treatments-xml/data/3F/C1/F9/3FC1F9C63F3B36FE4B275B8E5603F849.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8057" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f3493113-35ec-4c31-b7cc-b32cd9c717e2" ID-PMC="PMC4319052" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-478-45" ID-PubMed="25685010" ID-ZBK="EC360FAF6BF94FEF96DAF336302D1789" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-478-45" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 478" ModsDocTitle="Phylogeny and biogeography of Asthenopodinae with a revision of Asthenopus, reinstatement of Asthenopodes, and the description of the new genera Hubbardipes and Priasthenopus (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae)" checkinTime="1451244725713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Molineri, Carlos, Salles, Frederico F. &amp; Peters, Janice G." docDate="2015" docId="3FC1F9C63F3B36FE4B275B8E5603F849" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 478: 45-128" docOrigin="ZooKeys 478" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8057" docTitle="Asthenopus Eaton" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="FFBFFF8FFFA98B3E3C274356FFB0EE6C" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny and biogeography of Asthenopodinae with a revision of Asthenopus, reinstatement of Asthenopodes, and the description of the new genera Hubbardipes and Priasthenopus (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae)" masterLastPageNumber="128" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1668159874580" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Phylogeny and biogeography of Asthenopodinae with a revision of Asthenopus, reinstatement of Asthenopodes, and the description of the new genera Hubbardipes and Priasthenopus (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Molineri, Carlos</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Salles, Frederico F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peters, Janice G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>478</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>45</mods:start>
<mods:end>128</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8057</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8057</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-478-45</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">EC360FAF6BF94FEF96DAF336302D1789</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EC360FAF6BF94FEF96DAF336302D1789</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058039" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3FC1F9C63F3B36FE4B275B8E5603F849" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3FC1F9C63F3B36FE4B275B8E5603F849" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="80" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName authority="Eaton" class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus Eaton</taxonomicName>
Figs 4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Eaton, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 164" title="A Monograph of the Ephemeridae." volume="1871" year="1871">Eaton 1871</bibRefCitation>
: 59; 
<bibRefCitation author="Lestage, J-A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="53" pageNumber="98" pagination="142 - 148" title="Notes sur les genres Asthenopus-Povilla (Ephemeroptera) et description d'une espece javanaise nouvelle (Asthenopuscorporaali sp. n.)." volume="62" year="1922">Lestage 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 142; 
<bibRefCitation author="Traver, JR" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia" pageId="54" pageNumber="99" pagination="593 - 614" title="Notes on Neotropical Mayflies. Part IV. Family Ephemeridae (continued)." volume="21" year="1950">Traver 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 605; 
<bibRefCitation author="Traver, JR" journalOrPublisher="Comunicaciones zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo" pageId="54" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 10" title="The genus Asthenopodes (Ephemeroptera)." volume="4" year="1956">Traver 1956</bibRefCitation>
b: 7; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hubbard, MD" journalOrPublisher="The Florida Entomologist" pageId="52" pageNumber="97" pagination="207 - 210" title="Synonymy of the neotropical mayfly genera Asthenopus and Asthenopodes (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae: Asthenopodinae)." url="10.2307/3495369" volume="71" year="1988">
Hubbard and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
: 209; 
<bibRefCitation author="Dominguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso" pageId="51" pageNumber="96" pagination="21 - 26" title="Asthenopusgilliesi sp. n. y su importancia en la taxonomia de la subfamilia Asthenopodinae (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)." volume="19" year="1988">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
a: 24.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="type-species">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Type-species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Palingeniidae" genus="Palingenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palingenia curta" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">Palingenia curta</taxonomicName>
Hagen, original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="species included">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Species included.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
sp. n., 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
sp. n., 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Five autapomorphies were recovered for 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
: 1) character 1 (ratio length second foretarsal segment/foretibia) decreases from 0.645-0.652 to 0.584-0.587; 2) char. 7 (marginal connectivity = n°of connections among imv/n°of imv) decreases from 0.700-1.167 to 0.222-0.300; 3) male foretarsal segment 1 subrectangular; 4) penes with an apical spine; and 5) long and open cleft present between penial lobe and thumb. The following combination of characters is useful to distinguish 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
from other genera in 
<taxonomicName family="Polymitarcyidae" lsidName="" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rank="family">Polymitarcyidae</taxonomicName>
: 1) ratio length male FW/foreleg = 1.4-1.8; 2) tarsal segment 1 distinct and subrectangular in form (not fused to tibia), ratio subapical width of foretibia/subbasal width of second tarsal segment 1.5-2.3 (Fig. 20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
); 3) pronotum width/length ratio 1.7-2.4 (male, but frequently around 2.0), 2.0-3.0 (female); 4) in both sexes FW marginal intercalary veins short and not anastomosed (4-25 in number, Fig. 16); 5) in both sexes FW with 0-4 (most commonly 2, but variable depending on size of specimen) crossveins between R and M, basally to R fork; 6) FW vein IMP basally free, subequal in length to MP2, forming a characteristic oblique 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Y”">&quot;Y&quot;</normalizedToken>
with associated cross veins (arrow Fig. 16A, E); 7) median remnant of styliger plate present, pedestals well developed (Fig. 17); 8) forceps relatively stout, ratio length/basal-width = 4.7-7.0; 9) penes relatively short and stout, curved ventrally (and medially), with a thumb attached at the base, and with the apex of penial lobe distinctly shaped as a spine; 10) female abdominal sternum VIII with anteromedian paired sockets, much reduced in size, and with a keel as in Figs 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
; 11) eggs with relatively large polar caps formed by 3-8 (commonly 5) long coiled threads, chorion covered with disk-like structures (Fig. 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
); 12) head dorsally strongly convex on occiput, frons not projecting medially (Fig. 14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–J">I-J</normalizedToken>
); 13) nymphs with very short and robust tusks (Fig. 14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
), with large submedian inner tubercle, with 2 or 3-pointed apex (asymmetric); 14) nymphal foretarsal claw with a single row of denticles (Fig. 15G); 15) apex of femur 3 with a group of ca. 50 stout pointed spines (Fig. 15F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Male imago. Length: body, 6.5-10.5; FW, 7.0-10.1; HW, 2.9-4.8; foreleg, 5.1-7.5; cerci, 22.0-37.0. Antennae: scape slightly longer than pedicel, flagellum bristle-like. Thorax. Pronotum width/length: 1.7-2.4. Legs. Forelegs subequal to shorter than body, ratio length FW/foreleg 1.4-1.8; longest segment is tibia (ratio length tarsal segment 2/tibia = 0.4-0.7); tarsal segment 1 distinct, not fused, very short (Fig. 20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
); remaining tarsal segments relatively short subequal in length except tarsal segment 2 slightly longer; claws differing in length, one long the other short, very slightly widened distally. Wings (Fig. 16). FW with 4-25 marginal intercalaries, sometimes present in HW but not in all spaces; intercalaries not strongly anastomosed; 0-4 cross veins between MA and R, basad to R stem; R stem length/Rs from fork to margin = 0.17-0.31. Ratio MA length from fork to margin/stem length = 7-15; IMP fused basally to MP1 or free; MP2 fused to IMP. Genitalia (Fig. 17): median remnant of styliger plate subrectangular to subovate; pedestals subrectangular to subovate, relatively small; forceps relatively wide to very wide, ratio length/basal width 4.7-7.0; penes tubular and robust, curved ventro-medially, and with well-developed basal thumb. Terminal filament reduced, cerci long (ratio length FW/cercus = 0.25-0.36).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Female adult. Length: body, 8.0-19.5; FW, 12.0-18.5; HW, 4.6-7.8; cerci, 3.0-7.0. Thorax. Pronotum width/length = 2-3. Wings with more crossveins and intercalaries than in male. Abdominal sternum VIII with anteromedian keel (Fig. 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
), at each side of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="keel´s">keel's</normalizedToken>
base a very small 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“socket”">&quot;socket&quot;</normalizedToken>
is present (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“s”">&quot;s&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Fig. 18F). Terminal filament reduced, shorter than tergum VIII, with few thin annuli. Cercus short, 0.25-0.50 times length of FW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Eggs (Fig. 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
). Length, 210-285 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
; width, 135-163 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
. Oval (ratio maximum length / maximum width = 1.4-1.8), with two relatively large polar caps (ratio maximum with of egg/maximum width of uncoiled polar cap = 1.1-1.5), formed by 3-8 very long coiled threads. Chorionic surface with large subcircular chorionic plates, sometimes each plate is divided in 2-3 portions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Nymphs. Length (mm): body, 9.7-15.0 mm; cerci, 4.0-7.0; terminal filament, 5.0-5.1. Head suboval in dorsal view, smooth (without pilose area); occipital region well developed, strongly convex (Figs 4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
, 14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–J">I-J</normalizedToken>
). Head capsule with a dorsal spine-like projection at bases of antennae. Antennae 1.1-1.5 times length of head (length of head taken from hind margin to the apex of clypeus); pedicel with tuft of setae on dorsum, flagellum with minute scattered setae; length (mm): scape (0.5), pedicel (0.28), flagellum (2.0). Frons with anterior margin more or less straight (arrow in Fig. 14J), with a small blunt lateral projection (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“a”">&quot;a&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Fig. 14I), without median projection. Clypeus and labrum small, membranous, with many setae on dorsum of labrum. Mandibular tusks robust, relatively stout, left tusk (Fig. 14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, E) with 3 apical teeth, increasing in size from the median (smallest), inner and outer; inner tooth slightly directed medially, others directed distally; right tusk (Fig. 14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
) with 2 teeth, the inner shorter. Inner margin of both tusks with a rounded small tubercle near subapex and a larger and pointed subbasal tubercle (associated with a tuft of rigid setae), this large basal tubercle shows a small basal protuberance (giving the impression of a bifid tubercle but with one of the sides aborted); ventral surface and outer margin of tusks with small rounded protuberances on the extremely hard cuticle; dorsal surface of tusks with numerous setae and with a small basal tubercle; this small dorsal tubercle is easily seen without dissecting the mandible and gives an additional point of articulation between the mandible and the head capsule (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“a”">&quot;a&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“b”">&quot;b&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Fig. 14I). Incisors and prostheca of both mandibles very reduced in size, molae relatively well developed. Maxillae with a small subtriangular basal membranous 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“gill”">&quot;gill&quot;</normalizedToken>
(membranous outgrouth). Thorax. Anterior ring of pronotum (or collar sensu 
<bibRefCitation author="Kluge, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer" pageId="52" pageNumber="97" title="The phylogenetic system of Ephemeroptera" year="2004">Kluge 2004</bibRefCitation>
) short (ca. 1/4 the length of posterior ring), anteriorly projecting as spines on lateral corners; posterior ring longer, ring-like. Legs (Fig. 15 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
). Leg I (Fig. 15 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
): femora very wide, well developed, with a double ventro-basal row of long filtering setae; tibio-tarsus (fused, but fusion line distinguishable) with 3 rows of filtering setae (2 on dorsal 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“face”">&quot;face&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 1 on inner margin), tarsus slightly and bluntly projecting apically (arrow in Fig. 15B); tarsal claw relatively large and stout with a row of marginal denticles (Fig. 15G). Leg II (Fig. 15C): smaller, with thinner femora, with scattered long setae, mostly basally and along hind margin; tibia and tarsi with row of long setae on outer (dorsal) margin, ventrally with many stout spines on apical half, with a distal brush of thick setae (arrow in Fig. 15C); tarsal claw relatively small, without denticles. Leg III (Fig. 15D, F): as leg II except larger and with anterior margin of femur densely covered with thick setae, and posterior margin roundly expanded at apex bearing a group of stout acute spines (Fig. 15F); tibia without distal brush. Coxae I and II directed ventrally, coxae III directed laterally. Abdomen. Gill I reduced in size, double, both portions subequal in length and width. Gills 
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
well developed, ventral portion smaller than dorsal portion; tergum X with well developed ventral spine on posterior margin (not visible dorsally, Fig. 15E). Caudal filaments short (curved in mature nymphs) with whorls of stout spines and simple setae at joinings.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 14. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
(and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Povilla</taxonomicName>
) nymphs, head and mandibles. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
left mandibles, d.v.: A 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
B 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
C 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
D 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla adusta" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adusta">Povilla adusta</taxonomicName>
. E left mandible dorso-oclusal view, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
. Right mandibles, d.v.: F 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
, G 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
H 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla adusta" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adusta">Povilla adusta</taxonomicName>
. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–J">I-J</normalizedToken>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
head capsule, d. v., with and without mandibles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 15. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
nymphs. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
: A foreleg, d.v. B same, v.v. (arrow indicates apical projection of tibiotarsus) C middle leg, d.v. (arrow indicates distal brush on tibia) D hind leg E abdominal sterna 
<normalizedToken originalValue="IX–X">IX-X</normalizedToken>
(arrow indicates spine on paraproct). 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
: F hind femur, d.v. G foretarsal claw. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
stereomicroscope photographs 
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
light microscope photographs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 16. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
fore (FW) and hind wings (HW) of male imago. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
FW &amp; HW 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
FW &amp; HW 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
FW &amp; HW 
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
, FW (details) &amp; HW 
<normalizedToken originalValue="J–K">J-K</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
(from Argentina) FW &amp; HW. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Ephoron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ephoron" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephoron</taxonomicName>
sp.: L male HW (x.i. = extra intercalary). Stereomicroscope photographs (except L line drawing).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 17. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
, general ventral view of male genitalia and detail of penes. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
C 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
D 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
G 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
. Light microscope photographs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 18. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
, SEM photographs. Eggs: A 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
(egg extracted from mature nymph), B 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
(egg extracted from mature nymph) C 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus cf. guarani</taxonomicName>
D 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
, E 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
. Female abdominal sternum VIII: F 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
G 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
H 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 19. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Povilla</taxonomicName>
spp, SEM and light microscope photographs. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla adusta" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adusta">Povilla adusta</taxonomicName>
: A male forewing B male hind wing C detail of keel on female abdominal sternum 8 (b = base, k = keel, s = socket) D male genitalia (mp = median remnant of styliger plate) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
female abdominal sternum 8 (general view) G male genitalia (median remnant of styliger plate partially broken and detached from right pedestal) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–I">H-I</normalizedToken>
eggs and detail of chorion (LD = large disks). 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla heardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heardi">Povilla cf. heardi</taxonomicName>
: F female abdominal sternum VIII J filaments surrounding the eggs inside female abdomen K eggs. Scale bar = 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
, except Figure 1 (10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Figure 20. Foreleg of male imago, detail of articulation between tibia and tarsus: A 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes picteti" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picteti">Asthenopodes picteti</taxonomicName>
B 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes chumuco" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chumuco">Asthenopodes chumuco</taxonomicName>
C 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes traverae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traverae">Asthenopodes traverae</taxonomicName>
D 
<taxonomicName genus="Hubbardipes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hubbardipes crenulatus" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="crenulatus">Hubbardipes crenulatus</taxonomicName>
E 
<taxonomicName genus="Priasthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priasthenopus gilliesi" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="gilliesi">Priasthenopus gilliesi</taxonomicName>
F 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
G 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
H 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
I 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
J 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
; K 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla adusta" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adusta">Povilla adusta</taxonomicName>
L 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Ephoron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ephoron" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephoron</taxonomicName>
sp. Abbreviations: Ti = tibia; Ta1 = tarsal segment 1; Ta2 = tarsal segment 2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Amazonas and Parana biogeographic subregions (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
The genus 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
has been distinguished by means of the following characters (
<bibRefCitation author="Dominguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso" pageId="51" pageNumber="96" pagination="21 - 26" title="Asthenopusgilliesi sp. n. y su importancia en la taxonomia de la subfamilia Asthenopodinae (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)." volume="19" year="1988">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
): 1) ratio foreleg/FW male: 3/5-4/5; 2) male foretarsus 2.5 times longer than foretibia; 3) foretarsal segment 2 similar to the others, and 2/3 the length of tibia); 4) ratio length of Rs stem/fork to margin 1/4 (or fork Rs at 2/10 from base to margin); 5) cubital intercalaries slightly diverging toward hind margin, ICu2 and ICu1 basally fused to CuA by cross veins; 6) ICu2 ending at anal margin or in the tornus, 7) marginal intercalary veins absent; 8) forceps ratio width/length: 1/7; 8) penes robust on basal 2/3; 9) MA fork base to margin 10/100; 11) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="IMP–MP">IMP-MP</normalizedToken>
1 not fused basally; 12) MP2-IMP similar in length, not fused; 13) foretarsal claws of male not so expanded distally (as in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopodes</taxonomicName>
). Our phylogenetic analyses only recovered some of these character states as synapomorphies of this genus (see diagnosis and Appendix 2). The proposal of 
<bibRefCitation author="Dominguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso" pageId="51" pageNumber="96" pagination="21 - 26" title="Asthenopusgilliesi sp. n. y su importancia en la taxonomia de la subfamilia Asthenopodinae (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)." volume="19" year="1988">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
(1988)
</bibRefCitation>
and Hubbard &amp; 
<bibRefCitation author="Dominguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso" pageId="51" pageNumber="96" pagination="21 - 26" title="Asthenopusgilliesi sp. n. y su importancia en la taxonomia de la subfamilia Asthenopodinae (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)." volume="19" year="1988">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
(1988)
</bibRefCitation>
concerning the intermediacy of 
<taxonomicName genus="Priasthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priasthenopus gilliesi" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="gilliesi">Priasthenopus gilliesi</taxonomicName>
with respect to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes picteti" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picteti">Asthenopodes picteti</taxonomicName>
is in concordance with our results. 
<taxonomicName genus="Priasthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priasthenopus gilliesi" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rank="species" species="gilliesi">Priasthenopus gilliesi</taxonomicName>
resulted sister to the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Povilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Povilla" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Povilla</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
clade, presenting some plesiomorphic character states shared with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopodes" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopodes</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" type="key to the species of asthenopus">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
Key to the species of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Male</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<table lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rowspan="1">
17 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="80">
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rowspan="1">17D,G</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" rowspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="81" start="start">17</pageBreakToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
17C, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
17 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">17C</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">17G17G</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">17D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
Female and eggs of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asthenopus</taxonomicName>
species are strongly similar. They may be identified by comparison with co-occurring males. Nevertheless the eggs extracted from female adults or mature nymphs may be keyed as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<table lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<tr pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">18B, C, E</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="82" start="start">18</pageBreakToken>
A, D
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus hubbardi" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hubbardi">Asthenopus hubbardi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">18C</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">18B, E</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="82">Nymphs (only 3 species known, almost undistinguishable, the characters below should be confirmed with the study of more material)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<table pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">14A</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus curtus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">Asthenopus curtus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">14B, F</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus angelae" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelae">Asthenopus angelae</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="37" pageNumber="82">
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">14C, E, G</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus magnus" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnus">Asthenopus magnus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Polymitarcyidae" genus="Asthenopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asthenopus guarani" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guarani">Asthenopus guarani</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>