, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Penzes Z. 2015 a. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Zootaxa 3999: 451 - 497." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD3E91B3BD76FD01" box="[719,779,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
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(2015a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who suggested that the Nearctic
|
||
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|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD6C9191BD76FCE0" box="[669,779,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be separated at least into three distinct groups based on preliminary unpublished analyses. Our phylogeny confirms this premise, since the included New World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFEC09014BFDDFC9F" box="[305,416,872,893]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFEC09014BFDDFC9F" box="[305,416,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are resolved into three, wellsupported molecular clades (named herein as New World clades 1, 2 and 3; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61BFF9DFE0B90D9BC43FC58" box="[506,574,933,955]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) that are clearly separated from the Old World (Palaearctic) species. Furthermore, our results are coherent with those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFF52977DBF02FBF4" author="Ward AKG & Sheikh SI & Forbes AA" box="[163,383,1025,1047]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="3" refId="ref14956" refString="Ward AKG, Sheikh SI, Forbes AA. 2020. Diversity, host ranges, and potential drivers of speciation among the inquiline enemies of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 4: 3." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Ward
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFF1D977EBF57FBF4" box="[236,298,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who suggested the existence of two sets of fauna (Nearctic and Palaearctic) and at least two groups of Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFE0C9743BC17FBB6" box="[509,618,1087,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE0C9743BC17FBB6" box="[509,618,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to their early combined molecular tree based on a single gene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFF1F9700BF62FB73" box="[238,287,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">COI</emphasis>
|
||
). At this point, and in accordance with previous studies, can
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFE4197E7BC5DFB52" box="[432,544,1179,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE4197E7BC5DFB52" box="[432,544,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still be considered monophyletic? Our analyses suggest not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E82A2AC7C614FF92FF639472BBF7F8BD" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C614FF92FF639472BBF7F8BD" blockId="7.[145,1418,1806,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">
|
||
Staverløkk (NINA), CC BY 4.0]; E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FDF29472BCA7F8C6" authorityName="Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[515,730,1806,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FDF29472BCA7F8C6" box="[515,730,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus tenebrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IL-V); F,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FCB49472BA7DF8C6" authorityName="Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila" authorityYear="2017" box="[837,1024,1806,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cibriani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FCB49472BA7DF8C6" box="[837,1024,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus cibriani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IL-V); G,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FB9E9472BB46F8C6" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1872" box="[1135,1339,1806,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FB9E9472BB46F8C6" box="[1135,1339,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Saphonecrus haimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Víctor Cuesta-Porta (UB), sent to IL-V]; H,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FDFB9457BCBBF8A3" authorityName="Tang & Melika" authorityYear="2012" box="[522,710,1835,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerroneuroteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FDFB9457BCBBF8A3" box="[522,710,1835,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Ufo cerroneuroteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Di Tang Chang (NCHU), CC BY-NC 3.0 TW]; I,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FB4E9457BBF4F8A3" box="[1215,1417,1835,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FB4E9457BBF4F8A3" box="[1215,1417,1835,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus castaneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C614FF92FF3F9435BFE2F8BD" author="Bernardo U & Gebiola M & Xiao Z & Zhu CD & Pujade-Villar J & Viggiani G" box="[206,415,1865,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" pagination="437 - 446" refId="ref11698" refString="Bernardo U, Gebiola M, Xiao Z, Zhu CD, Pujade-Villar J, Viggiani G. 2013. Description of Synergus castaneus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with an unknown gall on Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) in China. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106: 437 - 446." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Bernardo
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FEC49435BF15F8BD" box="[309,360,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); J,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FE379435BCD8F8BD" baseAuthorityName="Curtis" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[454,677,1865,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FE379435BCD8F8BD" box="[454,677,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus crassicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Arnstein Staverløkk (NINA), CC BY 4.0]; K,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC614FF92FB8B9435BB42F8BD" box="[1146,1343,1865,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC614FF92FB8B9435BB42F8BD" box="[1146,1343,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1345">Synergus chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IL-V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61BFF9DFF4A97A4BA07FF1B" blockId="8.[163,781,197,1905]" lastBlockId="8.[827,1445,197,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
The Palaearctic or Old World clade encompasses all the species from the WP and the EP without exceptions. These species are intermingled within the clade, with no evidence that WP and EP species represent independent regional radiations. We consider this clade as the ‘true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFDEB960DBCFAFA64" box="[538,647,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFDEB960DBCFAFA64" box="[538,647,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD6F960DBEB9FA47" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFD6F960DBD77FA64" box="[670,778,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Synergus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657A0C61BFF9DFF5296ECBEB9FA47" box="[163,196,1424,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) since it includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548A886BC61BFF9DFE3196ECBF8FFA47" box="[448,498,1424,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFD1B96ECBFEBFA21" authority="Hartig, 1840" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="facialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD1B96ECBE84FA21" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. facialis</emphasis>
|
||
Hartig, 1840
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFE4F96D3BFCAFA00" authority="(Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallaepomiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE4F96D3BCCBFA21" box="[446,694,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. gallaepomiformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1832)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (WP). Except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFD6A96B1BF6BF9E3" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD6A96B1BF6BF9E3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus castaneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFED59690BF49F9FD" authority="Nieves-Aldrey & PujadeVillar, 1987" authorityName="Nieves-Aldrey & PujadeVillar" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiotrochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFED59690BFA1F9E3" box="[292,476,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. plagiotrochi</emphasis>
|
||
Nieves-Aldrey & PujadeVillar, 1987
