409 lines
52 KiB
XML
409 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4C9266676D7B1EF3EAB0AE4EAB13A0B1">Petrocephalus boboto and Petrocephalus arnegardi, two new species of African electric fish (Osteoglossomorpha, Mormyridae) from the Congo River basin</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0FB6BC2E0F39937FB53EEFDFB275611C">Lavoue, Sebastien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B1B269655F7C723A9C4D57C5FC921FF">Sullivan, John P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D5ABFE44F166367BA2AE4755997BB530">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E1A8CB7B1CFD6E0EB807280794219756">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3EC138995EF928C6AFAF22FB8DDDD409">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="43C8B927F4AE78DE7E808AE8933E9A5F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A6B26A084FE8C12FD927E9AA98A332D9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.400.6743</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="148C179081A07B8262A27D629F0F44AE" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152052503" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:23BDE2CA-426C-469F-B124-07E73C22EE82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/148C179081A07B8262A27D629F0F44AE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="0E4DB9604D73E80DD53494AD239CC30E" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8EA410F2B156B758E535E087979F0336" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="B6520331CA7FA9227DFB5FDC3D702A73" ID-CoL="4FDWN" LSID="http://zoobank.org/23BDE2CA-426C-469F-B124-07E73C22EE82" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="395245E48BBC5DE6CE9B948B264611BA" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2and 5; Table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17B99E6C7738D7214D6E57723B57999C" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B029265F6961665A9AABC6885D591BAB" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="B48404D94EEC11DEF1C64F9D0AEA9062" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Petrocephalus</taxonomicName>
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sp. 1, OTU 1 in
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<bibRefCitation id="AC62E1763AE787816B0C098E017B1421" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Physiology-Paris" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="322 - 339" title="Petrocephalus of Odzala offer insights into evolutionary patterns of signal diversification in the Mormyridae, a family of weakly electrogenic fishes from Africa." url="10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.003" volume="102" year="2008">
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<normalizedToken id="F8E00BA0F3DD310422E241D776650276" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D8A1B3FC54C6C8440665DEBB4C299046" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="529D18E0894F5214344F82CF000910D0" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="BC2E079AA387749ED20EB0E1EAF4139C" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 52" title="African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species." volume="2600" year="2010">
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<normalizedToken id="EE1E2F3671728E6769E04E9F92F2BC76" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2010)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="154A07CAB28FBE31CE0D6EE8B9B55E37" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="20 - 28" title="A new species of Petrocephalus Marcusen 1854 (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Sanaga River basin, Cameroon." volume="2934" year="2011">
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<normalizedToken id="AAC2BD56877939DA783B138EDE95144A" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
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(2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8C634238E176ADBBE976537E5AB92740" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="2159 - 2178" title="Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of the Bangweulu-Mweru ecoregion (Luapula River system, Congo basin), with the description of a new species." url="10.1080/00222933.2012.708449" volume="46" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="5E770AA625FC16D54BF90AFFA230A05F" author="Carlson, BA" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="583 - 586" title="Brain evolution triggers increased diversification of electric fishes." url="10.1126/science.1201524" volume="332" year="2011">Carlson et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1BD5BF716B4FE4E6DECD98F6749C2DD3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="E6941C0D1DB42A59A3E312E0FCDBD88F" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7FC45B523C2DA8E37E49D141B2A1C7F0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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CUMV 88074, tag no. 5074, 72.6 mm SL, male, Republic of the Congo: Cuvette Ouest, Congo River basin, Pandaka River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="62CAB5E827102B99B3576AC53808421F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="9D9D5C72C050E6BCC3454F10D0E60B9D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.92">14.92°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1A658EB4126FEDE417AC577C47D5616E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph id="E1230BB83BE351F922D2D5F25B8B67BE" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Paratypes</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="922DC09551ABDA8654D3F48D957BE390" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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(17). Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin: CUMV 88076, tag no. 5076, 69.6 mm SL, male, same data as holotype; CUMV 88041, tag no. 5120, 85.1 mm SL, sex undetermined, same data as holotype; CUMV 88080, tag no. 5083, 72.0 mm SL, male, same data as holotype; CUMV 88032, tag no. 5101, 73.0 mm SL, male, same data as holotype; CUMV 87785, tag no. 5097, 71.3 mm SL, sex undetermined, same data as holotype; CUMV 88031, tag no. 5100, 73.7 mm SL, sex undetermined, same data as holotype; CUMV 88079, tag no. 5082, 74.8 mm SL, sex undetermined,
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<normalizedToken id="2733BA71F954F258D2E5DAF1BEFC2044" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="031B17FBAAB2562708CAFA33430AA8AA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="DA7498D3D8D1539AD86D15F1C90F505A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88063, tag no. 5197, 64.9 mm SL, sex undetermined,
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<normalizedToken id="448C5209A70BCD7CA1B7503DA2FC6444" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-
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<pageBreakToken id="36164C73218F99CE1D3D96B47D330C4A" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" start="start">Kokua</pageBreakToken>
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National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="22A2A57F053B6CC67E7A7508E8913C0A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A7314A62AD2AF6666A06A4AA6CBE2EEE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88065, tag no. 5002, 70.7 mm SL, sex undetermined [cytochrome b gene determined],
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<normalizedToken id="68456B7A956ADA445650F3AB4F8935ED" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="0EB77C346C316B78541FF7366C62382E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B7FD8A52DDDE4588D82F0558205F7C9E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88064, tag no. 5001, 63.9 mm SL, male [cytochrome b gene determined],
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<normalizedToken id="9B994B9F811549F61935E120A227D56E" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="7AE4FDDB6A4DBB0F329CE26D8F9B1500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A1F5C2A5A2B510DE1A93814455684DE6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88052, tag no. 5158, 75.1 mm SL, male,
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<normalizedToken id="83942046A194CC0EF21967700DCD87DD" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="B1ACB70B12E46BADEC0906320756D61E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D274FF81ACAC4EAD96F60378FF82A8B5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88053, tag no. 5159, 69.3 mm SL, male,
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<normalizedToken id="C6E0927681510A45E0672CEB573E4028" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
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River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="F256BB0F3251343B08BADCFD9056BF93" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="F35FF58C44D9ED9F04C0D05FE6B7DBA3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 88123, tag no. 5377, 68.9 mm SL, male,
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<normalizedToken id="B63EBC900F8671A758F0DE4955D2A394" originalValue="Lékoli">Lekoli</normalizedToken>
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River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="7BB5F4BFFB61B6E4A14C5E521FB3EF94" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.61">0.61°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3C6B3D4528592BBFDD86125A5698FA2F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.93">14.93°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 87838, tag no. 5404, 90.1 mm SL, male,
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<normalizedToken id="4CBA213D5124B5C9DDDDA4E3BDB676DE" originalValue="Lokoué">Lokoue</normalizedToken>
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River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="C3F6EC58B1BC8A8F05AEE5D6B0835D39" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.9">0.90°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="316B435FA138F26EDA93BB5DAA66FDF6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="15.12">15.12°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 87830, tag no. 5395, 72.3 mm SL, sex undetermined,
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<normalizedToken id="DC8B803355ADBB02A5C7E13E389FC0DD" originalValue="Lokoué">Lokoue</normalizedToken>
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River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="5D63825AD14C8959B12BAF722E7FBC34" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.9">0.90°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="4D996E1B5C5BB763FF733B8936410CF0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="15.12">15.12°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002; CUMV 92390, two specimens, tag no. 6133, 62.8 mm SL, male [cytochrome b gene determined] and tag no. 6134, 67.5 mm SL, male [cytochrome b gene determined], mouth of the
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<normalizedToken id="FDAFA5D05501D4C7870FE6F651F42FC8" originalValue="Lékéni">Lekeni</normalizedToken>
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||
River near the
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<normalizedToken id="933592841B1E85129C5FB6EEFB658E06" originalValue="Lékoli">Lekoli</normalizedToken>
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River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="08371F5C32AEE40D0B736865FDB5C58F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="1BDEF7A17C6E629FB17E8CC30D4E64A7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.91">14.91°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Arnegard et al., June 2006.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A7CF44FDF87F35DE5938F051B8380216" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="other specimens">
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||
<paragraph id="6843B79D967748C133937E8C60ADC4E1" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Other specimens</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5574364F96E6A759A84272C6CFCD8724" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
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(18). Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin:
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<normalizedToken id="FC3E971426D629E05767F4DCAEFE539C" originalValue="Lékénie">Lekenie</normalizedToken>
|
||
River at Mboko landing, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="715ED8EEAC947AA376A755629F2E6563" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3C20FD5969C7B96C5C61135224E36A73" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.9">14.90°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002: CUMV 88066, tag no. 5028, 59.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; CUMV 88046, tag no. 5126, SL not measured, sex undetermined; Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin: Pandaka River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="1E460B6AB234F9B52A618DA8F2964D95" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="D585444BDF56CE5223A7D37654AF60B3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.92">14.92°E</geoCoordinate>
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, Friel et al., August 2002: CUMV 88075, tag no. 5075, 71.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; CUMV 88081, tag no. 5084, 73.0 mm SL, male; CUMV 88082, tag no. 5085, 54.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; CUMV 88028, tag no. 5096, 74.0 mm SL, male; CUMV 88029, tag no. 5098, 74.0 mm SL, male; CUMV 88043, tag no. 5122, 73.0 mm SL, male; CUMV 88044, tag no. 5123, 66.0 mm SL, male; CUMV 88045, tag no. 5124, 73.0 mm SL, male; Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C5B242AC207B45C3F6CE952973A6A120" originalValue="Lokoué">Lokoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05A5E8D66EB13CF95BC0CB1F94EA6D8E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.9">0.90°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5C53270B48AF61821437C02B3E64107" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="15.12">15.12°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Friel et al., August 2002: CUMV 88125, tag no. 5396, 74.0 mm SL, male; Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin: small channel around island in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="71A63FCB8D775089944C0026491C314F" originalValue="Lékoli">Lekoli</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="55467CBADD8576C132714F6FDC20CEF3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.62">0.62°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5D717D13E442C1B5B11DC5FAD36A3B8B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.92">14.92°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Friel et al., August 2002: CUMV 88107, tag no. 5276, SL not measured, male; Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="297D7D00E5E23CF4400BA78EC05F0E31" originalValue="Lékoli">Lekoli</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, Odzala-Kokua National Park,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E4D0A4F85FE99C6E0AB85E1CEFD15765" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.61">0.61°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39390C2950AE7D53499AA92854F65B10" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="14.93">14.93°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Friel et al., August 2002: CUMV 88067, tag no. 5029, 59.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; CUMV 88068, tag no. 5030, 59.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; CUMV 88069, tag no. 5031, 57.0 mm SL, sex undetermined; Republic of the Congo: Cuvette-Ouest: Congo River basin: small stream entering Mambili River from the east between Moba and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6FB33E7571062088DE294B63C58D16CD" originalValue="Lokoué">Lokoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D5917FAC4F4397EE847BCB9C7EE2EF34" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.87">0.87°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="483D92A7C442B4426124E5B95F45CE56" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="15.11">15.11°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Friel et al. August 2002: CUMV 88128, tag no. 5423, 70.0 mm SL, male; Democratic Republic of Congo: Orientale Province: Congo basin: BMNH 2013.8.29.34, tag no. JPS-497, 76.0 mm SL, male [cytochrome
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6A9D158EF0927ED14781CE24A176E26F" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="start">b</pageBreakToken>
|
||
gene determined, no EOD recorded], Lifundu River, 5 km downstream of Yangambi,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DF4BCE020C8CBE33DF4D217892318D1F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.76">0.76°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EF515BE5AF9839F8E0B862D46F415648" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="24.24">24.24°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2664F55D8DD5AA6FBB7A6B1EE036A277" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Thumitho, 11 September 2010; BMNH 2013.8.29.125, tag no. JPS-511, 48.9 mm SL, sex undetermined [cytochrome b gene determined], Congo River at Yangambi,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C9F9CC0D0CBC0AB02376D761FC3CA70A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="0.76">0.76°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B94ACDEE24613803A36CE23A06285931" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="24.24">24.24°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7F86FA244C5C566D0E79A0326F26CEB0" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al., 11 September 2010.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4E829574C46E36D0FD0CC14270621B4" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="CC5C6C638D44FBCEE91AE2DC51E5A54F" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="EBC1A0AE786AC6AC9ACDAD3C765CC4CF" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7DF3C116A219D1567D322439594AACFB" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="258E16B58CD6FAE231BB93F9AB0C60BC" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is distinguished from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B44B3284545F750AA81DBAAFE1F1A9E6" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Petrocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of Central Africa by the following combination of characteristics. Pigmentation pattern comprising three well-defined, bilateral black patches: one usually distinct (sometimes reduced in size, but rarely absent) round/ovoid subdorsal black mark situated slightly anterior to dorsal, one black mark at the base of each pectoral fin, and one ovoid black mark centered at the base of caudal fin. Dorsal fin at least one third shorter than anal fin (AFL/DFL ≥ 1.5, range = 1.5-1.7). Dorsal fin with at least 20 branched rays but no more than 22. Anal fin with at least 30 branched rays (range = 30-34). Sixteen teeth or fewer (range = 8-16) in upper jaw, 25 teeth or fewer (range = 20-25) in lower jaw. Eye relatively large (HL/ED ≤ 4.7, range = 3.5-4.7). Mouth subterminal; ratio of head length to mouth position (HL/MP) between 4.2 and 5.6. Mouth small (HL/MW ≥ 4.1, range = 4.1-5.0). EOD of normal polarity, mainly biphasic with sometimes the presence of a small-amplitude positive third phase.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BB1BD0CD88B7F81FDE9DB7DCCF180B95" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="87E7C3771E201710929788DD72CE431A" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6613401F970DE080562F0FD9D5542483" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">This description is based on the material from Odzala-Kokua National Park in the Republic of the Congo. Morphometric ratios and meristic data for the holotype and 17 paratypes are presented in Table 1. Maximum SL observed = 90.1 mm, holotype = 72.6 mm). Body ovoid, longer than high (2.3 ≤ SL/H ≤ 2.8, average = 2.6, holotype = 2.5) and laterally compressed. Head length between 3.4 and 4.0 times in standard length (average = 3.6, holotype = 3.4). Snout short (6.5 ≤ HL/SNL ≤ 9.3, average = 7.5, holotype = 8.3) and round. Eye large (3.5 ≤ HL/ED ≤ 4.4, average = 4.0, holotype = 4.1). Mouth small (4.1 ≤ HL/MW ≤ 5.0, average = 4.6, holotype = 4.5), subterminal, opening under the anterior half of the eye. Teeth small and bicuspid, 8 to 16 (median = 10) in a single row in the upper jaw, 20 to 24 (median = 21) in the lower jaw. Dorsal and anal fins originate in the posterior half of the body (1.4 ≤ SL/PDD ≤ 1.6 and 1.6 ≤ SL/PAD ≤ 1.7, respectively). Pre-dorsal distance slightly greater than the pre-anal distance (PDD/PAD = 1.1). Dorsal fin with 20-22 branched rays (median = 21). Anal fin with 31-34 branched rays (median = 32, holotype = 32). Scales cover the body, except for the head. Lateral line visible and complete with 34 to 38 pored scales along its length. Ten to 13 scales (median = 11), between the anterior base of the anal fin and the lateral line. Caudal peduncle thin (1.8 ≤ CPL/CPD ≤ 2.5, average = 2.2, holotype = 2.2). Twelve scales around the caudal peduncle. Skin on head thick. The three rosettes of Knollenorgans, Augenrosette, Nackenrosette and Kehlrosette, are present on the head.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="36AB2F0CCD0A39F6C03FE1F4E921DFB0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Electric organ discharge. Statistics for waveform landmarks and other EOD measurements are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B54957F2FD91A223AB7059E4BB94FAFF" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Physiology-Paris" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="322 - 339" title="Petrocephalus of Odzala offer insights into evolutionary patterns of signal diversification in the Mormyridae, a family of weakly electrogenic fishes from Africa." url="10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.003" volume="102" year="2008">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C1006A5DF3CA1AD95930C7B508B8079A" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for specimens recorded in Odzala-Kokua National Park, including the holotype and paratypes (specimens listed in Suppl. material 1).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEAC898BFFDC472EB996ABCF791D908B" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="2E041905C8A39E27902CF78709D59B03" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" start="start">Petrocephalus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
arnegardi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. produces EOD waveforms largely similar to those of many species of this genus. In Odzala-Kokua, mean EOD duration (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6B86255B605739334A11B2BA1E174101" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
std. dev.) is 0.330
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7A66C20F0090029FA23183B65FC472C2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.074 msec in sexually mature males and 0.270
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3CD538214E12E7248AC24122BEF1A19" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.033 msec in other sex undetermined specimens. The EOD waveform characteristics of the only recorded specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25F35643A0D2E882831496104B915F0F" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. of Yangambi (Fig. 2B; EOD biphasic, relative height of peak 1 = 0.216, relative height of peak 2 = -0.784, duration of peak 1 = 0.185 msec, duration of peak 2 = 0.075 msec, total EOD duration = 0.260 msec) are similar to those of Odzala-Kokua specimens in all respects. Based on characteristics of the EODs, the electrocytes are assumed to have non-penetrating stalks and to be innervated posteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DA44D1EEB43354A6A2851F802E643E4B" author="Sullivan, JP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="16" pageNumber="59" pagination="665 - 683" title="Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs." volume="203" year="2000">Sullivan et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AF4D9263DD0AA695612BE636389580DB" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Live coloration (Fig. 5; see also Fig. 3 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C412946ED1AA95A8477FE459370CE28A" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 52" title="African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species." volume="2600" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C69775352317ED30C4100BAD8661AC66" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Body uniformly silvery white, with three distinct bilateral melanin marks: a distinct, ovoid black mark situated slightly anterior to the dorsal fin, sometimes covering only a few scales, a black spot at the base of the pectoral fin and a somewhat vertically oriented ovoid black mark centered at the base of the caudal fin that does not extend onto the upper and lower parts of the caudal fin. Fins hyaline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3C1134D818F34C59695258BA1F30F086" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<paragraph id="DDC85FCE6AD4B72692899000673D84A9" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Figure 5. Photographs of type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AECA31E61B38F89601297295A06EB59" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. from Odzala-Kokua National Park, Congo River, Republic of the Congo. Top photograph, a paratype specimen (CUMV 92390, 72.0 mm standard length) before preservation showing appearance in life; middle and bottom photographs represent the left and right sides of the preserved holotype (CUMV 88074, 71.6 mm standard length). Scale bar equals one centimeter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D759803AA1CE4FFEBA07D4642B3780FD" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Preserved coloration (Fig. 5; see also Fig. 3 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="83AB9B24DB937E24640BC33BD100D404" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 52" title="African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species." volume="2600" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DF6151FAEA28999E6325E2FCA1950E26" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Body light brown, with head and dorsum slightly darker. Thick skin on head opaque. Numerous light melanophores on body, slightly larger ventrally from the snout to the anal fin. Fins whitish/opaque.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="609CA3184DE8F7EE98DA5110E8379881" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Distribution (Fig. 1). Endemic to the Congo River basin. Holotype and paratypes from Odzala-Kokua National Park (Republic of the Congo) where they were mainly collected along the main channel of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="624C409011E708E46CF021762E4FF782" originalValue="Lékoli">Lekoli</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, northwestern Congo River basin. The two specimens collected at Yangambi will extend the distribution to the eastern part of the Congo
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FE7713237BB566BE8CE06558F6A2D36C" originalValue="basin’s">basin's</normalizedToken>
|
||
central cuvette. Abundant in Odzala-Kokua but apparently rare at Yangambi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0004121FAD6930E8E60596F227F4FA5C" author="Poll, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="43 - 111" title="Contribution a l'etude systematique de la faune ichthyologique du Congo Central." volume="116" year="1963">Poll and Gosse 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5898206495988C91BCEEEDC1299A1B14" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Phylogenetic affinities (Fig. 4). The Yangambi specimens and the Odzala-Kokua specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="015F8869E90242CA6DF299AE8A54C816" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. are sister groups in the cytochrome b phylogenetic tree.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69CDF90AC55C7B5682C38A03AB0EB6AE" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. belongs to a clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3A35256F08C8D70ACFFEA4B93D5D27F" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus odzalaensis" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odzalaensis">Petrocephalus odzalaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="937A0A3FE3AB9079BDF381C8BFB86B9E" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus balayi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balayi">Petrocephalus balayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two other species with a similar melanin pattern composed of three distinct black marks, but it is only distantly related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D005613D8FEAAAE5C981E3CD6175135" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. As previously noted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FEEF5DB81DACB016EC18708966125C1" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent in this tree and its phylogenetic position is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5AB4BE7C4986BAFC6A79B5A17B5379E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="87CD3FB64A07B5B8049F5054DA9C7ABF" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4ADA22F757EEF0F2F1AFA463860240FA" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
This species is dedicated to Matthew E. Arnegard, our friend and colleague, in recognition of his contributions to study of mormyrid evolution and diversification (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C25C1FFDCA06C524ADBD9C7332F30D41" author="Arnegard, ME" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="324 - 343" title="Multiple cases of striking genetic similarity between alternate electric fish signal morphs in sympatry." url="10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00993.x" volume="59" year="2005">Arnegard et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D333A450E20B61C280AB70502D8BFF6C" author="Arnegard, ME" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="1305 - 1314" title="Electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish." url="10.1098/rspb.2005.3101" volume="272" year="2005">Arnegard and Carlson 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82C98A90FB463A80338D0AFF1C111530" author="Arnegard, ME" journalOrPublisher="The American Naturalist" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="335 - 356" title="Sexual signal evolution outpaces ecological divergence during electric fish species radiation." url="10.1086/655221" volume="176" year="2010 a">Arnegard et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74F07E92E4249AB22C466430D7E67D66" author="Arnegard, ME" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="22172 - 22177" title="Old gene duplication facilitates origin and diversification of a new communication system-twice." url="10.1073/pnas.1011803107" volume="107" year="2010 b">Arnegard et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Matthew Arnegard is additionally a member of the "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E279EB5A07C00BBCE45349F8A0E98CEA" genus="Mintotom" lsidName="Mintotom" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" rank="genus">Mintotom</taxonomicName>
|
||
Team": researchers associated with the Carl D. Hopkins Laboratory at Cornell University who have conducted field studies on African weakly electric fishes for more than 15 years. ("
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D798FDF4C5D7B97EFCE57E6304EE207" genus="Mintotom" lsidName="Mintotom" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" rank="genus">Mintotom</taxonomicName>
|
||
" is the plural form of the word for mormyrid fish in the Fang language of West Central Africa.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F84C17ACCBDC506F09A818666FE6837F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="A43C544CCB1FD64CDA0E8D82DAE4081F" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCEEF4959562B3D76C0B9DECCD0D13EB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
|
||
As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7573D6BC2087532F87592362455FB7E3" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="9C1B52419F5B6BD063679767E12E8150" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" start="start">Petrocephalus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
boboto
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., the presence of three dark spots in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69F016B566C91A9868949B4914B245AF" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. distinguishes this species from most of its congeners. As for other species having a similar pattern of melanin marking,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92ED7C4CCB0334CFF49ED885E60AF82D" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. can easily be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBE66343D9A0C3575741F677AFB615B6" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus zakoni" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zakoni">Petrocephalus zakoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of three electroreceptor rosettes on the head (versus absence of all three in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB23FF2115AED2DC7C13A261AF7F749B" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus zakoni" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zakoni">Petrocephalus zakoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a higher number of anal fin rays (a minimum of 30 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88B32AC79AB6062AF687E6C766D784C6" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. versus a maximum of 28 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="636E22544BB5978B65334F1B11B04D88" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus zakoni" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zakoni">Petrocephalus zakoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Its high number of anal fin rays distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FADBFDBF30BB63C613D94C5B8BCB5FA" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B997F7785D6CF86F03D274A431E4EF" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus balayi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balayi">Petrocephalus balayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DE7932591657E98A4F57ACD33F1C57A" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus odzalaensis" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odzalaensis">Petrocephalus odzalaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(30-34 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6472E0FC92C4E5C0FDA38F676231FD10" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. versus a maximum of 27 and 20 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36FD623545B5E4A98A02D5207590E030" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus balayi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balayi">Petrocephalus balayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73D7E687E7C9D1F8F8DE02C2A7A132AE" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus odzalaensis" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odzalaensis">Petrocephalus odzalaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AE1DB5BB9830FB028892701C4EDC086" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus balayi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balayi">Petrocephalus balayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a proportionally larger mouth (HL/MW = 2.7-3.9 versus 4.1-5.0 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC3E484EC0F8D92EB7B3C2C30B631C48" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08A13688A557D543CA8354CCCC41101D" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. generally resembles to the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="485FDFEEC870995C78DB53AE966F8E52" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leading
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE31431F03258AC29ACFD316EE4F2E88" author="Lavoue, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 52" title="African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lekoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species." volume="2600" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BBCC6C9A2DAD46F90A6CC08820276270" originalValue="Lavoué">Lavoue</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to assign these specimens from the Odzala-Kokua National Park to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAA1F94AA9D4CAE6E858516BD7FF846D" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5396AD7BDB51BD1A1346AC0B913DD0A" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has a distinctly smaller mouth than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="805DBFE2702CE99231FD6E1C56BC2FA7" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(HL/MW = 4.4-5.2 in Odzala-Kokua specimens and 4.2 and 4.5 in the two Yangambi specimens versus 3.2 in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CDB298F5D0DE5D68B731214F56B4F47" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a smaller interorbital width (HL/IOW ≥ 2.6 in Odzala-Kokua and Yangambi specimens versus 2.3 in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D230612C20D7E28420F8C5BBDEE3A9AF" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The faded pigmentation in the preserved holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0807A2D2FDED872C3485AE1D3BF2108" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
precludes its accurate description and comparison (Fig. 6). Whereas a faded roundish black mark situated slightly anterior to the dorsal fin on each side of the flank and an ovoid black mark centered at the base of the caudal fin are visible on the preserved holotype, the presence of a black mark at the base of the pectoral fin is ambiguous (Fig. 6). In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="614063F313704735CC5A06B12D70CD12" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B9DB87371E95AF7517EF592B5ABB0ED" author="Pellegrin, J" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie Africaine" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 8" title="Description de Mormyrides nouveaux recoltes au Congo belge par le Dr. Schouteden." volume="12" year="1924">Pellegrin (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned the subdorsal mark and the mark at the base of the anal fin, but did not make reference to any black mark at the origin of the pectoral fin. The black mark at the base of the pectoral fin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9189B4A986BB857050A6EF71784CB274" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is always present and intense. Pellegrin also described the black mark at the base of the caudal fin as crescent-like, extending onto the upper and lower rays of this fin (see drawing in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A8577DEEF6D76E60DF0C94914AE602C" author="Pellegrin, J" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee du Congo, Zoologie" pageId="15" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 50" title="Poissons du Chiloango et du Congo recueillis par l'expedition du Dr. H. Schouteden (1920 - 22)." volume="3" year="1928">Pellegrin 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whereas on the holotype this mark appears more ovoid and does not seem to extend onto any fin rays (Fig. 6).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2122E6C9F28CA44C1656A113537352CA" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="982BCF7CA58FC7699C9A20F905CB3749" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. by a distinctly smaller mouth (SL/MW ≥ 14.7, range = 14.7-18.4 versus 14.2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC8E2B2D96B40622256746EC731FCE95" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.), a slightly larger interorbital distance (HL/IOW ≤ 3.9, mean = 3.2 versus 3.7 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08F19AC9DFC7ADCAB79E6D81DA3D6FD0" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.) and the presence of a well-defined Augenrosette (versus reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00017B67C6EAAF8C05E2932ACAF3DA1D" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.). In our phylogenetic tree (Fig. 4),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02702F8652454AEF46501CC35D1A630F" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus boboto" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boboto">Petrocephalus boboto</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is not the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25AB7A1F73B3935DAD6B906D8A22CEA5" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E0420895B15EBDD5C14105C32DFF5DD3" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<paragraph id="A10488697050639AF9C24861749DE0AD" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Figure 6. Top photograph, the preserved holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5CEE5D345F727086348E9BCB8BBD91B" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus binotatus" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="binotatus">Petrocephalus binotatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MRAC 15191; 83.2 mm standard length) collected at Ikengo near the modern locality of Mbandaka, Equateur Province, in the Central Congo basin of Democratic Republic of Congo (Photo by Wilhelm Harder, reproduced courtesy of ETI Bioinformatics); bottom photograph, a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67139021F5A367743856BF56193DFB27" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrocephalus arnegardi" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnegardi">Petrocephalus arnegardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 2013.8.29.34) before preservation showing appearance in life, from Yangambi, Congo River, Democratic Republic of Congo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |