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<mods:title id="DE1DCFFEE75701D0EBE4A56F0310678F">Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="065B8E6E60A5F48B479F72146126B7ED">Horak, Egon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98310ED89A0E6BD5438F251C25518226">Baroni, Timothy J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6BF66996A044703E48F40F5BDAAA6A86">Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY College at Cortland, PO Box 2000, Cortland, NY 13045, USA &amp; Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13630285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13630285" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<subSubSection id="9C90653FFFC7FFE1FF44F954FC49F887" box="[136,978,1791,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC7FFE1FF44F954FC49F887" blockId="6.[136,978,1791,1816]" box="[136,978,1791,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<heading id="8F7D81D8FFC7FFE1FF44F954FC49F887" box="[136,978,1791,1816]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" reason="3">
<treatmentCitation id="552B10A5FFC7FFE1FF44F954FC1BF887" author="E. Horak" box="[136,896,1791,1816]" journal="Sydowia" page="102" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" score="1.97023359760351E-6" volume="39" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC7FFE1FF44F954FD44F887" ID-CoL="55RYL" authority="(Metrod) E. Horak, Sydowia" box="[136,735,1791,1816]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Tetrapyrgos" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="atrocyanea">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC7FFE1FF44F954FE0CF887" bold="true" box="[136,407,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Tetrapyrgos atrocyanea</emphasis>
(Métrod) E. Horak, Sydowia
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39: 102. 1987
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[1986]
</heading>
</paragraph>
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Basionym:
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC7FFE1FEC4F888FC16F8A3" ID-CoL="4Q3CV" authority="Metrod, Prodr. Fl. Mycol. Madag." box="[264,909,1827,1852]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Pterospora" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="atrocyanea">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC7FFE1FEC4F888FD92F8A3" box="[264,521,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Pterospora atrocyanea</emphasis>
Métrod, Prodr. Fl. Mycol. Madag.
</taxonomicName>
3: 140. 1949.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC7FFE1FF44F8CCFC69F8E3" blockId="6.[136,1010,1895,1916]" box="[136,1010,1895,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<materialsCitation id="64E23CE9FFC7FFE1FF44F8CCFC69F8E3" box="[136,1010,1895,1916]" collectingDate="1934-12-16" collectionCode="R" country="Madagascar" location="Tananarive" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC7FFE1FF44F8CCFF79F8E3" box="[136,226,1895,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:—
<collectingCountry id="AC9D7624FFC7FFE1FF32F8CCFE35F8E3" box="[254,430,1895,1916]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
.
<location id="D155606FFFC7FFE1FE7AF8CCFDB8F8E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E:D155606FFFC7FFE1FE7AF8CCFDB8F8E3" box="[438,547,1895,1916]" country="Madagascar" name="Tananarive" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Tananarive</location>
,
<date id="A0341074FFC7FFE1FDE1F8CCFD7EF8E3" box="[557,741,1895,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" value="1934-12-16">
<collectingDate id="B070E99CFFC7FFE1FDE1F8CCFD7EF8E3" box="[557,741,1895,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" value="1934-12-16">16 December 1934</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC7FFE1FCD4F8CCFC2BF8E3" box="[792,944,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<collectionCode id="B29BAE71FFC7FFE1FCD4F8CCFCB2F8E3" box="[792,809,1895,1916]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">R</collectionCode>
. Decary 1642
</emphasis>
(PC!).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC7FFE1FF44F80DFB07F820" blockId="6.[136,1452,1958,2091]" box="[136,1180,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Description is adapted from protologue (
<bibRefCitation id="B01B4B45FFC7FFE1FD83F80DFD78F820" author="Metrod, G." box="[591,739,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref23113" refString="Metrod, G. (1949) Les Mycenes de Madagascar. Prodrome a une flore mycologique de Madagascar 3: 1 - 146." type="journal article" year="1949">Métrod 1949</bibRefCitation>
) and from
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC7FFE1FC93F80DFC14F820" box="[863,911,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">type</typeStatus>
study by
<bibRefCitation id="B01B4B45FFC7FFE1FC31F80DFB03F820" author="Horak, E." box="[1021,1176,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 741" refId="ref22614" refString="Horak, E. (1968) Synopsis generum Agaricalium. Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 13: 1 - 741." type="journal article" year="1968">Horak (1968)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC7FFE1FF71F861FB45F7B4" blockId="6.[136,1452,1958,2091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Pileus
<quantity id="13729B51FFC7FFE1FEC1F861FEC4F87C" box="[269,351,1994,2019]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
diam., convex, striate; disc bluish black; margin bluish violet; context thin, tough, gelatinous. Lamellae arcuate-decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, white; edges obtuse, flocculose. Stipe 3035 ×
<quantity id="13729B51FFC7FFE1FAE3F845FA3CF798" box="[1327,1447,2030,2055]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">11.5 mm</quantity>
, hollow, pruinose, curved and thickened at the base; apex white; base bluish violet to greyish violet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC6FFE0FF71FF0BFCF3FED6" blockId="7.[136,1452,160,689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Basidiospores 78 × 2.53.5 μm, ovoid with two lateral wings 22.5 μm long (
<bibRefCitation id="B01B4B45FFC6FFE0FBFFFF0BFB50FF26" author="Metrod, G." box="[1075,1227,160,185]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref23113" refString="Metrod, G. (1949) Les Mycenes de Madagascar. Prodrome a une flore mycologique de Madagascar 3: 1 - 146." type="journal article" year="1949">Métrod 1949</bibRefCitation>
), 79 μm broad and long, tetrahedral (
<bibRefCitation id="B01B4B45FFC6FFE0FE99FF6FFE78FF42" author="Horak, E." box="[341,483,196,221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 741" refId="ref22614" refString="Horak, E. (1968) Synopsis generum Agaricalium. Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 13: 1 - 741." type="journal article" year="1968">Horak 1968</bibRefCitation>
), hyaline. Basidia 3040 × 67 μm, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 4555 × 3.55 μm, cylindrical, apex cylindrical or slightly swollen, irregularly diverticulate, hyaline. Pileipellis and stipitipellis of versiform cells, diverticulate, ramose, hyaline. Pileus and lamellar tramal hyphae 1.5 μm diam, thin-walled, gelatinous. Subhymenium tightly packed, non-gelatinous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC6FFE0FF71FEFFFC10FEF2" blockId="7.[136,1452,160,689]" box="[189,907,340,365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Habitat and known distribution: On soil in pasture.
<collectingCountry id="AC9D7624FFC6FFE0FD32FEFFFC1CFEF2" box="[766,903,340,365]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC6FFE0FF71FED3FD94FE0E" blockId="7.[136,1452,160,689]" box="[189,527,376,401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Material examined:
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC6FFE0FE53FED3FD90FE0E" box="[415,523,376,401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43536B4FFC6FFE0FF71FE37FC98FD2E" blockId="7.[136,1452,160,689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Commentary: This species is known from the
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC6FFE0FD7EFE37FC8FFE2A" box="[690,788,412,437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen that is stored in alcohol (Herb. PC), and represents the type species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC6FFE0FE07FE6BFDCBFE46" box="[459,592,448,473]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Tetrapyrgos" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC6FFE0FE07FE6BFDCBFE46" box="[459,592,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Tetrapyrgos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="B01B4B45FFC6FFE0FD91FE6BFD6FFE46" author="Horak, E." box="[605,756,448,473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 741" refId="ref22614" refString="Horak, E. (1968) Synopsis generum Agaricalium. Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 13: 1 - 741." type="journal article" year="1968">Horak (1968)</bibRefCitation>
has studied the
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC6FFE0FC69FE6BFB9CFE46" box="[933,1031,448,473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and published an analysis and figures of micromorphological features. The documentation of “ovoid spores with wings,”
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC6FFE0FBE2FE4FFB00FE62" box="[1070,1179,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Rameales</emphasis>
-type cells on the pileus, stipe, and lamellar edges, and a stipe with a white apex and bluish black base, provide enough data to help circumscribe the genus
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC6FFE0FF31FD87FE19FDDA" box="[253,386,556,581]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Tetrapyrgos" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC6FFE0FF31FD87FE19FDDA" box="[253,386,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Tetrapyrgos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. More material is required to determine whether this taxon from
<collectingCountry id="AC9D7624FFC6FFE0FBA3FD87FB6DFDDA" box="[1135,1270,556,581]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
is distinct from
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC6FFE0FF44FDFBFE84FDF6" box="[136,287,592,617]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Tetrapyrgos" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subcinerea">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC6FFE0FF44FDFBFE84FDF6" box="[136,287,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">T. subcinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(described from
<collectingCountry id="AC9D7624FFC6FFE0FE2FFDFBFDC8FDF6" box="[483,595,592,617]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and reported herein from throughout southern Asia and parts of Africa), or whether it represents a later synonym of
<taxonomicName id="138A4D37FFC6FFE0FD97FDDFFD69FD12" box="[603,754,628,653]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Tetrapyrgos" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subcinerea">
<emphasis id="E6FEEAA6FFC6FFE0FD97FDDFFD69FD12" box="[603,754,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">T. subcinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Until additional material becomes available for analysis, we recognize the
<typeStatus id="0B318816FFC6FFE0FEE9FD33FE1CFD2E" box="[293,391,664,689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
as representing a distinct species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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