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFE869577BEA3F9DD" authority="Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2006" authorityName="Melika & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE869577BFA8F9C2" box="[375,469,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. acsi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE119576BEA3F9DD" author="Melika G" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="301 - 644" refId="ref13306" refString="Melika G. 2006. Gall wasps of Ukraine. Cynipidae. Vestnik Zoologii, Supplement 21: 1 - 300, 301 - 644." type="journal article" year="2006">Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all Palaearctic species have a lateral pronotal carinae, which is always absent in the Nearctic and Neotropical species. On the other hand, most of the species within this clade have lateral frontal carinae, female antennae are 14-segmented and the radial cell of the forewings are closed, and all of them have the mesopleuron completely sculpted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFD93959DBEA7F8F7" author="Nieves-Aldrey JL" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="636" refId="ref13561" refString="Nieves-Aldrey JL. 2001. Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos MA, Alba J, Belles X, Gosalbez J, Guerra A, Macpherson E, Martin F, Serrano J, Templado J, eds. Fauna Iberica, Vol. 16. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, 636." type="book chapter" year="2001">Nieves-Aldrey, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFF169583BFC7F8F7" author="Sadeghi SE & Melika G & Pujade-Villar J & Penzes Z & Acs Z & Bechtold M & Assareh MH & Tavakoli M & Yarmand H & Askary H & Stone GN & Azizkhani E & Zargaran MR & Aligolizade D & Barimani H & Dordaei AA" box="[231,442,1791,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="15 - 50" refId="ref14519" refString="Sadeghi SE, Melika G, Pujade-Villar J, Penzes Z, Acs Z, Bechtold M, Assareh MH, Tavakoli M, Yarmand H, Askary H, Stone GN, Azizkhani E, Zargaran MR, Aligolizade D, Barimani H, Dordaei AA. 2006. Oak cynipid gall inquilines of Iran (Hym.: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of new species. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 25: 15 - 50." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Melika
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFECF947CBF0BF8F6" box="[318,374,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE369583BCDAF8F7" author="Sadeghi SE & Melika G & Pujade-Villar J & Penzes Z & Acs Z & Bechtold M & Assareh MH & Tavakoli M & Yarmand H & Askary H & Stone GN & Azizkhani E & Zargaran MR & Aligolizade D & Barimani H & Dordaei AA" box="[455,679,1791,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="15 - 50" refId="ref14519" refString="Sadeghi SE, Melika G, Pujade-Villar J, Penzes Z, Acs Z, Bechtold M, Assareh MH, Tavakoli M, Yarmand H, Askary H, Stone GN, Azizkhani E, Zargaran MR, Aligolizade D, Barimani H, Dordaei AA. 2006. Oak cynipid gall inquilines of Iran (Hym.: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of new species. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 25: 15 - 50." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Sadeghi
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFDDA947CBC1EF8F6" box="[555,611,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; NievesAldrey & Medianero, 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE0D9462BD79F8D1" author="Bernardo U & Gebiola M & Xiao Z & Zhu CD & Pujade-Villar J & Viggiani G" box="[508,772,1822,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="437 - 446" refId="ref11698" refString="Bernardo U, Gebiola M, Xiao Z, Zhu CD, Pujade-Villar J, Viggiani G. 2013. Description of Synergus castaneus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) associated with an unknown gall on Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) in China. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106: 437 - 446." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Bernardo
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFD8B9463BCC5F8D1" box="[634,696,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFF529441BFD6F8B1" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Bihari P & Bozso M & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Penzes Z" box="[163,427,1853,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="451 - 497" refId="ref14602" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Bihari P, Bozso M, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Penzes Z. 2015 a. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Zootaxa 3999: 451 - 497." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFEED9442BF2BF8B0" box="[284,342,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFE4B9441BEA7F893" author="Lobato-Vila I & Pujade-Villar J" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12570" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Pujade-Villar J. 2017. Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies 56: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2017">Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2021;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFEDA9427BC3FF893" author="Lobato-Vila I & Caicedo G & Rodriguez PA & PujadeVillar J" box="[299,578,1883,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="131 - 144" refId="ref12855" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Caicedo G, Rodriguez PA, PujadeVillar J. 2020 a. The inquiline oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) fauna from Colombia: new data and species. The Canadian Entomologist 152: 131 - 144." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFE499420BF94F892" box="[440,489,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b, c). Most of the Palaearctic species associate with oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFAED93B9BB01FF38" box="[1308,1404,197,218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFAED93B9BB01FF38" box="[1308,1404,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) of section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFC639398BD8DFF1B" box="[914,1008,228,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFC639398BD8DFF1B" box="[914,1008,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61BFF9DFBDA939FBA16FF1B" box="[1067,1131,227,249]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61BFF9DFCA2927EBB38FD65" blockId="8.[827,1445,197,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
The species in ‘New World clade 1’ (NA + NT) have more or less defined lateral frontal carinae; female antennae are always 14-segmented; the mesopleuron is either completely sculpted or with a smooth and shiny speculum; the radial cell of the forewings are mostly closed, rarely open; and the head and the mesosoma are weakly to strongly sculpted (LobatoVila &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFC6092A5BA0BFE0C" author="Pujade-Villar J & Wang YP & Chen T & Shen J & Ferrer-Suay M" box="[913,1142,473,495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="56 - 66" refId="ref14098" refString="Pujade-Villar J, Wang YP, Chen T, Shen J, Ferrer-Suay M. 2017. Description of a new Synergus species from China and comments on other inquiline species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Zootaxa 4341: 56 - 66." type="journal article" year="2017">Pujade-Villar, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2021; Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFA9092A5BBE8FE0C" box="[1377,1429,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017, 2018, 2020a, b, c). None of the species in this clade has been reared from tuberous galls [except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFCCA9149BA2EFDA8" authority="(NA)" baseAuthorityName="NA" box="[827,1107,565,586]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudofilicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFCCA9149BA6BFDA8" box="[827,1046,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. pseudofilicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(NA)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its related morphotypes] and they are usually reared from the oak sections
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFCCA910EBDE5FD65" box="[827,920,626,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFCCA910EBDE5FD65" box="[827,920,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFC54910EBD82FD65" box="[933,1023,626,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lobatae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFC54910EBD82FD65" box="[933,1023,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Lobatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFBD5910EBAC1FD65" box="[1060,1212,626,647]" class="Malacostraca" genus="Protobalanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFBD5910EBAC1FD65" box="[1060,1212,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Protobalanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61BFF9DFB07910EBB4BFD65" box="[1270,1334,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61BFF9DFCA291EDBDF4FBF4" blockId="8.[827,1445,197,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
The species in ‘New World clade 2’ (NA) have poorly defined and weak lateral frontal carinae, which are sometimes absent; the female antennae are either 13- or 14-segmented; the mesopleuron is always completely sculpted; the radial cell of the forewings are mostly closed, rarely open; and the head and the mesosoma are strongly sculpted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFB2E9035BBE6FCBD" author="Ashmead WH" box="[1247,1435,841,863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref11633" refString="Ashmead WH. 1885. A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the NorthAmerican Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 12: 291 - 304." type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFCCA901BBAF4FC9F" author="Pujade-Villar J & Melika G" box="[827,1161,871,893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="215 - 218" refId="ref13956" refString="Pujade-Villar J, Melika G. 2005. Synergus castanopsidis (Beutenmuller, 1918) and Synergus mexicanus Gillette, 1896, two conflictive cynipid inquilines species from America (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 37: 215 - 218." type="journal article" year="2005">Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFB64901BBBE0FC9F" author="Lobato-Vila I & Cibrian-Tovar D & Barrera-Ruiz UM & Pujade-Villar J" box="[1173,1437,871,893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="591 - 610" refId="ref12738" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Cibrian-Tovar D, Barrera-Ruiz UM, Pujade-Villar J. 2018. Study of the inquiline oak gall wasp fauna emerged from agamic galls of Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009 from Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 43: 591 - 610." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFAD09014BB2FFC9E" box="[1313,1362,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2019). All the species in this clade are associated with tuberous galls (except for
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB8190D9BB3BFC58" box="[1136,1350,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergusconiferae</emphasis>
|
||
), which are induced principally by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFB8B90BFBB62FC3B" box="[1146,1311,963,985]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB8B90BFBA98FC3A" box="[1146,1253,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, formed on members of the oak sections
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFB70909EBAA3FC15" box="[1153,1246,994,1015]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB70909EBAA3FC15" box="[1153,1246,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFAE7909EBB0DFC15" box="[1302,1392,994,1015]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lobatae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFAE7909EBB0DFC15" box="[1302,1392,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Lobatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61BFF9DFCCA977DBD07FBF4" box="[827,890,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61BFF9DFCA29763BB12FA65" blockId="8.[827,1445,197,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
Lastly, species in ‘New World clade 3’ (NA + NT) always lack lateral frontal carinae; female antennae are always 14-segmented; the mesopleuron is always partially smooth, with the speculum finely sculpted to not sculpted; the radial cell of the forewings are always closed; and both the head and the mesosoma are weakly sculpted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFC5C97ABBB41FB0E" author="Lobato-Vila I & Pujade-Villar J" box="[941,1340,1239,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12570" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Pujade-Villar J. 2017. Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies 56: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2017">Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; LobatoVila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFC81978BBDDAFAE9" box="[880,935,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020c). None of the species in this clade has been reared from tuberous galls and they are found on the oak sections
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFBD09648BAFDFAAB" box="[1057,1152,1332,1353]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFBD09648BAFDFAAB" box="[1057,1152,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFB4B964FBB6BFAAA" box="[1210,1302,1331,1352]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lobatae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB4B964FBB6BFAAA" box="[1210,1302,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Lobatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61BFF9DFAA2964FBBE9FAAA" box="[1363,1428,1331,1353]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ‘New World clade 3’ is the most morphologically homogeneous among the three New World clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61BFF9CFCA296F3BF43FED4" blockId="8.[827,1445,197,1905]" lastBlockId="9.[145,762,197,802]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1347" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFC0796F3BBDEFA46" author="Lobato-Vila I & Pujade-Villar J" box="[1014,1443,1423,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12570" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Pujade-Villar J. 2017. Description of five new species of inquiline oak gall wasps of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from Mexico. Zoological Studies 56: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2017">Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFC9C96D2BAF4FA21" author="Lobato-Vila I & Equihua-Martinez A & Estrada-Venegas E & Cibrian-Tovar D & Barrera-Ruiz UM & Pujade-Villar J" box="[877,1161,1454,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref12976" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Equihua-Martinez A, Estrada-Venegas E, Cibrian-Tovar D, Barrera-Ruiz UM, Pujade-Villar J. 2020 c. Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World. Zootaxa 4822: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFC0996D3BA4CFA21" box="[1016,1073,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFB6696D2BB7DFA21" box="[1175,1280,1454,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB6696D2BB7DFA21" box="[1175,1280,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the New World should be classified into three morphological groups: (1) species with the radial cell of the forewings open or partially open along the wing margin, which includes only two species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFB929555BB34F9DC" authorityName="Gillette" authorityYear="1896" box="[1123,1353,1577,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFB929555BB34F9DC" box="[1123,1353,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Synergus mexicanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61BFF9DFA739555BDFFF9BE" authorityName="Pujade-Villar, Lobato-Vila & Fernandez-Garzon" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedroi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFA739555BDFFF9BE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">Sy. pedroi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and species with the radial cell of the forewings closed, which are divided into two subgroups; (2) species with the mesopleuron completely sculptured, with parallel or subparallel transverse striae covering all its surface; (3) and species with the mesopleuron partially smooth, with the speculum always shining, smooth, not sculptured. The latter group, analysed in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61BFF9DFC559462BAC3F8D1" author="Lobato-Vila I & Equihua-Martinez A & Estrada-Venegas E & Cibrian-Tovar D & Barrera-Ruiz UM & Pujade-Villar J" box="[932,1214,1822,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref12976" refString="Lobato-Vila I, Equihua-Martinez A, Estrada-Venegas E, Cibrian-Tovar D, Barrera-Ruiz UM, Pujade-Villar J. 2020 c. Synergus Hartig species group (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) with partially smooth mesopleurae from the New World. Zootaxa 4822: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61BFF9DFBDE9463BA1BF8D1" box="[1071,1126,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, seems to be unique to the New World. This morphological division is not supported by the presented molecular data, since the species with the radial cell of the forewings open and/ or with partially smooth mesopleuron are distributed among all three New World clades (Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD4B927FBC91FEF5" box="[698,748,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2019, 2020a, c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61AFF9CFF58923CBFEFFCC3" blockId="9.[145,762,197,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
Based on the above mentioned,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFDAF923CBCA8FEB7" box="[606,725,320,341]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFDAF923CBCA8FEB7" box="[606,725,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is undoubtedly a polyphyletic group and species in the New World clades (
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE5B9201BC3EFE70" box="[426,579,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE5B9201BC65FE70" box="[426,536,381,402]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Synergus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657A0C61AFF9CFDD09201BC3EFE70" box="[545,579,381,402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) can no longer be considered as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE9992E0BFA5FE53" box="[360,472,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE9992E0BFA5FE53" box="[360,472,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From now on, we face the challenge of resolving the position of the four molecularly supported clades in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFDB092A5BCC0FE0D" box="[577,701,473,495]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and characterizing them morphologically in order to describe new taxa (genera), since all the species display a lot of evolutionary convergences (which is common among gall wasps;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFE719128BC8CFD8B" author="Pujade-Villar J & Arnedo MA" box="[384,753,596,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="115 - 135" refId="ref13923" refString="Pujade-Villar J, Arnedo MA. 1997. Morfologia i evolucio de la genitalia masculina dels Cynipinae. Sessio Conjunta d'Entomologia de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural IX: 115 - 135." type="journal article" year="1997">Pujade-Villar & Arnedo, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFF60910EBFF0FD6A" author="Liljeblad J & Ronquist F & Nieves-Aldrey JL & Cazalla F & Ros-Farre P & Gaitros D & Pujade-Villar J" box="[145,397,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref12517" refString="Liljeblad J, Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Fontal- Cazalla F, Ros-Farre P, Gaitros D, Pujade-Villar J. 2008. A fully web-illustrated morphological phylogenetic study of relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 1796: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Liljeblad
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEF7910FBF39FD65" box="[262,324,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To this end, further studies should be conducted combining molecular, fine morphological and biological data (regarding both host plants and galls) from a large assemblage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF609191BE81FCE0" box="[145,252,749,770]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF609191BE81FCE0" box="[145,252,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from both the Palaearctic and the Nearctic and Neotropical areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61AFF9CFF1F9022BCE6FC94" blockId="9.[238,667,862,887]" box="[238,667,862,887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<heading id="D0C681A5C61AFF9CFF1F9022BCE6FC94" box="[238,667,862,887]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF1F9022BFEBFC94" box="[238,406,862,886]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF1F9022BFEBFC94" box="[238,406,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">SAPHONECRUS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE529022BC1EFC94" authority="AND" authorityName="AND" box="[419,611,862,886]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE529022BC50FC94" box="[419,557,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">SYNOPHRUS</emphasis>
|
||
AND
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFD9B9023BCE6FC94" box="[618,667,863,886]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD9B9023BCE6FC94" box="[618,667,863,886]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">UFO</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61AFF9CFF6090FABC4FFB90" blockId="9.[145,762,902,1906]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF6090FABF41FC7E" box="[145,316,902,924]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF6090FABF41FC7E" box="[145,316,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered as a nonmonophyletic taxon by various authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFD9390D9BEB4FC3B" author="Penzes Z & Melika G & Bozsoki Z & Bihari P & Miko I & Tavakoli M & Pujade-Villar J & Feher B & Fulop D & Szabo K & Bozso M & Sipos B & Somogyi K & Stone GN" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="688 - 711" refId="ref13812" refString="Penzes Z, Melika G, Bozsoki Z, Bihari P, Miko I, Tavakoli M, Pujade-Villar J, Feher B, Fulop D, Szabo K, Bozso M, Sipos B, Somogyi K, Stone GN. 2009. Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Systematic Entomology 34: 688 - 711." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Pénzes
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD4B90DABC96FC58" box="[698,747,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFEEF90BEBFADFC3B" author="Acs Z & Challis R & Bihari P & Blaxter M & Hayward A & Melika G & Csoka G & Penzes Z & Pujade-Villar J & Nieves-Aldrey JL & Schonrogge K & Stone GN" box="[286,464,962,986]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="210 - 225" refId="ref11567" refString="Acs Z, Challis R, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, Csoka G, Penzes Z, Pujade-Villar J, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Schonrogge K, Stone GN. 2010. Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 210 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Ács
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEBE90B9BFF7FC3B" box="[335,394,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFE2E90B8BCD3FC3B" author="Bozso M & Tang CT & Penzes Z & Yang MM & Bihari P & PujadeVillar J & Schweger S & Melika G" box="[479,686,964,986]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref11794" refString="Bozso M, Tang CT, Penzes Z, Yang MM, Bihari P, PujadeVillar J, Schweger S, Melika G. 2013. A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika & Bozso (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China. Insect Systematics & Evolution 44: 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Bozsó
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFDDA90B9BC23FC3B" box="[555,606,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFD4B90B8BC8FFC3B" author="Bozso M & Penzes Z & Bihari P & Schweger S & Tang CT & Yang MM & Pujade-Villar J & Melika G" box="[698,754,964,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="26 - 31" refId="ref11862" refString="Bozso M, Penzes Z, Bihari P, Schweger S, Tang CT, Yang MM, Pujade-Villar J, Melika G. 2014. Molecular phylogeny of the inquiline cynipid wasp genus Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Plant Protection Quarterly 29: 26 - 31." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFF60909EBFE4FC1A" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Bihari P & Bozso M & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Penzes Z" box="[145,409,994,1016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="451 - 497" refId="ref14602" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Bihari P, Bozso M, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Penzes Z. 2015 a. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Zootaxa 3999: 451 - 497." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEFB909FBF39FC15" box="[266,324,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) and this is also supported by our analyses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE94977DBC19FBF5" box="[357,612,1025,1047]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE94977DBC7CFBF4" box="[357,513,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in our study are resolved into two main molecular clades: the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFEE99742BFCDFBB1" box="[280,432,1086,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEE99742BFCDFBB1" box="[280,432,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE219742BC32FBB1" box="[464,591,1086,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE219742BC32FBB1" box="[464,591,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF609721BF5EFB90" box="[145,291,1117,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF609721BF5EFB90" box="[145,291,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFEB19721BF15FB90" box="[320,360,1117,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEB19721BF15FB90" box="[320,360,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61AFF9CFE159721BC5EFB90" box="[484,547,1117,1139]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61AFF9CFF589700BADDFDA8" blockId="9.[145,762,902,1906]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF2B9700BF12FB73" box="[218,367,1148,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF2B9700BF12FB73" box="[218,367,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE769700BC7EFB73" box="[391,515,1148,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE769700BC7EFB73" box="[391,515,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade is encompassed by a few WP and EP
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE7697E6BC61FB4D" box="[391,540,1178,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE7697E6BC61FB4D" box="[391,540,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[including its
|
||
<typeStatus id="548A886BC61AFF9CFD3797E7BC85FB52" box="[710,760,1179,1200]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF0297C5BC8FFB2C" authority="(Hartig, 1840) (WP)" authorityName="WP" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[243,754,1209,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="connatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF0297C5BF80FB2D" box="[243,509,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus connatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hartig, 1840) (WP)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and all the species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFDCA97A4BC85FB0F" authority="(WP)" baseAuthorityName="WP" box="[571,760,1240,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFDCA97A4BCCAFB0F" box="[571,695,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
(WP)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including its
|
||
<typeStatus id="548A886BC61AFF9CFEC2978BBF18FAEE" box="[307,357,1271,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE3A978ABEB6FAC8" authority="Hartig, 1843" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE3A978ABCE3FAE9" box="[459,670,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus politus</emphasis>
|
||
Hartig, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE649669BC6CFAC8" box="[405,529,1301,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE649669BC6CFAC8" box="[405,529,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this clade creates a paraphyletic scenario for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE019648BCF3FAAB" box="[496,654,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE019648BCF3FAAB" box="[496,654,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFD529648BF5DFA8A" author="Penzes Z & Melika G & Bozsoki Z & Bihari P & Miko I & Tavakoli M & Pujade-Villar J & Feher B & Fulop D & Szabo K & Bozso M & Sipos B & Somogyi K & Stone GN" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="688 - 711" refId="ref13812" refString="Penzes Z, Melika G, Bozsoki Z, Bihari P, Miko I, Tavakoli M, Pujade-Villar J, Feher B, Fulop D, Szabo K, Bozso M, Sipos B, Somogyi K, Stone GN. 2009. Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Systematic Entomology 34: 688 - 711." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Pénzes
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF60962FBEB7FA85" box="[145,202,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2012).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE7D962EBC50FA85" box="[396,557,1362,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE7D962EBC50FA85" box="[396,557,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFD82962EBC84FA85" box="[627,761,1362,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD82962EBC84FA85" box="[627,761,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share two important characteristics: the radial cell of the forewings open along the wing margin and female antennae 13-segmented. Furthermore, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF6096B1BFF2FA01" box="[145,399,1485,1507]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF6096B1BF53FA00" box="[145,302,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this clade and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFD8496B1BC85FA00" box="[629,760,1485,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD8496B1BC85FA00" box="[629,760,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack lateral pronotal carinae (Pujade-Villar & NievesAldrey, 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFEDD9576BC6EF9C2" author="Nieves-Aldrey JL" box="[300,531,1546,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="636" refId="ref13561" refString="Nieves-Aldrey JL. 2001. Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos MA, Alba J, Belles X, Gosalbez J, Guerra A, Macpherson E, Martin F, Serrano J, Templado J, eds. Fauna Iberica, Vol. 16. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, 636." type="book chapter" year="2001">Nieves-Aldrey, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFDEE9576BC8EF9C2" author="Penzes Z & Melika G & Bozsoki Z & Bihari P & Miko I & Tavakoli M & Pujade-Villar J & Feher B & Fulop D & Szabo K & Bozso M & Sipos B & Somogyi K & Stone GN" box="[543,755,1546,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="688 - 711" refId="ref13812" refString="Penzes Z, Melika G, Bozsoki Z, Bihari P, Miko I, Tavakoli M, Pujade-Villar J, Feher B, Fulop D, Szabo K, Bozso M, Sipos B, Somogyi K, Stone GN. 2009. Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Systematic Entomology 34: 688 - 711." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Pénzes
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD879577BCD3F9FD" box="[630,686,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFF609555BFD3F9DD" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Yang MM & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Sinclair F & Hearn J & Bozso M & Penzes Z" box="[145,430,1577,1599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref14657" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Sinclair F, Hearn J, Bozso M, Penzes Z. 2015 b. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide. Zootaxa 4054: 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFEE39556BF2FF9DC" box="[274,338,1577,1599]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFE309555BCCDF9DC" author="Melika G & Memtsas GI & Nicholls JA & Avtzis DN" box="[449,688,1577,1599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref13478" refString="Melika G, Memtsas GI, Nicholls JA, Avtzis DN. 2018. New species of cynipid inquiline, Saphonecrus kuriphilusi (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), from Dryocosmus kuriphilus galls in Greece. Zootaxa 4441: 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Melika
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFDD39556BC1FF9DC" box="[546,610,1577,1599]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species in this clade, group according to their host plants (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61AFF9CFEE2951ABF2FF999" box="[275,338,1638,1660]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFE97951ABC39F999" author="Penzes Z & Melika G & Bozsoki Z & Bihari P & Miko I & Tavakoli M & Pujade-Villar J & Feher B & Fulop D & Szabo K & Bozso M & Sipos B & Somogyi K & Stone GN" box="[358,580,1638,1660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="688 - 711" refId="ref13812" refString="Penzes Z, Melika G, Bozsoki Z, Bihari P, Miko I, Tavakoli M, Pujade-Villar J, Feher B, Fulop D, Szabo K, Bozso M, Sipos B, Somogyi K, Stone GN. 2009. Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini). Systematic Entomology 34: 688 - 711." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Pénzes
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE4C951BBF88F999" box="[445,501,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFF3D95F9BF18F978" box="[204,357,1669,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFF3D95F9BF18F978" box="[204,357,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFE4F95F9BC2AF978" box="[446,599,1669,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFE4F95F9BC2AF978" box="[446,599,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFD8895F9BC84F978" box="[633,761,1669,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD8895F9BC84F978" box="[633,761,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade would become synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFD8795D8BC84F95B" box="[630,761,1700,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFD8795D8BC84F95B" box="[630,761,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
if the topology supported by the morphological and combined molecular analyses was upheld. The topology of our molecular trees is constant regarding the species that are included in the clade, but the support of the relationships between the included species still needs to be improved. Thus, further combined molecular, morphological and biological analyses should be conducted. Resolving the internal position of the species in this clade could bring us to two possible scenarios: (1) if the analyses recover
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD8923CBDB9FEB7" box="[809,964,320,341]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD8923CBDB9FEB7" box="[809,964,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBF5923CBAFBFEB7" box="[1028,1158,320,341]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBF5923CBAFBFEB7" box="[1028,1158,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a unique, strongly supported group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC069222BAF0FE91" box="[1015,1165,350,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC069222BAF0FE91" box="[1015,1165,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC9A9201BD92FE70" box="[875,1007,381,402]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC9A9201BD92FE70" box="[875,1007,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which case
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB489201BB25FE70" box="[1209,1368,381,402]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB489201BB25FE70" box="[1209,1368,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will disappear because the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548A886BC61AFF9CFBC292E0BA18FE53" box="[1075,1125,412,433]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of this genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFA9D92E0BDEEFE32" authorityName="WP" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="connatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFA9D92E0BDEEFE32" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. connatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) would be a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBDC92C6BAD1FE2D" box="[1069,1196,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBDC92C6BAD1FE2D" box="[1069,1196,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (2) if the analyses support the division of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBCB92A5BAADFE0C" box="[1082,1232,473,494]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBCB92A5BAADFE0C" box="[1082,1232,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFAFC92A5BBF6FE0C" box="[1293,1419,473,494]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFAFC92A5BBF6FE0C" box="[1293,1419,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then these genera would coexist, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB099284BD06FDCE" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB099284BBECFDEF" box="[1272,1425,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within this clade being considered as the ‘true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD89149BDC3FDA8" box="[809,958,565,586]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD89149BDC3FDA8" box="[809,958,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC229149BAEDFDA9" box="[979,1168,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC229149BA15FDA8" box="[979,1128,565,586]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Saphonecrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657A0C61AFF9CFB9F914ABAEDFDA9" box="[1134,1168,566,587]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C61AFF9FFCB39128BC5EFE71" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1905]" lastBlockId="10.[163,779,197,679]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1348" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC889128BA6EFD8B" box="[889,1043,596,617]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC889128BA6EFD8B" box="[889,1043,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBC49128BA22FD8B" box="[1077,1119,596,617]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBC49128BA22FD8B" box="[1077,1119,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade comprises the rest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCB6910EBA40FD6A" box="[839,1085,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCB6910EBD9DFD65" box="[839,992,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WP + EP) and the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFA96910EBDFCFD45" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFA96910EBBECFD65" box="[1383,1425,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have been included in the analyses, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC9491CCBD87FD27" box="[869,1018,688,709]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC9491CCBD87FD27" box="[869,1018,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD891B2BD2FFD01" box="[809,850,718,739]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD891B2BD2FFD01" box="[809,850,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC9191B2BD8BFD01" box="[864,1014,718,739]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC9191B2BD8BFD01" box="[864,1014,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBC391B2BA26FD01" box="[1074,1115,718,739]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBC391B2BA26FD01" box="[1074,1115,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the radial cell of the forewings open and female antennae 13-segmented. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC3E9070BABCFCC0" box="[975,1217,780,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC3E9070BA18FCC3" box="[975,1125,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within this clade have lateral pronotal carinae (Pujade-Villar & NievesAldrey, 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFC219035BABDFCBD" author="Sadeghi SE & Melika G & Pujade-Villar J & Penzes Z & Acs Z & Bechtold M & Assareh MH & Tavakoli M & Yarmand H & Askary H & Stone GN & Azizkhani E & Zargaran MR & Aligolizade D & Barimani H & Dordaei AA" box="[976,1216,841,863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="15 - 50" refId="ref14519" refString="Sadeghi SE, Melika G, Pujade-Villar J, Penzes Z, Acs Z, Bechtold M, Assareh MH, Tavakoli M, Yarmand H, Askary H, Stone GN, Azizkhani E, Zargaran MR, Aligolizade D, Barimani H, Dordaei AA. 2006. Oak cynipid gall inquilines of Iran (Hym.: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of new species. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 25: 15 - 50." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Sadeghi
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBCB9036BA0AFCBC" box="[1082,1143,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFB209035BD0FFC9F" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Yang MM & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Sinclair F & Hearn J & Bozso M & Penzes Z" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref14657" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Sinclair F, Hearn J, Bozso M, Penzes Z. 2015 b. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide. Zootaxa 4054: 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFABC9036BBF7FCBC" box="[1357,1418,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which are strong in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB639014BAC0FC9F" box="[1170,1213,872,893]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB639014BAC0FC9F" box="[1170,1213,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus giving the pronotum an extreme angled shape from the dorsal view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFC8190D9BA33FC59" author="Melika G & Ros-Farre P & Penzes Z & Acs Z" box="[880,1102,933,955]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="313 - 327" refId="ref13332" refString="Melika G, Ros-Farre P, Penzes Z, Acs Z. 2005. Ufo abei Melika & Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 51: 313 - 327." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Melika
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC3A90DABD82FC58" box="[971,1023,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2012). Species within this clade tend to group according to their host plant, as it happens with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBBF909EBA97FC15" box="[1102,1258,994,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBBF909EBA97FC15" box="[1102,1258,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFAFF909EBBEDFC15" box="[1294,1424,994,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFAFF909EBBEDFC15" box="[1294,1424,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61AFF9CFC57977DBD94FBF4" box="[934,1001,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB65977DBBECFBF4" box="[1172,1425,1025,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB65977DBBECFBF4" box="[1172,1425,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears grouped with the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB6A975CBB5FFBD7" box="[1179,1314,1055,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB6A975CBAB8FBD7" box="[1179,1221,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in our analyses with a moderate support (BS = 69, PP = 0.93). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBE89721BAE0FB90" box="[1049,1181,1117,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBE89721BAE0FB90" box="[1049,1181,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC379700BD8DFB73" box="[966,1008,1148,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC379700BD8DFB73" box="[966,1008,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because it lacks two of the main morphological characteristics that currently define this genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFC4797C5BAEEFB2D" author="Melika G & Ros-Farre P & Penzes Z & Acs Z" box="[950,1171,1209,1231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="313 - 327" refId="ref13332" refString="Melika G, Ros-Farre P, Penzes Z, Acs Z. 2005. Ufo abei Melika & Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 51: 313 - 327." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Melika
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBE197C5BA31FB2C" box="[1040,1100,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): the strong pronotal carina, with the pronotum showing an extreme angled shape (well-defined and complete pronotal carina, but the pronotum not extremely angled from the dorsal view in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC799648BA6EFAAB" box="[904,1043,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC799648BA6EFAAB" box="[904,1043,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and both the frons and vertex smooth or weakly sculpted (conspicuously sculpted in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCBB960DBDABFA64" box="[842,982,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCBB960DBDABFA64" box="[842,982,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C61AFF9CFC01960DBA82FA65" author="Schweger S & Melika G & Tang CT & Yang MM & Stone GS & Nicholls JA & Sinclair F & Hearn J & Bozso M & Penzes Z" box="[1008,1279,1393,1415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref14657" refString="Schweger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GS, Nicholls JA, Sinclair F, Hearn J, Bozso M, Penzes Z. 2015 b. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide. Zootaxa 4054: 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schwéger
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB9D960DBAD5FA64" box="[1132,1192,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, we face several possible scenarios in which the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD896D2BD2FFA21" box="[809,850,1454,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD896D2BD2FFA21" box="[809,850,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be redescribed to include: (1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFAF596D2BBF6FA26" box="[1284,1419,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFAF596D2BBF6FA26" box="[1284,1419,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCA496B1BD94FA00" box="[853,1001,1485,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nantoui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCA496B1BD94FA00" box="[853,1001,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. nantoui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the rest of the species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD89697BA7BF9E2" authorityName="Melika & Schweger" authorityYear="2015" box="[809,1030,1515,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD89697BA7BF9E2" box="[809,1030,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus gilvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBDB9690BAAAF9E2" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1066,1239,1515,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shirakashii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBDB9690BAAAF9E2" box="[1066,1239,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. shirakashii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61AFF9CFB179697BB58F9E3" box="[1254,1317,1515,1537]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, upper to lower); (3) all the species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB799576BBEDF9FD" box="[1160,1424,1546,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lithocarpi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB799576BBEDF9FD" box="[1160,1424,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus lithocarpi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCB99555BD83F9DC" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[840,1022,1577,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shirakashii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCB99555BD83F9DC" box="[840,1022,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Sa. shirakashii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC61AFF9CFBE19555BA2EF9DC" box="[1040,1107,1577,1599]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, upper to lower); or (4) all the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCA8953BBA2CF9BF" box="[857,1105,1607,1629]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCA8953BBD8EF9BE" box="[857,1011,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB5D953BBB3BF9BE" box="[1196,1350,1607,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB5D953BBB3BF9BE" box="[1196,1350,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFA96953BBBECF9BE" box="[1383,1425,1607,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFA96953BBBECF9BE" box="[1383,1425,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, in which all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBF8951ABA86F99E" box="[1033,1275,1638,1660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBF8951ABADDF999" box="[1033,1184,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with lateral pronotal carina will be transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB0295F9BB60F978" box="[1267,1309,1669,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB0295F9BB60F978" box="[1267,1309,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC7995DFBA76F95B" box="[904,1035,1699,1721]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC7995DFBDCCF95A" box="[904,945,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being a possible extreme form in the newly redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFBDA95BEBA2EF935" box="[1067,1107,1730,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFBDA95BEBA2EF935" box="[1067,1107,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all scenarios. Regardless of which is the most plausible scenario, it is certain that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC929583BA25F8F7" box="[867,1112,1791,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC929583BD86F8F6" box="[867,1019,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFB5E9583BB3AF8F6" box="[1199,1351,1791,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFB5E9583BB3AF8F6" box="[1199,1351,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFA969583BBEDF8F6" box="[1383,1424,1791,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFA969583BBEDF8F6" box="[1383,1424,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFC869462BA4BF8D1" box="[887,1078,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFC869462BA73F8D1" box="[887,1038,1822,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Saphonecrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657A0C61AFF9CFBE79462BA4BF8D1" box="[1046,1078,1822,1843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) can no longer be considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC61AFF9CFCD89441BDC3F8B0" box="[809,958,1853,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC61AFF9CFCD89441BDC3F8B0" box="[809,958,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1347">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further analyses combining molecular and morphological data exclusively from Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE4F93B9BC2DFF38" box="[446,592,197,218]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE4F93B9BC2DFF38" box="[446,592,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD7693B9BD7AFF39" box="[647,775,197,219]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD7693B9BCD2FF38" box="[647,687,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including its
|
||
<typeStatus id="548A886BC619FF9FFECF9398BF0DFF1B" box="[318,368,228,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE229398BF4EFEFA" authority="Melika & PujadeVillar, 2005" authorityName="Melika & PujadeVillar" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE229398BC49FF1B" box="[467,564,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Ufo abei</emphasis>
|
||
Melika & PujadeVillar, 2005
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, will help to redefine the limits of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF00925DBF66FED4" box="[241,283,289,310]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF00925DBF66FED4" box="[241,283,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the clade; thus, we will be able decide whether the current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE65923CBC6BFEB4" box="[404,534,320,342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE65923CBFC0FEB7" box="[404,445,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are an extreme form of the morphological variability in this ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD809222BD7BFE91" box="[625,774,350,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD809222BD7BFE91" box="[625,774,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ subclade or form a distinct genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C619FF9FFF4A92E0BC20FD45" blockId="10.[163,779,197,679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
Regardless of the internal relationships in the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF2792C6BF13FE2D" box="[214,366,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF2792C6BF13FE2D" box="[214,366,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE2392C6BC17FE2D" box="[466,618,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE2392C6BC17FE2D" box="[466,618,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD7A92C6BEADFE0D" authority="and" authorityName="AND" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD7A92C6BD77FE2D" box="[651,778,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF2A92A5BF04FE0C" box="[219,377,473,494]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF2A92A5BF04FE0C" box="[219,377,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE6E92A5BFB7FE0C" box="[415,458,473,494]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE6E92A5BFB7FE0C" box="[415,458,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Ufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the real challenge is to characterize both of them morphologically, because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF52916ABF41FDC9" box="[163,316,534,555]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF52916ABF41FDC9" box="[163,316,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shows evolutionary convergences similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFEE29149BF01FDA8" box="[275,380,565,586]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFEE29149BF01FDA8" box="[275,380,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, in case the combined analyses uphold the existence of internal radiations in these clades, it will also be necessary to provide morphological diagnoses of all of them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C619FF9FFF029198BCC7FD19" blockId="10.[243,698,739,764]" box="[243,698,739,764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
<heading id="D0C681A5C619FF9FFF029198BCC7FD19" box="[243,698,739,764]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF029198BFEBFD1E" authority="VS." authorityName="VS." box="[243,406,739,764]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF029198BF13FD19" box="[243,366,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">SYNERGUS</emphasis>
|
||
VS.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE6C9198BCC7FD19" authority="CONFLICT" box="[413,698,740,763]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE6C9198BC38FD19" box="[413,581,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">SAPHONECRUS</emphasis>
|
||
CONFLICT
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C619FF9FFF529070BFC2FB91" blockId="10.[163,779,780,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF529070BF67FCC0" box="[163,282,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
a n d
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE969070BC73FCC0" box="[359,526,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
h av e a l way s been considered to be related genera, but their morphological boundaries have never been clearly defined and thus the continuous description of new species with morphological characteristics between these two genera (especially in the New World) are making it more and more difficult to separate them. This has led to some authors transferring species from one genus to the other [e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE94977DBC29FBF4" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[357,596,1025,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE94977DBC29FBF4" box="[357,596,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD89977DBD76FBF4" box="[632,779,1025,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD89977DBD76FBF4" box="[632,779,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B38C619FF9FFF37975CBF2EFBD4" author="Weld LH" box="[198,339,1056,1078]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" pagination="315 - 342" refId="ref14999" refString="Weld LH. 1952. New American cynipid wasps from galls. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 102: 315 - 342." type="journal article" year="1952">Weld (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which was then transferred back to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF529743BF72FBB6" box="[163,271,1087,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF529743BF72FBB6" box="[163,271,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Lobato-Vila
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE3C9743BC75FBB1" box="[461,520,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)] or to describe dubiously placed species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C619FF9FFF4A9700BCD3FA44" blockId="10.[163,779,780,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
Our molecular data show that: (1) the existence of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFEEE97E6BFC8FB4D" box="[287,437,1178,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFEEE97E6BFC8FB4D" box="[287,437,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is questionable because it is paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFE1497C5BC23FB2C" box="[485,606,1209,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFE1497C5BC23FB2C" box="[485,606,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synophrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above); (2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF5297A4BF70FB0F" box="[163,269,1240,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF5297A4BF70FB0F" box="[163,269,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFEB697A4BC4EFB0C" box="[327,563,1240,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFEB697A4BFA7FB0F" box="[327,474,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
never fall into the same clade (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130A2A4CC619FF9FFEA2978ABFEDFAEE" box="[339,400,1270,1292]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[163,242,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[452,1146,203,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[447,1157,195,1654]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of Synergini. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from the analysis of combined data of partial sequences of COI, Cytb, 28S D2 and 28S D3. Bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values are depicted next to respective nodes, indicating BS in ML method and PPs in Bayesian inference (BI) method (BS/PP). When a clade position is not congruent or clades are recovered in a polytomy in the BI tree, PPs values are presented as ‘--’. Host-plant associations and distribution are shown next to species names by abbreviations and coloured dots.Type species are pointed out with ‘*’ and highlighted in bold. A, Rhoophilus loewi [Simon van Noort (Iziko Museums of South Africa), CC0]; B, Synergus magnificus [Matthew Buffington (USNM), sent to IL-V]; C, Synergus pseudofilicornis (IL-V); D, Saphonecrus connatus [Arnstein" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6992965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6992965/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD85978BBCA7FAEE" box="[628,730,1271,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD85978BBCA7FAEE" box="[628,730,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF529669BF4CFAC8" box="[163,305,1301,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF529669BF4CFAC8" box="[163,305,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have always been clearly separated, despite the fact that they will eventually be split into different taxa (genera). Therefore, the possibility that some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF52960DBF70FA64" box="[163,269,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF52960DBF70FA64" box="[163,269,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the New World belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD89960DBD76FA64" box="[632,779,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD89960DBD76FA64" box="[632,779,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be totally ruled out in light of these results.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36C9C619FF9FFF4A96D2BF13F93A" blockId="10.[163,779,780,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">
|
||
The current challenge is to define the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD8196D3BCA4FA26" box="[624,729,1455,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD8196D3BCA4FA26" box="[624,729,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF5296B1BF4BFA00" box="[163,310,1485,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF5296B1BF4BFA00" box="[163,310,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades and subclades morphologically in order to set the boundaries between them. The external morphological characteristics most commonly used to describe species within these genera have a high degree of evolutionary convergence and have proved insufficient. Therefore, combined analyses should be conducted on finer morphological differences between the molecularly supported groups within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFD6D95D8BD77F95B" box="[668,778,1700,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFD6D95D8BD77F95B" box="[668,778,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Synergus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D4AC619FF9FFF2595BEBF1BF935" box="[212,358,1730,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EADBC619FF9FFF2595BEBF1BF935" box="[212,358,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |