246 lines
16 KiB
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246 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="27058E02E4E5375BDA9313284A4C4C32" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Dercitus (Stoeba) luteus Pulitzer-Finali 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360723" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058E02E4E5375BDA9313284A4C4C32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/27058E02E4E5375BDA9313284A4C4C32" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba luteus (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D20A–E">A-D20A-E</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Pachataxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachataxa lutea" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lutea">Pachataxa lutea</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
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: 74, figs 8-9.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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ZMA Por. 10100, Netherlands Antilles,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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, Boca Sami, 20 m, 12.142°N; 69.007°W, coll. P. Willemsen nr. C92 A20, July 1992.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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ZMA Por. 14080, Netherlands Antilles,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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, near Carmabi, in reef cave, 10 -20 m, 12.124°N; 68.974°W, coll. I. Wunsch nr. 84, January 1999.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ZMA Por. 21692 (ex MNRJ 6678), Brazil, Das Rocas Atoll, Fenda, 3.8584°S; 33.8057°W, coll. E. Hajdu, M.V. de Oliveira & U.S. Pinheiro.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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The larger specimen (10100) is a thick liver-like mass (Fig. 19A) with flat smooth surface, 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×6×">x6x</normalizedToken>
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3 cm in size, consistency compact, cheesy to rubbery.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">Live</pageBreakToken>
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colour bright yellow, in alcohol dark brown. The preserved specimen shows a darker outer rim of 1-2 mm in thickness over a lighter coloured choanosome. This is not evidence of a cortex, it merely shows that the post-mortem discolouration does not penetrate evenly throughout the sponge. Our specimen conforms in all macroscopical aspects to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pulitzer-Finali’s">Pulitzer-Finali's</normalizedToken>
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type. The second specimen is smaller and thinner, approx. 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×1×">x1x</normalizedToken>
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0.2 cm, dark glistening red, with a slightly bumpy surface. The Brazil specimen is sized 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×4×">x4x</normalizedToken>
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4 cm, cut off from a much larger sponge.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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Skeleton: the ectosome has a dense layer of sanidasters and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘spherasters’">'spherasters'</normalizedToken>
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carried by a similarly dense mass of calthrops. In the choanosome the calthrops and sanidasters are less densely and confusedly distributed. There is no zonation or other structural arrangement of the skeleton.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spicules: calthrops, sanidasters and compressed spheraster-like sanidasters (pseudasters).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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Calthrops (Fig. 19B) are often three-claded, or even irregularly two-claded, some of the cladi may be straight, others are bifid terminally or wavy, of unequal length, stunt
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<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">ed</pageBreakToken>
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, irregular, unevenly curved. No dichocalthrops. Cladi 60
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–120.2–">-120.2-</normalizedToken>
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174
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–14.9–">-14.9-</normalizedToken>
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21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(measurements of both specimens combined), cladomes 102
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–193.9–">-193.9-</normalizedToken>
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264
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Sanidasters (Fig. 19C) highly variable in ornamentation and spination, spines not obviously concentrated at the apices, relatively more frequently concentrated in the middle region, 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.6–">-19.6-</normalizedToken>
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26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.3–">-2.3-</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Compressed sanidasters (Fig. 19D) are peculiar, irregular, multirayed, with a very thick center and very short rays, which appear spine-like rather than issuing from a common center, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–7.7–">-7.7-</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 19.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
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, ZMA Por. 10100, from Netherlands Antilles,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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, A habit B various calthrops C sanidasters D aster-like compressed sanidasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 20.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="luteus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) luteus</taxonomicName>
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, deviating specimen ZMA Por. 21692 (ex MNRJ 6678), from Brazil, Das Rocas Atoll, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B short-shafted triaenes C overview of spicules D sanidasters E aster-like compressed sanidaster.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Open substrate in deeper parts of the reef, more shallow in caves.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Widespread Central West Atlantic: Puerto Rico, Southern Caribbean, Northeastern Brazil.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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The
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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material appears indistinguishable from the Puerto Rico type material (MSNG 47681, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 20-25 m) in overall morpho
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<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">logy</pageBreakToken>
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and spicules.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pulitzer’s">Pulitzer's</normalizedToken>
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material measures 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×5×">x5x</normalizedToken>
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1.5 cm, turning from light yellow to dark brown in alcohol. Consistency was described as fleshy, firm, compressible. Cladi of the calthrops were given as 70-180
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(60-174 in our material), sanidasters (called microrhabds by Pulitzer) were given as 8-26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3-6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(12-26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in our material). Compressed sanidaster size was not given by Pulitzer but from his drawings can be estimated to be about 7-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(5-9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in our material).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Through the courtesy of Prof. Hajdu we received a fragment (Fig. 20A) of a fleshy specimen from the oceanic island groups east of North East Brazil, originally bright yellow, now dark brown in alcohol and staining the alcohol considerably. The fragment showed several differences with the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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and Puerto Rico specimens (see also Table 4): calthrops (Figs 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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) were often more like short shafted triaenes with one cladus considerably longer than the others; they were generally much more irregular and some appeared to have mesotriaene modifications. Length of cladi 33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–82–">-82-</normalizedToken>
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123
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–7.5–">-7.5-</normalizedToken>
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11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Sanidasters (Fig. 20D) were only 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–14–">-14-</normalizedToken>
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19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.1–">-1.1-</normalizedToken>
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2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, and compressed sanidasters (pseudasters) (Fig. 20E) 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–7.2–">-7.2-</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. These differences may eventually lead to a distinction of a separate Brazilian species but for the time being we emphasize the similarities.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Table 4. Spicule data for specimens identification as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra)</taxonomicName>
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Luteus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<table pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<tr pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Author</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">sanidaster</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">compressed sanidaster</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">locality</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
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<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="65 - 216" title="A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies." volume="86" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Pachataxa’">'Pachataxa'</normalizedToken>
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lutea does not belong to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Pachataxa)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pachataxa">Calthropella (Pachataxa)</taxonomicName>
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for two reasons (see also below): (1) it possesses sanidasters, (2) there are no ataxasters, and (3) the spherasters do not resemble true euasters, they are compressed derivations of the irregularly spined sanidaster-like acanthomicrorhabds. In any case, they seem to be morphologically very close to the Red Sea species
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="exostoticus" subGenus="Halinastra">Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus</taxonomicName>
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Schmidt (1868 as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Pachastrella</taxonomicName>
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) (see above).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |