613 lines
82 KiB
XML
613 lines
82 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="93FA73832817E5EA8DB31DB5E831E82C">New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CACE42AA5DFF188AC4A90D0F162A3EEB">Samaai, Toufiek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1F3908A22E9D5C44E119AC7C972F16F7">Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa. & bngwakum @ yahoo. com; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5216 - 6497</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="AB3C54F31265362395FD35D77F0298B2">Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Oceans and Coasts Research, Private Bag X 4390, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa. & tsamaai @ environment. gov. za; Toufiek. samaai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7269 - 293 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="5E072C8D700E6AAEF2D1426CAC5C1D50">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X 3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. & tsamaai @ environment. gov. za; Toufiek. samaai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7269 - 293 X & Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Fisheries Research and Development, Private Bag X 2, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa. & Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="59DF1EFBD510FE85825EE371AD756096">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X 3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. & tsamaai @ environment. gov. za; Toufiek. samaai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7269 - 293 X & Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries: Fisheries Research and Development, Private Bag X 2, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CD20BAEDFCD20C9CC5486FCE9E6F4F98">Gibbons, Mark J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="03C8B8749A0F0B794A1029A603ACEF04">Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa. & tsamaai @ environment. gov. za; Toufiek. samaai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7269 - 293 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="0D0FCEBE05D66499BD76C972A553B7BF">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0A5787DEA978FFC2FF5C6A80FDAD9210" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391108" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176340981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4391108" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A5787DEA978FFC2FF5C6A80FDAD9210" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A5787DEA978FFC2FF5C6A80FDAD9210" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFF256A80FD0094C1" ID-CoL="84VH6" authority="Samaai and Kelly, 2002" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[238,692,942,969]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF256A80FE3294C0" bold="true" box="[238,390,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A978FFCFFE456A80FD0094C1" author="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M." box="[398,692,942,969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" pagination="1922" refId="ref26774" refString="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78" type="book chapter" year="2002">Samaai and Kelly, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="824136C8A978FFCFFF5C6ADDFC1B9302" blockId="5.[151,943,1011,1036]" box="[151,943,1011,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
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<typeStatus id="5D45886AA978FFCFFF5C6ADDFF789302" box="[151,204,1011,1035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFEE16ADDFD6A9302" ID-CoL="86XCX" authority="Samaai and Kelly, 2002" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[298,734,1011,1035]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus">
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<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFEE16ADDFE579302" box="[298,483,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma favus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pg. 718, fig. 6A–G.
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<subSubSection id="CAE46543A978FFCFFF5C6D1CFBDA92D0" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF5C6D1CFEA69345" bold="true" box="[151,274,1074,1100]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Hemispherical, pedunculate, or encrusting
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<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFCC06D1DFC1A9344" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[779,942,1075,1101]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a smooth surface, sometimes folded, covered with large cylindrical or volcano-shaped oscules and raised fungiform areolate porefields. Colour in life is brown, dark liver brown, green, dark turquoise or pinkish. Texture is either extraordinarily tough and leathery or soft and compressible. Megascleres are anisostyles, thickest centrally, often slightly irregular and wavy; microscleres are isochiadiscorhabds, with typically three substructures being cylindrical-conical tubercles. A choanosome permeated with rigid honeycomb-like chambers visible to the unaided eye, surrounding a much softer interior with wispy tracts, or a single purse-like (sac-like) chamber with softer interior. Microscleres are present in an irregular palisade on the surface ectosome and lining the internal tracts. Ectosomal skeleton consists of tangential layer of anisostyles. The morphology of the cylindrical-conical tubercles is diverse. Chemistry includes pyrroloquinoline alkaloids (tsitsikammamines), and the discorhabdin derivatives 14-Bromo-3-dihydrodiscorhabdin C and 14-Bromodiscorhabdin C. The genus is endemic to the Agulhas ecoregion of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FAE97658A978FFCFFCD36CB5FC1392BC" box="[792,935,1435,1461]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and restricted to cold upwelling areas on the south and southeast coasts (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A978FFCFFDB36C91FC3692D0" author="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M." box="[632,898,1471,1497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" pagination="1922" refId="ref26774" refString="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78" type="book chapter" year="2002">Samaai and Kelly 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A978FFCFFC466C91FBD692D0" author="Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. & Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M." box="[909,1122,1471,1497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref26875" refString="Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Samaai
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFC2D6C91FBA392D0" box="[998,1047,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CAE46543A978FFC2FF0C6CCDFDAD9210" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A978FFCFFF0C6CCDFE9E9048" blockId="5.[151,1437,1074,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF0C6CCDFE8F92F4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1507,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Parker-Nance
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFE296CCDFDAF92F4" box="[482,539,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019) proposed two morphological groups, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFBE86CCDFBEA92F4" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[1059,1118,1507,1533]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFBE86CCDFBEA92F4" box="[1059,1118,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">favus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFB666CCDFA8392F4" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[1197,1335,1507,1533]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFB666CCDFA8392F4" box="[1197,1335,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFF2B6F29FEDF9128" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[224,363,1543,1569]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF2B6F29FEDF9128" box="[224,363,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on growth form and analysis of 28S rRNA sequences. We hereby propose the establishment of two new subgenera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFE156F05FCBA914C" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Tsitsikamma" box="[478,782,1579,1605]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFE156F05FDDD914C" box="[478,617,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFDB16F05FCB1914C" box="[634,773,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFCDD6F05FC1E914C" bold="true" box="[790,938,1579,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A978FFCFFCDD6F05FC1E914C" box="[790,938,1579,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A978FFCFFC796F05FB04914C" author="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M." box="[946,1200,1579,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" pagination="1922" refId="ref26774" refString="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78" type="book chapter" year="2002">Samaai & Kelly, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFB276F05FB48914D" box="[1260,1276,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFAD86F05FA27914C" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[1299,1427,1579,1605]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFAD86F05FA27914C" box="[1299,1427,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Clavicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF5C6F61FE989160" bold="true" box="[151,300,1615,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">subgen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5D45886AA978FFCFFE456F61FE0A9160" box="[398,446,1615,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFDEB6F61FDC39160" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[544,631,1615,1641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFDEB6F61FDC39160" box="[544,631,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T. favus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFD7B6F61FCE39160" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[688,855,1615,1641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFD7B6F61FCE39160" box="[688,855,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T. pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, based on the two very different morphologies displayed by these two species. Species in the nominotypical subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFBE76F5DFB039184" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[1068,1207,1651,1677]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFBE76F5DFB039184" box="[1068,1207,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, containing the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5D45886AA978FFCFFAA76F5DFA289184" box="[1388,1436,1651,1677]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFF396FB9FEFA91B8" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[242,334,1687,1713]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF396FB9FEB691B9" box="[242,258,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFED86FB9FEFA91B8" box="[275,334,1687,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">favus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have a thick encrusting to hemispherical growth form, a rigid honeycombed internal structure composed of dense spicule tracts supporting the choanosome, and large, thick microscleres with three (or four) whorls. Species in the new subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFDFE6FF1FD0191F0" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[565,693,1759,1785]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFDFE6FF1FD0191F0" box="[565,693,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Clavicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFD316FF1FC1491F0" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[762,928,1759,1785]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFD316FF1FCBE91F1" box="[762,778,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFCDD6FF1FC1491F0" box="[790,928,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5D45886AA978FFCFFC0E6FF1FC4C91F0" box="[965,1016,1759,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, have a purse or sac-like morphology, with a short thick stalk, a choanosome made up of a single chamber and with small, stout microscleres with two or three whorls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A978FFCFFF0C6E65FAC090FC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1074,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
|
||
A multivariate analysis of spicule measurements (anisostyle length, discorhabd length, shaft and whorl length), was used to analyse the relative contribution of each morphometric variable in the distinction of the proposed new species and subgenera. Despite the obvious species-level differences in gross morphology, the use of morphometric variation, as an estimator of species distinction, was not able to separate the proposed new species, but separated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFA4D6E99FF6190FC" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFA4D6E99FA2290D9" box="[1414,1430,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF5C6EF5FF6190FC" box="[151,213,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">favus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFF1E6EF5FE3290FC" box="[213,390,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFF2B6EF5FE3290FC" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[224,390,2011,2037]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pedunculata">T. pedunculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA978FFCFFE766EF5FBEE90FC" authority="Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman, 2003" authorityName="Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman" authorityYear="2003" box="[445,1114,2011,2037]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA978FFCFFE766EF5FD9590FD" box="[445,545,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">T. scurra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A978FFCFFDE36EF5FBEE90FC" author="Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. & Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M." box="[552,1114,2011,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="414" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref26875" refString="Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1" type="journal article" year="2003">Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from each other (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA978FFCFFAEA6EF5FAD390FC" box="[1313,1383,2011,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,983,1007]" captionTargetBox="[357,1230,525,959]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[356,1230,525,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Two-dimensional ordination plot for the two-morphometric parameters based on the raw data from the present study. The ellipses drawn represent distribution spaces for each species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390693/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="414">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97BFFCCFF0C69B9FCD296FF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,502]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
Similarly, DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFBEC69B9FB0697B8" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[1063,1202,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBEC69B9FB0697B8" box="[1063,1202,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, failed to clearly differentiate between specimens, despite clear morphological differences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97BFFCCFBFD6995FB3597DC" box="[1078,1153,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-211@6.[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Microsclere morphology in Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) and T. (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) species (not to scale): A. T. (T.) favus Samaai & Kelly, 2002; B. T. (T.) scurra Samaai & Kelly 2003; C. T. (T.) amatholensis sp. nov.; D. T. (T.) nguni Parker-Nance, 2019; E. T. (Clavicaulis) pedunculata Samaai & Kelly, 2003; F. T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov.; G. T. (C.) michaeli Parker-Nance, 2019; H. T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390695/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97BFFCCFB456995FB2A97DC" box="[1166,1182,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[433,1155,346,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-100@7.[420,1167,345,1732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogram constructed from COI sequences showing family Latrunculiidae, as represented by Tsitsikamma, Latrunculia, Cyclacanthia and Sceptrella specimens, as monophyletic and resolved as separate to Tsitsikamma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390699/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97BFFCCFB676995FB0897DC" box="[1196,1212,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,992,1016]" captionTargetBox="[389,1198,386,962]" captionTargetId="figure-123@8.[385,1201,381,969]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Phylogram constructed from ITS sequences for Tsitsikamma specimens showing integrity of the two subgenera, Tsitsikamma and Clavicaulis subgen. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390701/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), a finding also obtained by Parker-Nance
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE6D69F1FE6C97F0" box="[422,472,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019) based on COI and 28S rRNA gene sequences. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFBB969F1FB4997F0" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[1138,1277,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBB969F1FB4997F0" box="[1138,1277,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens all had the same COI haplotype, which clustered among previously published sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFB48682DFABA9614" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[1155,1294,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFB48682DFABA9614" box="[1155,1294,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97BFFCCFAD5682DFAD09617" box="[1310,1380,259,286]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[433,1155,346,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-100@7.[420,1167,345,1732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogram constructed from COI sequences showing family Latrunculiidae, as represented by Tsitsikamma, Latrunculia, Cyclacanthia and Sceptrella specimens, as monophyletic and resolved as separate to Tsitsikamma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390699/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). All specimens were grouped together into one cluster irrespective of whether they were stalked, oval, semispherical, rigid/soft, sac-/purse- or honeycomb-like or possessed two or three whorls of isochiadiscorhabd microscleres. No intra-specimen variation was found for the COI partition for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFCB26841FBB09680" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[889,1028,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFCB26841FBB09680" box="[889,1028,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, with the notable exception of one specimen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFE5968BDFDA996A4" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[402,541,403,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE5968BDFDA996A4" box="[402,541,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
SAMC-A091440. This is rather surprising because COI sequences are considered variable and quite informative for population genetics and phylogeographic studies of demosponges (LópezLegentil
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF3068F5FE9996FC" box="[251,301,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFE4A68F5FDCF96FC" author="Reveillaud, J. & Van Soest, R. & Derycke, S. & Picton, B. & Rigaux, A. & Vanreusel, A." box="[385,635,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="16533" refId="ref26628" refString="Reveillaud, J., Van Soest, R., Derycke, S., Picton, B., Rigaux, A. & Vanreusel, A. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships among NE Atlantic Plocamionida Topsent (1927) (Porifera, Poecilosclerida): under-estimated diversity in reef ecosystems. PLOS, One, 6 (2), e 16533. [PMID: 21347368] https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016533" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Reveillaud
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDC968F5FD8796FC" box="[514,563,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFD4D68F5FCEE96FF" author="Carella, M. & Agell, G. & Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J." box="[646,858,475,502]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="0160718" refId="ref25149" refString="Carella, M., Agell, G., Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J. (2016) Phylogenetic reassessment of Antarctic Tetillidae (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among Morphologically Distinct Species. PLOS ONE, 11 (8), e 0160718. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0167011" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Carella
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD1568F5FCBB96FC" box="[734,783,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D6816640A97BFFCCFF5C6AF9FCDA931A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4390693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390693/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" startId="6.[151,250,983,1007]" targetBox="[357,1230,525,959]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97BFFCCFF5C6AF9FCDA931A" blockId="6.[151,1436,983,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF5C6AF9FEA194E6" bold="true" box="[151,277,983,1007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Two-dimensional ordination plot for the two-morphometric parameters based on the raw data from the present study. The ellipses drawn represent distribution spaces for each species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D6816640A97BFFCCFF5C6F5CFCFE91FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390695" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4390695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390695/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" startId="6.[151,250,1650,1674]" targetBox="[384,1203,1068,1627]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97BFFCCFF5C6F5CFCFE91FF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1650,1782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF5C6F5CFEA09183" bold="true" box="[151,276,1650,1674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Microsclere morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFDF66F5CFCE59183" authority="(Tsitsikamma)" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Tsitsikamma" box="[573,849,1650,1674]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDF66F5CFD0F9183" box="[573,699,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD006F5CFCFD9183" box="[715,841,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC4D6F5DFC209183" box="[902,916,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFC616F5CFBA99183" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[938,1053,1650,1674]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC616F5CFBA99183" box="[938,1053,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Clavicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBED6F5CFB189183" bold="true" box="[1062,1196,1650,1674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A97BFFCCFBED6F5CFB189183" box="[1062,1196,1650,1674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) species (not to scale): A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFF7D6FB9FDAC91A7" authority="Samaai & Kelly, 2002" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[182,536,1686,1710]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="favus" subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF7D6FB9FF7E91A7" box="[182,202,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF1C6FB9FF5F91A7" box="[215,235,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF336FB8FE9991A7" box="[248,301,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">favus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFEFF6FB8FDAC91A7" author="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M." box="[308,536,1686,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="1922" refId="ref26774" refString="Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78" type="book chapter" year="2002">Samaai & Kelly, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFD8B6FB9FC1E91A7" authority="Samaai & Kelly 2003" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[576,938,1686,1710]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scurra" subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD8B6FB9FDE791A7" box="[576,595,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDAA6FB9FDC091A7" box="[609,628,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD496FB9FD7091A7" box="[642,708,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">scurra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFD016FB8FC1E91A7" author="Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. & Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M." box="[714,938,1686,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref26875" refString="Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1" type="journal article" year="2003">Samaai & Kelly 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFC1A6FB9FB2D91A7" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[977,1177,1686,1710]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amatholensis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC1A6FB9FC5191A7" box="[977,997,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC396FB9FBB291A7" box="[1010,1030,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBD86FB8FB2D91A7" box="[1043,1177,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">amatholensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFB546FB8FB4491A7" bold="true" box="[1183,1264,1686,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A97BFFCCFB546FB8FB4491A7" box="[1183,1264,1686,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; D.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFAD76FB9FA9E91A7" box="[1308,1322,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFAFC6FB8FED291DB" authority="Parker-Nance, 2019" authorityName="Parker-Nance" authorityYear="2019" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nguni" subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFAF46FB9FAF991A7" box="[1343,1357,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFAA86FB9FA2991A7" box="[1379,1437,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">nguni</emphasis>
|
||
Parker-Nance, 2019
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; E.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFE456F95FC1591DB" authority="Samaai & Kelly, 2003" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly" authorityYear="2003" box="[398,929,1722,1746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pedunculata" subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE456F95FE2891DB" box="[398,412,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE796F94FD9191DB" box="[434,549,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Clavicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDFE6F94FD0691DB" box="[565,690,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFD726F94FC1591DB" author="Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. & Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M." box="[697,929,1722,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref26875" refString="Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1" type="journal article" year="2003">Samaai & Kelly, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; F.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC0E6F95FC6791DB" box="[965,979,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFC2A6F94FBE891DB" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[993,1116,1722,1746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="madiba" status="subgen. et sp. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFC226F95FC4E91DB" box="[1001,1018,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBDB6F94FBE891DB" box="[1040,1116,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">madiba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBAF6F94FA9E91DB" bold="true" box="[1124,1322,1722,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A97BFFCCFBAF6F94FA9E91DB" box="[1124,1322,1722,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" rank="species">subgen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; G.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFA936F95FAD291DB" box="[1368,1382,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFABF6F94FE7691FF" authority="Parker-Nance, 2019" authorityName="Parker-Nance" authorityYear="2019" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="michaeli" subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFAB66F95FA3A91DB" box="[1405,1422,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF5C6FF0FF5A91FF" box="[151,238,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">michaeli</emphasis>
|
||
Parker-Nance, 2019
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; H.
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE206FF1FE4D91FF" box="[491,505,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFDCD6FF0FD3491FF" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[518,640,1758,1782]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beukesi" status="subgen. et sp. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDC56FF1FDAB91FF" box="[526,543,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFDFF6FF0FD3491FF" box="[564,640,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">beukesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A97BFFCCFD4C6FF0FCFE91FF" box="[647,842,1758,1782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" rank="species">subgen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97BFFCDFF0C6E0AFBF89648" blockId="6.[151,1437,1828,2035]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,150,321]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">
|
||
The high genetic similarity raises the question of how far these sponges are phylogenetically separated. The genetic results could also imply that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFD966E66FD5C906B" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[605,744,1864,1890]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD966E66FD5C906B" box="[605,744,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sponges included here represent one single species. Notwithstanding the above, strictly identical COI sequences have been reported for other sponges, e.g. Antarctic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFF5C6EBEFE3C90A2" authority="Carter, 1872" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,392,1936,1963]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFF5C6EBEFF4290A3" box="[151,246,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFF366EBFFE3C90A2" author="Carter, H. J." box="[253,392,1937,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="409 - 435" refId="ref25219" refString="Carter, H. J. (1872) On two new sponges from the Antarctic Sea, and on a new species of Tethya from Shetland; together with observations on the reproduction of sponges commencing from zygosis of the sponge animal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 9 (54), 409 - 435, pls. XX-XXII. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937208696612" type="journal article" year="1872">Carter, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFE5C6EBEFD1690A3" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[407,674,1936,1962]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Cinachyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFE5C6EBEFDB990A3" box="[407,525,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Cinachyra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFDDF6EBEFD1690A3" author="Sollas, W. J." box="[532,674,1936,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="177 - 199" refId="ref27596" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series, 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97BFFCCFD656EBEFAB390A3" authority="Carella, Agell, Cardenas & Uriz, 2016" authorityName="Carella, Agell, Cardenas & Uriz" authorityYear="2016" box="[686,1287,1936,1963]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Antarctotetilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFD656EBEFCE490A3" box="[686,848,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">Antarctotetilla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFC9C6EBEFAB390A3" author="Carella, M. & Agell, G. & Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J." box="[855,1287,1936,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="0160718" refId="ref25149" refString="Carella, M., Agell, G., Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J. (2016) Phylogenetic reassessment of Antarctic Tetillidae (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among Morphologically Distinct Species. PLOS ONE, 11 (8), e 0160718. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0167011" type="journal article" year="2016">Carella, Agell, Cárdenas & Uriz, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Siberian freshwater sponges. These studies showed that the mitochondrial COI M1-M6 partition failed to separate species within these cold-water genera, despite clear morphological differences (Schr̂der
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFBF06EF7FBD990FB" box="[1083,1133,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97BFFCCFB086EF6FA2C90FB" author="Carella, M. & Agell, G. & Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J." box="[1219,1432,2008,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="415" pagination="0160718" refId="ref25149" refString="Carella, M., Agell, G., Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J. (2016) Phylogenetic reassessment of Antarctic Tetillidae (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among Morphologically Distinct Species. PLOS ONE, 11 (8), e 0160718. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0167011" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Carella
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97BFFCCFAD76EF7FAFA90FB" box="[1308,1358,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="415">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Vargas
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFF2069B9FEA997B8" box="[235,285,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97AFFCDFEB769B9FDEF97B8" author="Vargas, S. & Kelly, M. & Schnabel, K. & Mills, S. & Bowden, D." box="[380,603,150,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" pagination="0127573" refId="ref28101" refString="Vargas, S., Kelly, M., Schnabel, K., Mills, S., Bowden, D. & W ˆ rheide, G. (2015) Diversity in a Cold Hot-Spot: DNA-Barcoding Reveals Patterns of Evolution among Antarctic Demosponges (Class Demospongiae, Phylum Porifera). PLoS ONE, 10 (6), e 0127573. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133096" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Vargas
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFE1B69B9FDB697B8" box="[464,514,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also observed instances where DNA barcoding (COI) could not correctly assign a specimen to its species because multiple species share identical or near identical barcodes (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFAE76995FF0197F0" authorityName="du Bocage" authorityYear="1869" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFAE76995FF0197F0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Latrunculia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFF0869F1FE5A97F0" authority="Vosmaer, 1885" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" box="[195,494,222,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Artemisina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFF0869F1FE8A97F0" box="[195,318,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Artemisina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97AFFCDFE8F69F1FE5A97F0" author="Vosmaer, G. C. J." box="[324,494,222,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref28267" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The Sponges of the ' Willem Barents' Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12 (3), 1 - 47, pls. I-V. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 01201001" type="journal article" year="1885">Vosmaer, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFE3269F1FCE497F0" authority="Burton, 1929" authorityName="Burton" authorityYear="1929" box="[505,848,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acanthorhabdus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFE3269F1FD0697F0" box="[505,690,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Acanthorhabdus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A97AFFCDFD7269F1FCE497F0" author="Burton, M." box="[697,848,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" pagination="393 - 458" refId="ref25003" refString="Burton, M. (1929). Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, Zoology, 6 (4), 393 - 458, pls. I-V." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFC9069F1FB8697F3" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[859,1074,223,250]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFC9069F1FC1E97F0" box="[859,938,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Iophon</emphasis>
|
||
Gray, 1867
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In this study, as in the case for
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFF5C682DFE339614" box="[151,391,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFF5C682DFEAA9614" authorityName="du Bocage" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,286,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Latrunculia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFEE3682DFE339614" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1872" box="[296,391,259,285]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Rossella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFE77682DFD179614" box="[444,675,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFE77682DFDBA9614" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[444,526,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Iophon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFDD3682DFD179614" authorityName="Samaai and Kelly" authorityYear="2002" box="[536,675,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Tsitsikamma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a cold-water genus and share identical barcode sequences, despite clear morphological differences (habit, isochiadiscorhabd morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97AFFCDFC716809FC4A9648" box="[954,1022,294,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-211@6.[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Microsclere morphology in Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) and T. (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) species (not to scale): A. T. (T.) favus Samaai & Kelly, 2002; B. T. (T.) scurra Samaai & Kelly 2003; C. T. (T.) amatholensis sp. nov.; D. T. (T.) nguni Parker-Nance, 2019; E. T. (Clavicaulis) pedunculata Samaai & Kelly, 2003; F. T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov.; G. T. (C.) michaeli Parker-Nance, 2019; H. T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390695/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), etc.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D6816640A97AFFCDFF5C6FF5FB55901E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4390699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390699/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" startId="7.[151,250,1755,1779]" targetBox="[433,1155,346,1726]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97AFFCDFF5C6FF5FB55901E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1755,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFF5C6FF5FEA091FA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1755,1779]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogram constructed from COI sequences showing family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFC5A6FF5FB9391FA" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[913,1063,1755,1779]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFB266FF5FF53901E" authority=", Latrunculi" authorityName="Latrunculi" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFB266FF5FADF91FA" box="[1261,1387,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFAB26FF2FF53901E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Latrunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFF346FD1FE32901E" authorityName="Samaai, & Kelly" authorityYear="2004" box="[255,390,1791,1815]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Cyclacanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFF346FD1FE32901E" box="[255,390,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Cyclacanthia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFE736FD1FDAA901E" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[440,542,1791,1815]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Sceptrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFE736FD1FDAA901E" box="[440,542,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Sceptrella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, as monophyletic and resolved as separate to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFB966FD1FB6F901E" box="[1117,1243,1791,1815]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFB966FD1FB6F901E" box="[1117,1243,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A97AFFC2FF0C6E6BFAF0966C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1861,2032]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
|
||
The ITS sequences for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFE016E6BFDE19056" box="[458,597,1861,1887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA97AFFCDFE016E6BFDE19056" box="[458,597,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97AFFCDFDAF6E6BFD139069" box="[612,679,1861,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,992,1016]" captionTargetBox="[389,1198,386,962]" captionTargetId="figure-123@8.[385,1201,381,969]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Phylogram constructed from ITS sequences for Tsitsikamma specimens showing integrity of the two subgenera, Tsitsikamma and Clavicaulis subgen. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390701/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) were also uninformative and did not discriminate between the proposed morphological species (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="CF7C0373A97AFFCDFDD06E47FDC4908D" box="[539,624,1897,1924]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,239,466,492]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of South African Tsitsikamma species." pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA97AFFCDFDB46E47FD77908D" box="[639,707,1897,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-211@6.[384,1203,1068,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Microsclere morphology in Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) and T. (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) species (not to scale): A. T. (T.) favus Samaai & Kelly, 2002; B. T. (T.) scurra Samaai & Kelly 2003; C. T. (T.) amatholensis sp. nov.; D. T. (T.) nguni Parker-Nance, 2019; E. T. (Clavicaulis) pedunculata Samaai & Kelly, 2003; F. T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov.; G. T. (C.) michaeli Parker-Nance, 2019; H. T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390695/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). This was expected because of the slow evolving nature of this partition. The ITS tree recovered was different to the COI tree. The findings highlight the limitations of the morphometric measurements and gene sequences for distinguishing between specimens and the importance of rigorous morphological examinations of specimens within the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA97AFFCDFCF56EFBFC5190E6" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[830,997,2005,2031]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The results may also indicate contrast-ing evolutionary rates between sponges in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FD2269B9FC3897B8" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[745,908,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FB9F69B9FB4897B8" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1885" box="[1108,1276,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Demospongiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A975FFC2FA9769B9FEA297DF" author="Heim, I. & Nickel, M. & Brummer, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="417" pagination="286" refId="ref25578" refString="Heim, I., Nickel, M. & Brummer, F. (2006) Cytochrome oxidase subunit I-Opportunities and limits for molecular species discrimination. In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, innovation, sustainability: book of 66 abstracts / 7 th International Sponge Symposium. Armac " o de Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 286." type="book chapter" year="2006">
|
||
Heim
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF5C6995FF7E97DC" box="[151,202,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As for Antarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FE2C6995FD5197DC" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[487,741,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
|
||
Tetillidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A975FFC2FD926995FD5197DC" author="Sollas, W. J." box="[601,741,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" pagination="177 - 199" refId="ref27596" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series, 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E66F4B39A975FFC2FD3E6995FC7A97DF" author="Carella, M. & Agell, G. & Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J." box="[757,974,187,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" pagination="0160718" refId="ref25149" refString="Carella, M., Agell, G., Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J. (2016) Phylogenetic reassessment of Antarctic Tetillidae (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among Morphologically Distinct Species. PLOS ONE, 11 (8), e 0160718. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0167011" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Carella
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FC9B6995FC3797DC" box="[848,899,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), our results suggest either a particularly slow genetic evolutionary rate of the COI and ITS markers or a recent radiation with phenotypic characters evolving faster than the genetic markers studied. Until more data become available (e.g., further studies on cold-water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FA85682DFF4F9648" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Demospongiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
families/genera vs. temperate/tropical families/genera) we prefer to maintain the proposed new species as separate due to the clear differences in morphology and isochiadiscorhabd structure, habit and distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D6816640A975FFC2FF5C6ACEFDF19314" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4390701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390701/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" startId="8.[151,250,992,1016]" targetBox="[389,1198,386,962]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A975FFC2FF5C6ACEFDF19314" blockId="8.[151,1437,992,1053]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF5C6ACEFEA094F0" bold="true" box="[151,276,992,1017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogram constructed from ITS sequences for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FCC06ACFFC3D94F0" box="[779,905,993,1017]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FCC06ACFFC3D94F0" box="[779,905,993,1017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens showing integrity of the two subgenera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FF5C6D2BFEA19314" box="[151,277,1029,1053]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF5C6D2BFEA19314" box="[151,277,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FE8D6D2BFE0D9314" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[326,441,1029,1053]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FE8D6D2BFE0D9314" box="[326,441,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Clavicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A975FFC2FE0B6D2BFDF19314" box="[448,581,1029,1053]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A975FFC2FF0C6D65FD3A93A4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1099,1305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
The COI partition was informative enough to confirm the monophyly of family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FBAB6D65FAB7936C" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[1120,1283,1099,1125]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the relationships between the various genera in the family (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1AC52A4DA975FFC2FD286D41FC9C9383" box="[739,808,1135,1162]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[433,1155,346,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-100@7.[420,1167,345,1732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogram constructed from COI sequences showing family Latrunculiidae, as represented by Tsitsikamma, Latrunculia, Cyclacanthia and Sceptrella specimens, as monophyletic and resolved as separate to Tsitsikamma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4390699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4390699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our results concur with Parker-Nance
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FB386D5EFA919380" box="[1267,1317,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019) in supporting the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FE2F6DBDFD3393A4" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1922" box="[484,647,1171,1197]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Latrunculiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="824136C8A975FFC2FF0C6D99FDAD9210" blockId="8.[151,1437,1099,1305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
Based on morphological comparisons (habit, isochiadiscorhabd morphology, etc.) we describe three new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FF2D6DF5FEC593FC" box="[230,369,1243,1269]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF2D6DF5FEC593FC" box="[230,369,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Tsitsikamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the two new subgenera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FD1B6DF2FC1993FC" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[720,941,1243,1269]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="415" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amatholensis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Tsitsikamma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FD1B6DF2FD5193FC" box="[720,741,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">T.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FD3F6DF2FCB093FC" box="[756,772,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">T</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FCD26DF5FC1993FC" box="[793,941,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">amatholensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FC786DF5FBBF93FC" bold="true" box="[947,1035,1243,1269]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A975FFC2FC786DF5FBBF93FC" box="[947,1035,1243,1269]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FBD26DF2FB9A93FC" box="[1049,1070,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">T.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FBF86DF5FB0E93FC" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[1075,1210,1243,1269]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="madiba" status="subgen. et sp. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FBF66DF5FBE493FC" box="[1085,1104,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FBAD6DF5FB0E93FC" box="[1126,1210,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">madiba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FB746DF5FA2193FC" bold="true" box="[1215,1429,1243,1269]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A975FFC2FB746DF5FA2193FC" box="[1215,1429,1243,1269]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" rank="species">subgen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF5C6C2EFF189210" box="[151,172,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">T.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FE4D4BA975FFC2FF786DD1FE8E9210" authority="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons, 2020" authorityName="Samaai & Kelly & Ngwakum & Payne & Teske & Janson & Kerwath & Parker & Gibbons" authorityYear="2020" box="[179,314,1279,1305]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Tsitsikamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beukesi" status="subgen. et sp. nov." subGenus="Clavicaulis">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF776DD1FF7B9210" box="[188,207,1279,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FF2D6DD1FE8E9210" box="[230,314,1279,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">beukesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B08AEADAA975FFC2FE8A6DD1FDAD9210" bold="true" box="[321,537,1279,1305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABB957A1A975FFC2FE8A6DD1FDAD9210" box="[321,537,1279,1305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" rank="species">subgen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |