407 lines
56 KiB
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407 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="B857F7957645CC04DCD344D19F0D5A10" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.003" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC10300209" ID-PubMed="37388298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933759" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712341562106" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Atobatele, Oluwatosin Ebenezer, Olatubi, Iyabo Victoria, Oyeku, Oyeshina Gideon, Ayokunle, Damilare Iyinkristi, Oladosu, Oladipo Olarinre & Ogunnaike, Tolulope Mary" docDate="2023" docId="C460C25DFFF6FFA2FFFFA2B1FE1FF837" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.21.210-218.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cyclopodia greeffi Karsch 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="216" masterDocId="3859BA25FFF3FFA4FF9BA425FF80FF89" masterDocTitle="Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria" masterLastPageNumber="218" masterPageNumber="210" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1713814521570" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="84CD298D4FD1537F80E972F9969EB587">Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48BABB401CC5643A012DF4400B868C31">Atobatele, Oluwatosin Ebenezer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BAA5664BE58E4794A803472CF15B4512">Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="01416F59295B0D5693759582CC9D4C83" type="email">tosin.atobatele@bowen.edu.ng</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="208BACDEA3C81AFB5E6C5F7B060E914A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0B094718B0C177B35FD01A59B5EF5808">Olatubi, Iyabo Victoria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7711901D3E081028E8D6E71B84434764">Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="A2C2658E7D55CCBDD5561F1B8E73A459">Oyeku, Oyeshina Gideon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2626BB04DFED61D2031D7CAC4F80C856">Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5A4453A815D5F8AAEE8F9C4227C84D09">Ayokunle, Damilare Iyinkristi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7D7D62103ACEB7BDD160E5DE1A40B8F5">Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BA1724EBCA4C707EABB29257DADE1632">Oladosu, Oladipo Olarinre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EA1EEFA62CF7334EF83614E9178EDD85">Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0B10145396A4F7E1384BD1809D489817">Ogunnaike, Tolulope Mary</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D6F15F2742F3A662CBBF1171067E42F">JUPEB Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="057061A2661074956AAB7C4BFA34BB27">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8AB0B3BA1C5D4771CE01C5A39FA44862">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1AC9F01BF17EF4F0258CE25719EFE060">
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<mods:date id="70B1886C23C59DD5C6A822B3353F5212">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="67CEA293E450A301EB0D92490F8B9897">2023-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DC15735BAB1125EEA31E454D45078EFE">21</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="96DEA00504A7361C4BC8E0AEC6FB1D22">210</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="5F6CA38B1FBE2DDD7702C064495E0B49">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.003</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C615D3AFBA9EDBD641428DBA87804ED0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8EBEBA1ABBE8AA4891E1B608EB815C12" type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.003</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C460C25DFFF6FFA2FFFFA2B1FE1FF837" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C460C25DFFF6FFA2FFFFA2B1FE1FF837" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C460C25DFFF6FFA2FFFFA2B1FE1FF837" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
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<subSubSection id="04D320C0FFF6FFA1FFFFA2B1FE1FF92F" box="[100,415,1683,1703]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FFFFA2B1FE1FF92F" blockId="5.[100,415,1683,1703]" box="[100,415,1683,1703]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
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<heading id="173EC427FFF6FFA1FFFFA2B1FE1FF92F" box="[100,415,1683,1703]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FFFFA2B1FE1FF92F" bold="true" box="[100,415,1683,1703]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
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4.1. Bat host of
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FF65A2B6FE1FF92F" ID-CoL="32VWY" authority="Karsch, 1884" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1884" box="[254,415,1683,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">Cyclopodia greeffi</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="04D320C0FFF6FFA2FF1FA2E9FE1FF837" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FF1FA2E9FC37FB25" blockId="5.[100,770,1740,1954]" lastBlockId="5.[818,1487,1121,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
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Our study shows a significant female to male sex ratio of 0.22:1 (male bias) for the straw-coloured fruit bat roosting in Bowen University. High male to female sex ratios have been reported for several species of
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FD5DA326FC82F89F" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[710,770,1795,1814]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FD5DA326FC82F89F" bold="true" box="[710,770,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Myotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FF14A33AFEA5F8BB" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1796" box="[143,293,1823,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" genus="Epstesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FF14A33AFEA5F8BB" bold="true" box="[143,293,1823,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Epstesicus fuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FEADA33AFD9FF8BB" author="Adams, R. A. & Hayes, M. A." box="[310,543,1823,1843]" journalOrPublisher="Glob. Ecol. Conserv." pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 11" part="14" refId="ref5824" refString="Adams, R. A., Hayes, M. A., 2018. Assemblage-level analysis of sex-ratios in Coloradan bats in relation to climate variables: a model for future expectations. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 14 (e 00379), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gecco. 2018. e 00379." title="Assemblage-level analysis of sex-ratios in Coloradan bats in relation to climate variables: a model for future expectations" type="journal article" year="2018">Adams and Hayes, 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FDB6A33AFD7CF8BB" author="Patriquin" box="[557,764,1823,1843]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patriquin" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8848" refString="Patriquin, K. J., Guy, C., Hinds, J., Ratcliffe, J. M., 2019. Male and female bats differ in their use of a large urban park. J. Urban Econ. 5 (1), 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jue / juz 015." type="journal article" year="2019">Patriquin et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FFFFA31EFF51F8C7" author="Piksa" box="[100,209,1851,1870]" firstAuthor="Piksa" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="69 - 79" refId="ref9124" refString="Piksa, K., 2008. Swarming of Myotis mystacinus and other bat species at high elevation in the Tatra Mountains, southern Poland. Acta Chir. 10 (1), 69 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 150811008 X 331108." type="journal article" year="2008">Piksa, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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); migratory noctule bat,
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FE22A31EFD7DF8C7" authority="(Petit et al., 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Petit" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[441,765,1851,1871]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FE22A31EFDCEF8C7" bold="true" box="[441,590,1851,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Nyctalus noctula</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FDC1A31EFD74F8C7" author="Petit" box="[602,756,1851,1871]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Petit" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="635 - 640" refId="ref9041" refString="Petit, E., Balloux, F., Goudet, J., 2001. Sex-Biased Dispersal in a Migratory Bat: A Characterization Using Sex-Specific Demographic Parameters 55 (3), 635 - 640. Published by: Society for the Study of Evolution Stable URL: http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 2640524. (Accessed 9 March 2016), 21: 04 UTC Your use of the JST. Evolution." type="journal article" year="2001">Petit et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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; and common vampire bats,
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FEF6A372FD7EF8E3" authority="(Delpietro et al., 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Delpietro" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[365,766,1879,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FEF6A372FD9BF8E3" bold="true" box="[365,539,1879,1898]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Desmodus rotundus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FDB2A372FD74F8E3" author="Delpietro" box="[553,756,1879,1898]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Delpietro" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref6455" refString="Delpietro, H. A., Russo, R. G., Carter, G. G., Lord, R. D., Delpietro, G. L., 2017. Reproductive seasonality, sex ratio and philopatry in Argentina' s common vampire bats. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4 (4), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 160959." type="journal article" year="2017">Delpietro et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The strong male bias may suggest strong sexual segregation and formation of bachelor
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FE80A3AAFEF3F828" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[283,371,1934,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FE80A3AAFEF3F828" bold="true" box="[283,371,1934,1954]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">E. helvum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups for this roosting location. Bachelor roosts have been reported for other fruit bats such as
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FAA2A047FB13FB19" authority="(Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Kwiecinski and Griffiths" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FAA2A047FCE5FB19" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Rousettus aegyptiacus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FCE9A058FB0BFB19" author="Kwiecinski and Griffiths" box="[882,1163,1149,1168]" firstAuthor="Kwiecinski" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref7931" refString="Kwiecinski, G., Griffiths, T. A., 1999. Rousettus egyptiacus. Mamm. Species 611, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1999">Kwiecinski and Griffiths, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FB24A05BFC31FB25" authority="(Wiles, 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Wiles" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mariannus" subSpecies="mariannus">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FB24A05BFA4FFB19" bold="true" box="[1215,1487,1149,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Pteropus mariannus mariannus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FCA1A0BCFC29FB25" author="Wiles" box="[826,937,1177,1196]" firstAuthor="Wiles" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="148 - 157" refId="ref10465" refString="Wiles, G. J., 1987. The status of fruit bats on Guam. Pac. Sci. 41 (1 - 4), 148 - 157." type="journal article" year="1987">Wiles, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FCCAA090FA94FA72" blockId="5.[818,1487,1121,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FCCAA090FC22FB41" ID-CoL="32VWY" box="[849,930,1205,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCCAA090FC22FB41" bold="true" box="[849,930,1205,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">C. greeffi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infests the tree-roosting fruit bat,
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FB7EA090FAEEFB41" ID-CoL="38VDD" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1253,1390,1205,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FB7EA090FAEEFB41" bold="true" box="[1253,1390,1205,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Eidolon helvum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as seen in this study although double infestation by ectoparasites (tick and insect) has been reported for
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<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FB98A0C8FAF1FA89" ID-CoL="38VDD" authority="(Samabide and Lenga, 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1027,1393,1260,1280]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
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<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FB98A0C8FBDBFB76" bold="true" box="[1027,1115,1260,1280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">E. helvum</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FBF2A0C8FAE8FA89" author="Samabide and Lenga" box="[1129,1384,1261,1280]" firstAuthor="Samabide" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="402 - 414" refId="ref9507" refString="Samabide, K. T., Lenga, A., 2018. Actualisation des ectoparasites inf´eod´es a`deux esp`eces de chiropt`eres trouv´es dans les forˆets relictuelles voisines de la ville de Brazzaville, Congo R´esum´e. Afr. Sci. 14 (1), 402 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">Samabide and Lenga, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FC38A12DFB86FA92" ID-CoL="62PQC" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityYear="1863" box="[931,1030,1288,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FC38A12DFB86FA92" bold="true" box="[931,1030,1288,1307]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Cyclopodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it was infested by the ixodid tick of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCA9A101FC0BFABE" bold="true" box="[818,907,1316,1335]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FCA9A101FC07FABE" authorityName="Cooley & Kohls" authorityYear="1942" box="[818,903,1316,1335]" class="Arachnida" family="Argasidae" genus="Antricola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In this study however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FBECA100FB52FABE" ID-CoL="38VDD" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1143,1234,1316,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FBECA100FB52FABE" bold="true" box="[1143,1234,1316,1336]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">E. helvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was parasitized solely by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FCA9A165FC00FADA" ID-CoL="32VWY" box="[818,896,1344,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCA9A165FC00FADA" bold="true" box="[818,896,1344,1363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is similar to the findings from northern Nigerian towns in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E0DBDA9FFF6FFA1FCA9A179FCF5FAE6" box="[818,885,1372,1391]" country="Nigeria" name="Bauchi" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Bauchi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E0DBDA9FFF6FFA1FCE6A178FC39FAF9" box="[893,953,1373,1392]" country="Nigeria" name="Benue" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Benue</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E0DBDA9FFF6FFA1FC5AA178FB9DFAF9" box="[961,1053,1373,1392]" country="Nigeria" name="Nasarawa" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Nasarawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E0DBDA9FFF6FFA1FBD2A179FB0FFAE6" box="[1097,1167,1372,1391]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Plateau</collectingRegion>
|
||
States (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FB43A179FA0DFAF9" author="Kamani" box="[1240,1421,1372,1392]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kamani" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="625 - 632" refId="ref7570" refString="Kamani, J., Baneth, G., Mitchell, M., Mumcuoglu, K. Y., Guti´errez, R., Harrus, S., 2014. Bartonella species in bats (Chiroptera) and bat flies (nycteribiidae) from Nigeria, west africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 14 (9), 625 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2013.1541." type="journal article" year="2014">Kamani et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FA0CA178FA47FAF9" author="Kamani" box="[1431,1479,1373,1392]" firstAuthor="Kamani" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="545 - 552" refId="ref7650" refString="Kamani, J., Gonz´alez-Miguel, J., Msheliza, E. G., Goldberg, T. L., 2022. Straw-Colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and their bat flies (cyclopodia greefi) in Nigeria host viruses with multifarious modes of transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 22 (11), 545 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2022.0025." type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Southwest Nigerian town of Ife in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E0DBDA9FFF6FFA1FB29A15DFA9AFA02" box="[1202,1306,1400,1419]" country="Nigeria" name="Osun" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Osun State</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FAB0A15DFA41FA02" author="Otubanjo" box="[1323,1473,1400,1419]" firstAuthor="Otubanjo" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="485 - 494" refId="ref8789" refString="Otubanjo, O. A., 1985. Concinnum epomopis sandground, 1937 (dicrocoeliidae) from the pancreas of the west african fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Nigeria. Z. Parasitenkd Parasitol. Res. 71 (4), 485 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00928351." type="journal article" year="1985">Otubanjo, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Monoxenous species parasitize only one host species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FACAA1B1FCE2FA4A" author="Olival" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Olival" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref8694" refString="Olival, K. J., Dick, C. W., Simmons, N. B., Morales, J. C., Melnick, D. J., Dittmar, K., Perkins, S. L., Daszak, P., DeSalle, R., 2013. Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia. Parasites Vectors 6 (231), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2013">Olival et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FCE1A195FB9EFA4A" ID-CoL="32VWY" box="[890,1054,1456,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCE1A195FB9EFA4A" bold="true" box="[890,1054,1456,1475]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Cyclopodia greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other nycteribiid bat flies exhibit host specificity. It is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FBACA1E9FB0AFA56" ID-CoL="32VWY" box="[1079,1162,1484,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FBACA1E9FBC4FA56" bold="true" box="[1079,1092,1484,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FBC8A1E9FB0AFA56" bold="true" box="[1107,1162,1484,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a specialist ectoparasite, being strictly monoxenous on the tree-roosting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FB2CA1CDFA8FFA73" ID-CoL="38VDD" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1207,1295,1511,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FB2CA1CDFB43FA72" bold="true" box="[1207,1219,1512,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FB54A1C2FA8FFA73" bold="true" box="[1231,1295,1511,1530]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">helvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FCA9A207FA9AF9BC" blockId="5.[818,1306,1569,1589]" box="[818,1306,1569,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<heading id="173EC427FFF6FFA1FCA9A207FA9AF9BC" box="[818,1306,1569,1589]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCA9A207FA9AF9BC" bold="true" box="[818,1306,1569,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">4.2. Morphological characteristics of bat ectoparasites</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FCCAA27FFB3BF971" blockId="5.[818,1488,1626,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The morphological features of the bat ectoparasites isolated in this study match with earlier reports by Theodor and Urich et al., (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FAE1A253FCE2F92D" author="Theodor" firstAuthor="Theodor" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="457 - 543" refId="ref10050" refString="Theodor, O., 1957. The nycteribiidae of the ethiopian region and Madagascar. Parasitology 47 (3 - 4), 457 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000022162." type="journal article" year="1957">Theodor, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FCEAA2B4FC21F92D" author="Theodor" box="[881,929,1681,1700]" firstAuthor="Theodor" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="242 - 308" refId="ref10090" refString="Theodor, O., 1959. A Revision of the genus cyclopodia (nycteribiidae, Diptera). Parasitology 49 (1 - 2), 242 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000026858." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FC2AA2B4FBE1F92C" author="Urich" box="[945,1121,1681,1701]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Urich" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="471 - 477" refId="ref10213" refString="Urich, F. W., Scott, H., Waterston, J., 1922. Note on the dipterous bat-parasite cyclopodia greeffi Karsch, and on a new species of Hymenopterous (Chalcid) parasite bred from it. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 92 (2), 471 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1922. tb 02153. x." type="journal article" year="1922">Urich et al., 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FBE2A2B4FB4DF92D" box="[1145,1229,1681,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FBE2A2B4FB4DF92D" bold="true" box="[1145,1229,1681,1700]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from other closely related species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FC43A288FBBBF949" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityYear="1863" box="[984,1083,1709,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FC43A288FBBBF949" bold="true" box="[984,1083,1709,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Cyclopodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on size, the number of blunt teeth of the thoracic and abdominal ctenidia, number of spines on the abdominal plates and characteristics of the genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA1FCA9A33AFB63F8BB" blockId="5.[818,1251,1823,1842]" box="[818,1251,1823,1842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<heading id="173EC427FFF6FFA1FCA9A33AFB63F8BB" box="[818,1251,1823,1842]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FCA9A33AFB63F8BB" bold="true" box="[818,1251,1823,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">4.3. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bat flies</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF6FFA2FCCAA372FF22FEC7" blockId="5.[818,1488,1879,1982]" lastBlockId="6.[100,770,148,334]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">
|
||
As observed in the phylogenetic tree, the COI gene fragment sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF6FFA1FC01A356FC6AF80C" box="[922,1002,1906,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF6FFA1FC01A356FC6AF80C" bold="true" box="[922,1002,1906,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from this study (southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF6FFA1FB6BA356FAB7F80F" box="[1264,1335,1907,1926]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and those from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF6FFA1FC11A3AAFC4FF82B" box="[906,975,1935,1954]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="215">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF6FFA1FC46A3AAFB16F82B" author="Kamani" box="[989,1174,1935,1954]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kamani" pageId="5" pageNumber="215" pagination="545 - 552" refId="ref7650" refString="Kamani, J., Gonz´alez-Miguel, J., Msheliza, E. G., Goldberg, T. L., 2022. Straw-Colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and their bat flies (cyclopodia greefi) in Nigeria host viruses with multifarious modes of transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 22 (11), 545 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2022.0025." type="journal article" year="2022">Kamani et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) formed a single clade, and were clearly differentiated from those of other genera and related species with strong support values, hence, supporting its previous delineation as a species based on morphological features. Similarly, the clearly defined clusters formed by sequences of individual nycteribiid species, e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FFFFA4C2FE40FF73" bold="true" box="[100,448,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FFFFA4C2FF38FF73" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[100,184,231,250]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">C. dubia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF51A4C2FEBFFF73" authorityName="Meijere" authorityYear="1899" box="[202,319,231,250]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horsfieldi">C. horsfieldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FECAA4CDFE3AFF73" authorityName="Hurka" authorityYear="1964" box="[337,442,231,251]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Eucampsipoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="theodori">E. theodori</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FE56A4C2FDD3FF72" box="[461,595,231,251]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Nycteribia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FE56A4C2FDA8FF73" bold="true" box="[461,552,231,250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Nycteribia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDFFA4CDFD52FF73" authorityName="Maa" authorityYear="1968" box="[612,722,231,251]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Nycteribia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleuralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDFFA4CDFD52FF73" bold="true" box="[612,722,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">N. pleuralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FFFFA526FF4EFE9F" bold="true" box="[100,206,259,278]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FFFFA526FF49FE9F" authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1901" box="[100,201,259,278]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Nycteribia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="allotopa">N. allotopa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
supports their taxonomic description and the findings from other phylogenetic studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FEF5A53AFD9CFEBB" author="Olival" box="[366,540,287,307]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Olival" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref8694" refString="Olival, K. J., Dick, C. W., Simmons, N. B., Morales, J. C., Melnick, D. J., Dittmar, K., Perkins, S. L., Daszak, P., DeSalle, R., 2013. Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia. Parasites Vectors 6 (231), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2013">Olival et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FDB2A53AFF14FEC7" author="Ramasindrazana" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ramasindrazana" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref9347" refString="Ramasindrazana, B., Goodman, S. M., Gomard, Y., Dick, C. W., Tortosa, P., 2017. Hidden diversity of Nycteribiidae (Diptera) bat flies from the Malagasy region and insights on host-parasite interactions. Parasites Vectors 10 (1), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 017 - 2582 - x." type="journal article" year="2017">Ramasindrazana et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF5FFA2FFFFA550FD5FFE01" blockId="6.[100,735,372,392]" box="[100,735,372,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<heading id="173EC427FFF5FFA2FFFFA550FD5FFE01" box="[100,735,372,392]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FFFFA550FD5FFE01" bold="true" box="[100,735,372,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">4.4. Prevalence, infestation intensity and sex ratio of bat ectoparasites</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF5FFA2FF1FA589FE80FA25" blockId="6.[100,770,428,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
The overall prevalence of 58.9% recorded for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDDBA589FD12FE36" box="[576,658,428,447]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDDBA589FD12FE36" bold="true" box="[576,658,428,447]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during this study is higher than 46.51% reported for the straw-coloured fruit bat from Brazzaville,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF5FFA2FE89A5C1FECEFE7E" box="[274,334,484,503]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FEC4A5C1FDE8FE7E" author="Samabide and Lenga" box="[351,616,484,504]" firstAuthor="Samabide" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="402 - 414" refId="ref9507" refString="Samabide, K. T., Lenga, A., 2018. Actualisation des ectoparasites inf´eod´es a`deux esp`eces de chiropt`eres trouv´es dans les forˆets relictuelles voisines de la ville de Brazzaville, Congo R´esum´e. Afr. Sci. 14 (1), 402 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">Samabide and Lenga, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the mean intensity of 2.3 ± 0.2 individuals for this study is lower than the 2.8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF11A639FF5DFDA6" box="[138,221,540,559]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FF11A639FF5DFDA6" bold="true" box="[138,221,540,559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recorded from Brazzaville,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF5FFA2FE71A639FDA6FDA6" box="[490,550,540,559]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FDADA639FF14FDC2" author="Samabide and Lenga" firstAuthor="Samabide" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="402 - 414" refId="ref9507" refString="Samabide, K. T., Lenga, A., 2018. Actualisation des ectoparasites inf´eod´es a`deux esp`eces de chiropt`eres trouv´es dans les forˆets relictuelles voisines de la ville de Brazzaville, Congo R´esum´e. Afr. Sci. 14 (1), 402 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">Samabide and Lenga, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for the straw-coloured fruit bat. An estimated average 1.79 nycteribiids is reported to parasitize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FE01A671FDC3FDEF" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[410,579,595,615]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daubentonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FE01A671FDC3FDEF" bold="true" box="[410,579,595,615]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Myotis daubentonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDEAA676FC82FDEF" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[625,770,595,614]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDEAA676FC82FDEF" bold="true" box="[625,770,595,614]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Megaderma lyra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bat hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FF53A655FEF7FD0A" author="Tendu" box="[200,375,624,643]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tendu" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref9991" refString="Tendu, A., Hughes, A. C., Berthet, N., Wong, G., 2022. Viral hyperparasitism in bat ectoparasites: implications for pathogen maintenance and transmission. Microorganisms 10 (6), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / microorganisms 10061230." type="journal article" year="2022">Tendu et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Large number of ectoparasites reported for a female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF79A6A9FEBCFD17" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[226,316,651,671]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FF79A6A9FEBCFD17" bold="true" box="[226,316,651,671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">E. helvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
weighing
|
||
<quantity id="8B31DEAEFFF5FFA2FE3FA6A9FE53FD16" box="[420,467,652,671]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" unit="g" value="220.0">220g</quantity>
|
||
(Jim´enez and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FDFFA6A9FD7AFD16" author="Hazevoet" box="[612,762,652,671]" firstAuthor="Hazevoet" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="116 - 118" refId="ref7525" refString="Jim´enez, S., Hazevoet, C. J., 2010. First record of straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792) for the Cape Verde islands. Zool. Caboverdiana 1 (2), 116 - 118." type="journal article" year="2010">Hazevoet, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) supports the broader range of ectoparasitic infestation (0–14
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FD32A682FD7AFD33" box="[681,762,679,698]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FD32A682FD7AFD33" bold="true" box="[681,762,679,698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) recorded during this study as compared to the lower and narrower range (0–4
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF0FA6FAFF63FD7B" box="[148,227,735,754]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FF0FA6FAFF63FD7B" bold="true" box="[148,227,735,754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) per fruit bat reported earlier from Ife,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF5FFA2FDC9A6FAFD17FD7B" box="[594,663,735,754]" name="Nigeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FD3EA6FAFF14FC87" author="Otubanjo" firstAuthor="Otubanjo" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="485 - 494" refId="ref8789" refString="Otubanjo, O. A., 1985. Concinnum epomopis sandground, 1937 (dicrocoeliidae) from the pancreas of the west african fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Nigeria. Z. Parasitenkd Parasitol. Res. 71 (4), 485 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00928351." type="journal article" year="1985">Otubanjo, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This study shows no significant difference in intensity of infestation between the sexes. Non-significant sexual differences in nycteribiid infestation of fruit bats was reported for two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FD36A716FC81FCCF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[685,769,819,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FD36A716FC81FCCF" bold="true" box="[685,769,819,838]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Rousettus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF0FA76BFEDCFCEB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[148,348,846,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Thoopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FF0FA76BFEDCFCEB" bold="true" box="[148,348,846,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Thoopterus nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34DE33DBFFF5FFA2FE13A76AFE63FCEB" box="[392,483,847,866]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FE6CA76AFD44FCEB" author="Nangoy" box="[503,708,847,866]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nangoy" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="3075 - 3082" refId="ref8257" refString="Nangoy, M., Ransaleleh, T., Lengkong, H., Koneri, R., Latinne, A., Kyes, R. C., 2021. Diversity of fruit bats (pteropodidae) and their ectoparasites in batuputih nature tourism park, sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22 (6), 3075 - 3082. https: // doi. org / 10.13057 / biodiv / d 220609." type="journal article" year="2021">Nangoy et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The significantly higher intensity of infestation and the wider spread of ectoparasitic infestation during the wet season is supported by the report of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FFE0A787FE97FC3C" author="Otubanjo" box="[123,279,930,949]" firstAuthor="Otubanjo" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="485 - 494" refId="ref8789" refString="Otubanjo, O. A., 1985. Concinnum epomopis sandground, 1937 (dicrocoeliidae) from the pancreas of the west african fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Nigeria. Z. Parasitenkd Parasitol. Res. 71 (4), 485 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00928351." type="journal article" year="1985">Otubanjo (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who recorded peak infestation abundance from July to September. However, in contrast to the latter author who did not record any infestation during dry season (January to March), this study recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FF24A7D3FE92FB80" box="[191,274,1014,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FF24A7D3FE92FB80" bold="true" box="[191,274,1014,1033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation throughout the period, although with a lower infestation intensity of 1.6 ± 0.1 individuals per fruit bat.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FD28A037FC82FBAC" box="[691,770,1042,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FD28A037FC82FBAC" bold="true" box="[691,770,1042,1061]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recorded no significant difference in sex abundance with a female to male sex ratio of 0.88:1, suggesting a balanced ectoparasitic metapopulation adult sex ratio. Szentiv´anyi et al. (2017) emphasized the importance of host and parasite sex ratio in better understanding host-parasite interactions. Reasons adduced for biased sex ratios include selective host grooming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FEFCA09CFDECFB44" author="Dick and Patterson" box="[359,620,1209,1229]" firstAuthor="Dick" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="757 - 769" refId="ref6628" refString="Dick, C. W., Patterson, B. D., 2008. An excess of males: skewed sex ratios in bat flies (Diptera: streblidae). Evol. Ecol. 22 (6), 757 - 769. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10682 - 007 - 9201 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Dick and Patterson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and parasite behaviour and sex-dependent mortality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FE63A0F0FD41FB60" author="Dittmar" box="[504,705,1237,1257]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dittmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref6787" refString="Dittmar, K., Morse, S., Gruwell, M., Mayberry, J., DiBlasi, E., 2011. Spatial and temporal complexities of reproductive behavior and sex ratios: a case from parasitic insects. PLoS One 6 (5), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0019438." type="journal article" year="2011">Dittmar et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This study shows no significant relationship between sex of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDEEA0D4FD47FA8D" box="[629,711,1265,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDEEA0D4FD47FA8D" bold="true" box="[629,711,1265,1284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation and host sex on one hand and between sex of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDD2A128FD19FAA9" box="[585,665,1293,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDD2A128FD19FAA9" bold="true" box="[585,665,1293,1312]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation and season on the other hand.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FE00A10CFDE5FAB5" author="Barbier, E. & Graciolli, G. & Bernard, E." box="[411,613,1321,1340]" journalOrPublisher="Can. J. Zool." pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="409 - 418" part="97" refId="ref6047" refString="Barbier, E., Graciolli, G., Bernard, E., 2019. Structure and composition of Nycteribiidae and Streblidae flies on bats along an environmental gradient in northeastern Brazil. Can. J. Zool. 97, 409 - 418." title="Structure and composition of Nycteribiidae and Streblidae flies on bats along an environmental gradient in northeastern Brazil" type="journal article" year="2019">Barbier et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
opines that the ectoparasitic load of bat flies on bats is less correlated with environmental factors such as amount of rainfall and vegetation, however,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FFFFA158FE0EFA19" author="Zarazua-Carbajal" box="[100,398,1405,1424]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zarazua-Carbajal" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="4037 - 4044" refId="ref10600" refString="Zarazua-Carbajal, M., Saldatna-V´azquez, R. A., Sandoval-Ruiz, C. A., Stoner, K. E., Benitez- Malvido, J., 2016. The specificity of host-bat fly interaction networks across vegetation and seasonal variation. Parasitol. Res. 115 (10), 4037 - 4044. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 016 - 5176 - 1." type="journal article" year="2016">Zarazúa-Carbajal et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hinted that seasonality affect bat fly species richness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF5FFA2FF1FA191FEDBF902" blockId="6.[100,770,428,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
The social habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FED4A191FE5EFA4E" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[335,478,1460,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FED4A191FE5EFA4E" bold="true" box="[335,478,1460,1479]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Eidolon helvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, implies close contact of individuals roosting together; and would suggest a higher prevalence of infestation by bat flies. The prevalence recorded for this study could be higher if some bat flies escaped during capture while the fruit bat was entangled in the mist net prior to removal into cloth bags; and also due to behavioural adaptation to reduce or eliminate bat fly transmission through auto- and allo-grooming activities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FD87A279FF14F902" author="Ramanantsalama" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ramanantsalama" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="330" refId="ref9278" refString="Ramanantsalama, R. V., Andrianarimisa, A., Raselimanana, A. P., Goodman, S. M., 2018. Rates of hematophagous ectoparasite consumption during grooming by an endemic Madagascar fruit bat. Parasites Vectors 11 (1), 330. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 2918 - 1." type="journal article" year="2018">Ramanantsalama et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FF3AA25DFECEF902" author="Tendu" box="[161,334,1656,1675]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tendu" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref9991" refString="Tendu, A., Hughes, A. C., Berthet, N., Wong, G., 2022. Viral hyperparasitism in bat ectoparasites: implications for pathogen maintenance and transmission. Microorganisms 10 (6), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / microorganisms 10061230." type="journal article" year="2022">Tendu et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C76734BFFF5FFA2FF1FA2B1FE1FF837" blockId="6.[100,770,428,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">
|
||
The low regression coefficient (R
|
||
<superScript id="BBBCDE03FFF5FFA2FE5EA2ABFE4EF915" attach="left" box="[453,462,1678,1692]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">2</superScript>
|
||
) between ectoparasite intensity and fruit bat body mass indicates that the body mass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDF1A295FD41F94B" baseAuthorityName="Samabide and Lenga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[618,705,1711,1731]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helvum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDF1A295FD41F94B" bold="true" box="[618,705,1711,1731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">E. helvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no apparent influence on intensity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FE2CA2EEFD8AF957" box="[439,522,1739,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Cyclopodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeffi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FE2CA2EEFD8AF957" bold="true" box="[439,522,1739,1758]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">C. greeffi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation. Variations of ectoparasitic prevalence and intensity in bat hosts have been reported to be mediated by behaviour, sex and age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FE63A326FD3BF89F" author="Webber" box="[504,699,1795,1815]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Webber" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="83 - 105" refId="ref10386" refString="Webber, Q. M. R., Mcguire, L. P., Smith, S. B., Willis, C. K. R., 2015. Host behaviour, age and sex correlate with ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in a colonial mammal, the little brown bat. Behaviour 152 (1), 83 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568539 X- 00003233." type="journal article" year="2015">Webber et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); roost group size, grooming efficiency and energy budgets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FDC7A33AFF3DF8C7" author="Czenze and Broders" firstAuthor="Czenze" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref6340" refString="Czenze, Z. J., Broders, H. G., 2011. Ectoparasite community structure of two bats (Myotis lucifugus and M. septentrionalis) from the maritimes of Canada. J. Parasitol. Res. 1 - 10 https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 2011 / 341535." type="book chapter" year="2011">Czenze and Broders, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in a highly gregarious mammals of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FD1CA31EFD43F8C7" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[647,707,1851,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FD1CA31EFD43F8C7" bold="true" box="[647,707,1851,1870]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Myotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FD4BA31EFED7F8E3" author="Ramanantsalama" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ramanantsalama" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="330" refId="ref9278" refString="Ramanantsalama, R. V., Andrianarimisa, A., Raselimanana, A. P., Goodman, S. M., 2018. Rates of hematophagous ectoparasite consumption during grooming by an endemic Madagascar fruit bat. Parasites Vectors 11 (1), 330. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 2918 - 1." type="journal article" year="2018">Ramanantsalama et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported similarity in the grooming rates for both sexes of the endemic Madagascan fruit bat,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BC908C8FFF5FFA2FDAEA356FF14F82B" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1928" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EBDAF59FFF5FFA2FDAEA356FF14F82B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="216">Rousettus madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Reports show that ectoparasitic load has no apparent effect on bat’ s health (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28580EBAFFF5FFA2FF79A38EFE12F837" author="Sharifi" box="[226,402,1963,1982]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sharifi" pageId="6" pageNumber="216" pagination="180 - 184" refId="ref9654" refString="Sharifi, M., Taghinezhad, N., Mozafari, F., Vaissi, S., 2013. Variation in ectoparasite load in the Mehely' s horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus mehelyi (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in a nursery colony in western Iran. Acta Parasitol. 58 (2), 180 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 013 - 0122 - 1." type="journal article" year="2013">Sharifi et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |