266 lines
33 KiB
XML
266 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="560A430138BFCBADB16147B22716BE58" ID-CLB-Dataset="6908" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4754581" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9ce3ef27-c3a8-465a-a6a8-afe4a4475f80" ID-ISSN="1854-0392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4754581" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1620843856624" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ogbogu, Sylvester S." docDate="2006" docId="A45C87C5C541FFAC8F90FAC1022AFDDF" docLanguage="en" docName="Illiesia.2.4.27-30.pdf" docOrigin="Illiesia 2 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1DEF1196F206C1C297CF0540A5C6768F.1:Illesia.2005-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="1DEF1196F206C1C297CF0540A5C6768F" docStyleName="Illesia.2005-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Neoperla NEEDHAM 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="5865FFBDC541FFAE8C1CFFE10663FFDF" masterDocTitle="First Report Of The Nymph Of Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) From Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698939050580" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6ED1665F4B22CD08FFAD911069822B02">First Report Of The Nymph Of Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) From Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="166A8B2535C909268E29A9952D4E5E47">Ogbogu, Sylvester S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="207DA0725C6194440F5151B1217C06C5">Illiesia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0CDAF58EF1D8A9D66A70C54F32D42ACA">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="A45C87C5C541FFAC8F90FAC1022AFDDF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4762413" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182073276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4762413" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A45C87C5C541FFAC8F90FAC1022AFDDF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A45C87C5C541FFAC8F90FAC1022AFDDF" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="64EF6558C541FFAE8F90FAC102A5FAE7" box="[908,1222,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C541FFAE8F90FAC102A5FAE7" blockId="0.[846,1340,1312,1368]" box="[908,1222,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C541FFAE8F90FAC102A3FAE7" ID-CoL="8MQT8" authority="Needham (1905)" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[908,1216,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8F90FAC102A3FAE7" bold="true" box="[908,1216,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8F90FAC10596FAE7" bold="true" box="[908,1013,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Neoperla</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C541FFAE881EFAC102A3FAE7" author="Needham, J. G." box="[1026,1216,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="107 - 110" refId="ref1518" refString="Needham, J. G. 1905. New genera and species of Perlidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 17: 107 - 110." type="journal article" year="1905">Needham (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64EF6558C541FFAE88D1FAC1035FFAE7" box="[1229,1340,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C541FFAE88D1FAC1035FFAE7" blockId="0.[846,1340,1312,1368]" box="[1229,1340,1312,1336]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B4CE2A56C541FFAE88C9FAC10350FAE7" box="[1237,1331,1312,1336]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="1.[456,495,1195,1219]" captionStartId-1="1.[490,540,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox-0="[316,1272,376,1118]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1404,1309,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure-40@1.[316,1272,376,1118]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Neoperla sp. larva. Head and pronotum, dorsal view." captionText-1="Figs. 2-3. Neoperla sp. larva. Proventriculus armature." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754583" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757493" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4754583/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4757493/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Figs. 1-3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64EF6558C541FFAE8F52FAA302FBFA88" box="[846,1176,1346,1368]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C541FFAE8F52FAA302FBFA88" blockId="0.[846,1340,1312,1368]" box="[846,1176,1346,1368]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0CE511FDC541FFAE8F52FAA302FBFA88" box="[846,1176,1346,1368]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitation id="AD5410C2C541FFAE8F52FAA302FBFA88" author="Needham" box="[846,1176,1346,1368]" page="108" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C541FFAE8F52FAA302F7FA88" ID-CoL="8MQT8" authority="Needham, 1905, p. 108" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityPageNumber="108" authorityYear="1905" box="[846,1172,1346,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8F52FAA305C1FA88" box="[846,930,1346,1367]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Neoperla</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C541FFAE8FB4FAA30228FA87" author="Needham, J. G." box="[936,1099,1346,1368]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="107 - 110" refId="ref1518" refString="Needham, J. G. 1905. New genera and species of Perlidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 17: 107 - 110." type="journal article" year="1905">Needham, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 108
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64EF6558C541FFAC8F35FA640767FD0F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C541FFAC8F35FA640767FD0F" blockId="0.[809,1404,1413,1955]" lastBlockId="2.[184,773,315,720]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8F35FA64026AFA42" bold="true" box="[809,1033,1413,1437]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="9C9D3C8EC541FFAE8811FA64031FF87C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3111467301" collectingDate="2004-02-12" country="Nigeria" elevation="141" latitude="7.503333" location="Opa" longLatPrecision="129" longitude="4.5299997" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Osun">
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<collectorName id="81005305C541FFAE8811FA64025BFA42" box="[1037,1080,1413,1437]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">The</collectorName>
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specimens (mature nymphs) examined were collected by
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<collectorName id="81005305C541FFAE887BFA4902B9FA1F" box="[1127,1242,1448,1472]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Elo Okeze</collectorName>
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from a stream that cross
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<collectorName id="81005305C541FFAE8F83FA2B05A8FA3D" box="[927,971,1482,1506]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Ede</collectorName>
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road at a distance of 1km below
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<location id="292A6008C541FFAE8957FA2B031FFA3D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A45C87C5C541FFAC8F90FAC1022AFDDF:292A6008C541FFAE8957FA2B031FFA3D" box="[1355,1404,1482,1506]" country="Nigeria" latitude="7.503333" longLatPrecision="129" longitude="4.5299997" name="Opa" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Osun">Opa</location>
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reservoir in
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<collectorName id="81005305C541FFAE8FA1FA0C0341F9DA" box="[957,1314,1517,1541]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Obafemi Awolowo University</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="81005305C541FFAE892EFA0C0314F9DA" box="[1330,1399,1517,1541]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Ile-Ife</collectorName>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="EE31F831C541FFAE8F35F9EE05D1F9F8" box="[809,946,1551,1575]" country="Nigeria" name="Osun" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Osun State</collectingRegion>
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in southwestern
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<collectingCountry id="54E27643C541FFAE8880F9EE0291F9F8" box="[1180,1266,1551,1575]" name="Nigeria" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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(
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<date id="584B1013C541FFAE8910F9EE031BF9F8" box="[1292,1400,1551,1575]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="2004-02-12">
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<collectingDate id="480FE9FBC541FFAE8910F9EE031BF9F8" box="[1292,1400,1551,1575]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="2004-02-12">2.12.2004</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="49C15014C541FFAE8F35F9D305C5F995" box="[809,934,1584,1610]" degrees="007" direction="north" minutes="30.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" precision="92" value="7.503333">
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007
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8F4CF9D10539F996" box="[848,858,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">°</emphasis>
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30.2’N
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="49C15014C541FFAE8FACF9D30244F995" box="[944,1063,1584,1610]" degrees="004" direction="east" minutes="31.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" precision="92" value="4.5299997">
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004
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C541FFAE8FCBF9D10582F996" box="[983,993,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">°</emphasis>
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31.8’E
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</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<elevation id="A7D8D1E0C541FFAE882EF9D30210F995" box="[1074,1139,1586,1610]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="141.0">141m</elevation>
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). The stream is shaded, with gravel bottom and varying seasonal water current velocity. One specimen was stored in 70% ethanol and has been deposited in the Natural History Museum (NHM) at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria. To observe the morphological features of nymph,
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<specimenCount id="3AF3FD5AC541FFAE88ACF8E3032AF8C6" box="[1200,1353,1793,1817]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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was whole-mounted on a slide in Canada balsam and viewed under the microscope. Further observations were made with the microscope on fresh specimens as well as those preserved in 70% ethanol.
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</materialsCitation>
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8CA4FEDA0475FE8B" bold="true" box="[184,534,315,340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Diagnostic characters of larva.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8E07FEDD041BFE8B" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[539,632,316,340]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8E07FEDD041BFE8B" box="[539,632,316,340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nymphs are relatively distinctive at the generic level by virtue of their two close-set ocelli and the occipital spinule row which transverses over head forming an elevated ridge behind the ocelli. Species level identifications, at least at present, require adult specimens.
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<figureCitation id="B4CE2A56C543FFAC8D5CFDEA07C2FDFC" box="[320,417,523,547]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[456,495,1195,1219]" captionTargetBox="[316,1272,376,1118]" captionTargetId="figure-40@1.[316,1272,376,1118]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Neoperla sp. larva. Head and pronotum, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4754583/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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shows the head and pronotal pattern and
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<figureCitation id="B4CE2A56C543FFAC8D4DFDCC07B6FD99" box="[337,469,557,582]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="1.[490,540,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,1309,1769]" captionText="Figs. 2-3. Neoperla sp. larva. Proventriculus armature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4757493/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Figures 2-3</figureCitation>
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show the proventricular armature for an undetermined specimen. The latter character has been shown to have some potential for recognition of perlid nymphs by
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<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8E51FD740763FD0F" author="Stark, B. P. & A. R. Gaufin" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref1866" refString="Stark, B. P. & A. R. Gaufin 1976. The nearctic genera of Perlidae (Plecoptera). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 10: 1 - 79." type="journal article" year="1976">Stark & Gaufin (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="788A665BC540FFAF8DD4FB4A020FFB1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4754583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4754583" box="[456,1132,1195,1220]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4754583/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" startId="1.[456,495,1195,1219]" targetBox="[316,1272,376,1118]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C540FFAF8DD4FB4A020FFB1C" blockId="1.[456,1132,1195,1220]" box="[456,1132,1195,1220]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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Fig. 1.
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C540FFAF8E0FFB4A04FBFB1C" box="[531,664,1195,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C540FFAF8E0FFB4A0412FB1C" box="[531,625,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Neoperla</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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larva. Head and pronotum, dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="788A665BC540FFAF8DF6F8D6022AF891" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4757493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4757493" box="[490,1097,1847,1871]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4757493/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" startId="1.[490,540,1847,1871]" targetBox="[184,1404,1309,1769]" targetPageId="1">
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||
<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C540FFAF8DF6F8D6022AF891" blockId="1.[490,1097,1847,1871]" box="[490,1097,1847,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
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||
Figs. 2-3.
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C540FFAF8E4AF8D604B8F891" box="[598,731,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C540FFAF8E4AF8D604D7F890" box="[598,692,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Neoperla</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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larva. Proventriculus armature.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSection id="457A2F38C543FFAC8CA4FD1C022AFDDF" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
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<subSubSection id="64EF6558C543FFAC8CA4FD1C022AFDDF" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C543FFAC8CA4FD1C0701FCCA" blockId="2.[184,354,765,789]" box="[184,354,765,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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||
<heading id="770281BFC543FFAC8CA4FD1C0701FCCA" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[184,354,765,789]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8CA4FD1C0701FCCA" bold="true" box="[184,354,765,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C543FFAC8CC1FCC10566F873" blockId="2.[184,773,800,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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The genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8D70FCC107AAFCE7" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[364,457,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8D70FCC107AAFCE7" box="[364,457,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from several countries in the Afrotropical region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8EA5FCA3068DFCA2" author="Hynes, H. B. N." pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="85 - 108" refId="ref1333" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1952. The Neoperlinae of the Ethiopian region (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 103 (3): 85 - 108." type="journal article" year="1952">Hynes 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D1CFC840755FCA2" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[256,310,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref1373" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1953. The nymphs of Neoperla spio (Newman). Plecoptera: Perlidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, A. General Entomology, 28: 93 - 99." type="journal article" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D54FC84071DFCA2" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[328,382,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" refId="ref1416" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1969. The scientific results of the Hungarian soil zoological expedition to the Brazzaville Congo. 36. The Plecoptera species Neoperla spio (Newman). Opuscala Zoologica" type="book" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D8CFC840436FCA2" author="Tjonneland, A." box="[400,597,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref2029" refString="Tjonneland, A. 1961. Light trap catches of Neoperla spio (Newman) at Jinja, Uganda. Contributions to Faculty of Science, University College, Addis Ababa, Ser. C. (Zooogy), 1: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1961">Tjonneland 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8E7BFC840497FCA2" author="Zwick, P." box="[615,756,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="381 - 398" refId="ref2156" refString="Zwick, P. 1973. Entomological explorations in Ghana by Dr. S. Endrody-Younga 27. Note on some species of Neoperla (Plecoptera). Folia Entomologia Hungarica, 26 Suppl: 381 - 398." type="book chapter" year="1973">Zwick 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8CA4FC660698FC40" author="Zwick, P." box="[184,251,903,927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="683 - 697" refId="ref2195" refString="Zwick, P. 1976 a. Neoperla (Plecoptera) emerging from mountain stream in Central Africa. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 61: 683 - 697." type="journal article" year="1976">1976a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D32FC6607DBFC40" author="Picker, M. D." box="[302,440,903,927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="185 - 198" refId="ref1627" refString="Picker, M. D. 1980. Neoperla spio (Plecoptera): a species complex? Systematic Entomology, 5: 185 - 198." type="journal article" year="1980">Picker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8E88FC690486FC40" baseAuthorityName="Hynes" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[660,741,904,927]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8E88FC690486FC40" box="[660,741,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">N. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported to be widespread (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8DE3FC4B04CCFC1D" author="Needham, J. G." box="[511,687,938,962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="35 - 40" refId="ref1547" refString="Needham, J. G. 1920. African stoneflies and mayflies collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 43: 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1920">Needham 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8EA0FC4B0693FC3A" author="Picker, M. D." pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="185 - 198" refId="ref1627" refString="Picker, M. D. 1980. Neoperla spio (Plecoptera): a species complex? Systematic Entomology, 5: 185 - 198." type="journal article" year="1980">Picker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the checklist of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8DCEFC2D044CFC3B" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[466,559,972,996]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8DCEFC2D044CFC3B" box="[466,559,972,996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54E27643C543FFAC8E68FC2D0567FC3B" box="[628,772,972,996]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8CA3FC0E0723FBD8" author="Villet, M. H." box="[191,320,1007,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" refId="ref2075" refString="Villet, M. H. 2000. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of South Africa. In: Catalogue of South African Insects. www. ru. ac. za / academic / departments / zooento / Martin / Plecoptera. html." type="book" year="2000">Villet 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), three species are recognized, two of which are unknown and recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8E7EFBF00489FBF6" box="[610,746,1041,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8E7EFBF00489FBF6" box="[610,746,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla spp</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8EEBFBF00567FBF6" box="[759,772,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8CE4FBD50766FB93" box="[248,261,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">2</emphasis>
|
||
. The difficulty in the identification of specimens down to species level may be linked to the problem arising from the possible existence of a species complex among the Afrotropical region
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8CA4FB5F0776FB09" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[184,277,1214,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8CA4FB5F0776FB09" box="[184,277,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D38FB5F07C8FB09" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[292,427,1214,1238]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="85 - 108" refId="ref1333" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1952. The Neoperlinae of the Ethiopian region (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 103 (3): 85 - 108." type="journal article" year="1952">Hynes 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8DAAFB5F045FFB09" author="Picker, M. D." box="[438,572,1214,1238]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="185 - 198" refId="ref1627" refString="Picker, M. D. 1980. Neoperla spio (Plecoptera): a species complex? Systematic Entomology, 5: 185 - 198." type="journal article" year="1980">Picker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The occurrence of species complexes appears to be a common phenomenon in the genus as has been observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8EF6FAE5076EFAE1" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clymene">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8EF6FAE5076EFAE1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">N. clymene</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D06FAC707F1FAE1" author="Stark, B. P." box="[282,402,1318,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="299 - 310" refId="ref1753" refString="Stark, B. P. 1990. Neoperla clymene revisited: systematics of the nearctic species complexes (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Pages 299 - 310. In I. C. Campbell [editor]. Mayflies and stoneflies: life histories and biology. Proceedings of the 5 th International Ephemeroptera Conference & 9 th International Plecoptera Conference. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands." type="proceedings paper" year="1990">Stark 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8D80FAC7040AFAE1" author="DeWalt, R. E. & D. W. Webb & A. M. Soli" box="[412,617,1318,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="126 - 137" refId="ref1137" refString="DeWalt, R. E., D. W. Webb & A. M. Soli. 2002. The Neoperla clymene (Newman) complex (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in Illinois, new state records, distributions, and an identification key. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104 (1): 126 - 137." type="journal article" year="2002">DeWalt et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8EBBFAC70745FABF" authorityName="P.Zwick" authorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8EBBFAC70745FABF" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla montivaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zwick 1983, 1986). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8E68FAA90567FABF" author="Zwick, P." box="[628,772,1352,1376]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="245 - 257" refId="ref2287" refString="Zwick, P. 2003. Plecoptera research today: questions to be asked in the new millennium. Pages 245 - 257. In E. Gaino [editor]. Research Update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy." type="book chapter" year="2003">Zwick (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested many morphospecies may be widespread across Africa, and noted that there are examples of differences in similar specimens from different regions. Arising from this,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8DEFFA3304EBFA34" author="Zwick, P." box="[499,648,1490,1515]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="245 - 257" refId="ref2287" refString="Zwick, P. 2003. Plecoptera research today: questions to be asked in the new millennium. Pages 245 - 257. In E. Gaino [editor]. Research Update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy." type="book chapter" year="2003">Zwick (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested two possibilities: 1) geographic variation between conspecifics and, 2) close relationship between different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8DB8F9DB0462F98D" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[420,513,1594,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8DB8F9DB0462F98D" box="[420,513,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In line with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8EB6F9DB069FF9AA" author="Zwick, P." pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="245 - 257" refId="ref2287" refString="Zwick, P. 2003. Plecoptera research today: questions to be asked in the new millennium. Pages 245 - 257. In E. Gaino [editor]. Research Update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy." type="book chapter" year="2003">Zwick’s (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggestion it can be inferred that contrary to the belief that all African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8DE9F99E0430F948" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[501,595,1663,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8DE9F99E0430F948" box="[501,595,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belong to one extremely variable
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8D8AF94304E7F966" authority="(Hynes 1952)" baseAuthorityName="Hynes" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[406,644,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8D8AF9430780F966" box="[406,483,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">N. spio</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8DEEF943041FF966" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[498,636,1697,1722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="85 - 108" refId="ref1333" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1952. The Neoperlinae of the Ethiopian region (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 103 (3): 85 - 108." type="journal article" year="1952">Hynes 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there may be a number of species that are unknown. Moreover, known species may have wider geographical ranges in the Afrotropical region than are currently thought. This is possible given at least some American species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8CC4F8AF0756F8B9" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[216,309,1870,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8CC4F8AF0756F8B9" box="[216,309,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are univoltine and can survive even in unusual habitats such as temporary streams (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8EB1F8900748F873" author="Stewart, K. W. & R. W. Baumann & B. P. Stark" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="507 - 546" refId="ref1984" refString="Stewart, K. W., R. W. Baumann & B. P. Stark. 1974. The distribution and past dispersal of southwestern United States Plecoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 99: 507 - 546." type="journal article" year="1974">Stewart et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8D27F87507E6F874" baseAuthorityName="Hynes" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[315,389,1940,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8D27F87507E6F874" box="[315,389,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">N. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been observed in open shores
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C4A36D3C543FFAC8F35FEDA022AFDDF" blockId="2.[809,1404,315,512]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
of large lakes such as Lake Nyasa in addition to its occurrence in cool, forested streams elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48644B22C543FFAC8F2DFE6005DEFE47" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[817,957,384,409]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref1463" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. 1976. Biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 21: 135 - 153." type="journal article" year="1976">Hynes 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further examination of nymphs and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC8FB3FE42026EFE64" authorityName="NEEDHAM" authorityYear="1905" box="[943,1037,419,443]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC8FB3FE42026EFE64" box="[943,1037,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Neoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54E27643C543FFAC8870FE4202A1FE64" box="[1132,1218,419,443]" name="Nigeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
is needed to determine whether they are those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBF54D50C543FFAC88D3FE270379FE02" baseAuthorityName="Hynes" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1231,1306,454,477]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Neoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E81EAC1C543FFAC88D3FE270379FE02" box="[1231,1306,454,477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">N. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or some entirely different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |