641 lines
77 KiB
XML
641 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="9868AB660512C789817821B43F242305" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10438079" ID-ZooBank="6D86633F-0167-414D-B511-550BCBE578CD" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1703752267404" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dawah, Hassan A., Abdullah, Mohammed A., Ahmad, Syed Kamran, Turner, James & Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad" docDate="2023" docId="03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5394.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5394 (1)" docSource="https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5394.1.1/52549" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.16:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="16" docTitle="Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFED242E14290F52171B835CFFB2A745" masterDocTitle="An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1703753015972" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="85AE451F7F7B9464973C9A1B311A4901">An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="71AE18C23BBA204C2BA0716B79F757AC">Dawah, Hassan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="034A5BA867D4D0DDECD9C869E60A020A">Centre for Environmental Research and Studies, Jazan University, P. O. Box 2095, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia dawaha @ hotmail. co. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5642 - 7247</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E271C66ECB7A616CE5A16DA9B300E00" type="email">dawaha@hotmail.co.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3E82769982E99F2B0EC58834996C2CE9">Abdullah, Mohammed A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3837772FD1B47FC83BACF482C22FB7B6">Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha- 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia mohd _ robiya @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3323 - 3623</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E68F381B8DD0730D5EF08FB0476BA30A" type="email">mohd_robiya@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E69158B87533DB7919CB3EBAD76DFC0C">Ahmad, Syed Kamran</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D8F13858B65C4715B8DD6F0E88EE09E9">Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India entosaif @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6211 - 2345</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="245379784FD9B0A66934E5D953B16F83" type="email">entosaif@rediffmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F1A53C92E0B685EC41173C52B594B014">Turner, James</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7E9EF308FF25FF3766BD2FC53B073560">National Museum of Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Entomology Section, Cardiff, CF 10 3 NP, UK James. Turner @ museumwales. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2411 - 7396</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CFEAD8E7B4DFBC67F90E5BAA49A72BC1" type="email">urner@museumwales.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6987B0CE77AE8137311F426D602D671D">Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E7CC3EBABE21809BDE5FD6CEC2AACC76">Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran azari @ gums. ac. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9370 - 9638 * Corresponding author: azari @ gums. ac. ir</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D2A3A48FFDE917463210B61968756A01" type="email">azari@gums.ac.ir</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="D226BEAF0EDA5D5673ED36B9BD672567">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0B3498E314A97E9F6987F4045F9CA631">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10438235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10438235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71178C8232FDD6A6CD" ID-CoL="8BMMB" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,612,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens" subGenus="Culex">
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71178C8232FF6DA6CC" bold="true" box="[151,223,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117EB8232FE8AA6CC" bold="true" box="[240,312,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7116528232FE2DA6CD" bold="true" box="[329,415,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">pipiens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116BC8232FDD6A6CD" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[423,612,366,392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52663" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Editio Decima. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B15E71D140A0F71178C82EAFBB2A695" box="[151,1024,438,465]" country="Sweden" county="Veberod" location="Near Lake Krankesjo" municipality="Silvakra" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Skane" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54C653E2140A0F71178C82EAFF60A695" box="[151,210,438,464]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<location id="8EA2BB9B140A0F71162782EBFD9DA695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5:8EA2BB9B140A0F71162782EBFD9DA695" box="[316,559,438,465]" country="Sweden" county="Veberod" municipality="Silvakra" name="Near Lake Krankesjo" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Skane">
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<location id="8EA2BB9B140A0F71162782EBFE00A695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5:8EA2BB9B140A0F71162782EBFE00A695" box="[316,434,438,465]" country="Sweden" county="Veberod" municipality="Silvakra" name="Near Lake" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Skane">
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Near
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<location id="8EA2BB9B140A0F71166182EAFE00A695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D45C56140A0F71178C8232FE82A1A5:8EA2BB9B140A0F71166182EAFE00A695" box="[378,434,438,464]" country="Sweden" county="Veberod" municipality="Silvakra" name="Lake Krankesjo" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Skane">Lake</location>
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</location>
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Krankesjo
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BA6773A140A0F71152182EAFD25A695" box="[570,663,438,464]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Silvakra</collectingMunicipality>
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farm,
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49B923A2140A0F71145782EAFC2BA695" box="[844,921,438,464]" country="Sweden" name="Skane" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Scania</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7114BF82EAFBB2A695" box="[932,1024,438,464]" name="Sweden" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<subSubSection id="C367BECB140A0F7117DC8286FC7DA4C4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117DC8286FED3A6B1" bold="true" box="[199,353,474,500]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</emphasis>
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This species is cosmopolitan (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115AE8286FC42A6B1" author="Azari-Hamidian, S. & Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R. E." box="[693,1008,474,500]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="106 - 122" refId="ref41690" refString="Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R. E. (2019) A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica, 194, 106 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2019.03.019" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Azari-Hamidian
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71146F8287FC1EA6B1" box="[884,940,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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). In the Middle East and North Africa, it has been recorded in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71168882A2FE58A55D" box="[403,490,510,536]" name="Algeria" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7116EF82A3FD88A55C" box="[500,570,511,537]" name="Egypt" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71155882A3FDC1A55C" box="[579,627,511,537]" name="Iran" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71156682A3FD1FA55C" box="[637,685,511,537]" name="Iraq" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7115AC82A2FD4AA55D" box="[695,760,510,536]" name="Israel" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71141982A2FCE2A55D" box="[770,848,510,536]" name="Jordan" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71144282A2FC1CA55D" box="[857,942,510,536]" name="Kuwait" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
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,
|
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7114A382A2FBAFA55D" box="[952,1053,510,536]" name="Lebanon" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71133C82A2FBD9A55D" box="[1063,1131,510,536]" name="Libya" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Libya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71136E82A3FB6FA55C" box="[1141,1245,511,537]" name="Morocco" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7113FD82A2FAFCA55D" box="[1254,1358,510,536]" name="Palestine" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Palestine</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71124382A2FA2AA55D" box="[1368,1432,510,536]" name="Qatar" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Qatar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71178C817EFE99A579" box="[151,299,546,572]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71162E817EFEC1A579" box="[309,371,546,572]" name="Syria" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Syria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F711666817EFE61A579" box="[381,467,546,572]" name="Tunisia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7116C7817EFD9FA579" box="[476,557,546,572]" name="Turkey" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F711523817EFC99A579" box="[568,811,546,572]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F711445817FFC1EA578" box="[862,940,547,573]" name="Yemen" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7114A1817EFBEDA579" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[954,1119,546,572]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref45874" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300034568" type="journal article" year="1914">Edwards 1914</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F711371817EFAB5A578" author="Knight, K. L." box="[1130,1287,546,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="212 - 234" refId="ref51922" refString="Knight, K. L. (1953 b) The mosquitoes of the Yemen (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55 (5), 212 - 234." type="journal article" year="1953">Knight 1953b</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F711209817EFA25A578" author="Lewis, D. J." box="[1298,1431,546,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="703 - 721" refId="ref52622" refString="Lewis, D. J. (1956) The Culex mosquitoes of the Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47 (4), 703 - 721. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046940" type="journal article" year="1956">Lewis 1956</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71178C811AFE09A524" author="Mattingly, P. F. & Knight, K. L." box="[151,443,582,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="91 - 141" refId="ref53894" refString="Mattingly, P. F. & Knight, K. L. (1956) The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 4 (3), 91 - 141." type="journal article" year="1956">Mattingly & Knight 1956</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116DE811AFD2FA525" author="Abdel-Malek, A." box="[453,669,582,608]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="111 - 128" refId="ref37944" refString="Abdel-Malek, A. (1960) The culicine mosquitoes of the northern region of the United Arab Republic. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique d'Egypte, 44, 111 - 128." type="journal article" year="1960">Abdel-Malek 1960</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115B2811AFC9DA525" author="White, G. B." box="[681,815,582,608]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="114 - 148" refId="ref62551" refString="White, G. B. (1980) Family Culicidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 114 - 148." type="book chapter" year="1980">White 1980</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F711427811AFC68A525" author="Buttiker, W." box="[828,986,582,608]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref42954" refString="Buttiker, W. (1981) Observation on urban mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. In: Wittmer, W. & Buttiker, W. (Eds.), Fauna of Saudia Arabia. Vol. 3. Pro Entomologia c / o Natural History Museum. Ciba Geigy Ltd, Basle, pp. 472 - 479." type="book" year="1981">Büttiker 1981</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7114FD811AFB35A524" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[998,1159,582,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref48831" refString="Harbach, R. E. (1985) Pictorial keys to the genera of mosquitoes, subgenera of Culex and the species of Culex (Culex) occurring in southwestern Asia and Egypt, with note on the subgeneric placement of Culex deserticola (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 17 (2), 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Harbach 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F711388811AFB7CA525" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1171,1230,582,608]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 236" refId="ref48893" refString="Harbach, R. E. (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 24 (1), vi + 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113C1811AFA25A524" author="Wills, W. M. & Jakob, W. L. & Francy, D. B. & Oertley, R. E. & Anani, E. & Calisher, C. H. & Monath, T. P." box="[1242,1431,582,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref62854" refString="Wills, W. M., Jakob, W. L., Francy, D. B., Oertley, R. E., Anani, E., Calisher, C. H. & Monath, T. P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (85) 90238 - X" type="journal article" year="1985">
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Wills
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F711206811BFAE7A525" box="[1309,1365,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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1985
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71178C8136FECAA5C1" author="Harbach, R. E. & Harrison, B. A. & Gad, A. M. & Kenawy, M. A. & El-Said, S." box="[151,376,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="317 - 342" refId="ref49382" refString="Harbach, R. E., Harrison, B. A., Gad, A. M., Kenawy, M. A. & El-Said, S. (1989) Records and notes on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Egypt. Mosquito Systematics, 20 (3), 317 - 342. [for 1988]" type="journal article" year="1989">
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Harbach
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117E68137FE84A5C1" box="[253,310,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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1989
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116988136FD83A5C1" author="Al-Houty, W." box="[387,561,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref40053" refString="Al-Houty, W. (1989) Insect fauna of Kuwait. University of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait, 187 pp." type="book" year="1989">Al-Houty 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115278136FDC5A5C1" author="Al-Houty, W." box="[572,631,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="145 - 162" refId="ref40077" refString="Al-Houty, W. (1997) Chacklist of the insect fauna of Kuwait. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering, 24, 145 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71159F8136FCB9A5C1" author="Minar, J." box="[644,779,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref54983" refString="Minar, J. (1991) Family Culicidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Psychodidae- Chironomidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 74 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19910380404" type="book" year="1991">Minář 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71140C8136FC7FA5C1" author="Salit, A. M. & Zakaria, M. & Balba, M. & Zaghloul, T." box="[791,973,618,644]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="78 - 85" refId="ref58283" refString="Salit, A. M., Zakaria, M., Balba, M. & Zaghloul, T. (1994) The mosquito fauna of Kuwait. Journal of University of Kuwait, 21, 78 - 85." type="journal article" year="1994">
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Salit
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7114498137FC38A5C1" box="[850,906,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7114C28137FAACA5C1" author="van Harten, A. & Wagener, B." box="[985,1310,618,645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref61928" refString="van Harten, A. & Wagener, B. (1994) Terrestrial arthropods of the Republic of Yemen. A checklist. Sana'a Yemen, Yemeni- German plant Protection Project. ii + 147 pp." type="book" year="1994">van Harten & Wagener 1994</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7112328136FEA0A5ED" author="Al-Khalili, Y. H. & Katbeh-Bader, A. & Amr, Z." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="179 - 188" refId="ref40197" refString="Al-Khalili, Y. H., Katbeh-Bader, A. & Amr, Z. (2000) Distribution and ecology of mosquito larvae in Jordan. Studia Dipterologica, 7 (1), 179 - 188." type="journal article" year="2000">
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Al-Khalili
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71178C81D3FF7DA5ED" box="[151,207,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71160081D2FE69A5ED" author="Alten, B. & Caglar, S. S. & Ozer, N." box="[283,475,654,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="22 - 33" refId="ref40741" refString="Alten, B., Caglar, S. S. & Ozer, N. (2000) Malaria and its vectors in Turkey. European Mosquito Bulletin, 7, 22 - 33." type="journal article" year="2000">
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Alten
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71167B81D3FE2AA5ED" box="[352,408,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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2000
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116FD81D2FD77A5ED" author="Brunhes, J. & Hassaine, K. & Rhaim, A. & Hervy, J. - P." box="[486,709,654,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="195 - 204" refId="ref42884" refString="Brunhes, J., Hassaine, K., Rhaim, A. & Hervy, J. - P. (2000) Les Culicides de l'Afrique mediterraneenne: especes presentes et repartition (Diptera, Nematocera). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 105 (2), 195 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2000.16659" type="journal article" year="2000">
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Brunhes
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71155181D3FD30A5ED" box="[586,642,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115D481D2FC25A5ED" author="Miller, B. R. & Godsey, M. S. & Crabtree, M. B. & Savage, H. M. & Al-Mazrao, Y. & Al-Jaffri, M. H. & Abdoon, A. - M. M. & Al-Seghayer, S. M. & Al-Shahrani, A. M. & Ksiazek, T. G." box="[719,919,654,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1492 - 1494" refId="ref54869" refString="Miller, B. R., Godsey, M. S., Crabtree, M. B. Savage, H. M., Al-Mazrao, Y., Al-Jaffri, M. H. Abdoon, A. - M. M., Al-Seghayer, S. M., Al-Shahrani, A. M. & Ksiazek, T. G. (2002) Isolation and genetic characterization of Rift Valley fever virus from Aedes vexans arabiensis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 (12), 1492 - 1494. https: // doi. org / 10.3201 / eid 0812.020194" type="journal article" year="2002">
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Miller
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71140781D3FCE6A5ED" box="[796,852,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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2002
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7114BA81D2FBE8A5EC" author="Knio, K. M. & Markarain, N. & Kassis, A. & Nuwayri-Salti, N." box="[929,1114,654,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="229 - 235" refId="ref52016" refString="Knio, K. M., Markarain, N., Kassis, A. & Nuwayri-Salti, N. (2005) A two-year survey on mosquitoes of Lebanon. Parasite, 12 (3), 229 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2005123229" type="journal article" year="2005">
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Knio
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7114FB81D3FBAAA5ED" box="[992,1048,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71137F81D2FA9CA5ED" author="Al-Ali, K. H. & El-Badry, A. A. & Eassa, A. H. A. & Al-Juhani, A. M. & Al-Zubiany, S. F. & Ibrahim, E. - K. D." box="[1124,1326,654,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref39419" refString="Al-Ali, K. H., El-Badry, A. A., Eassa, A. H. A., Al-Juhani, A. M. & Al-Zubiany, S. F. & Ibrahim, E. - K. D. (2008) A study on Culex species and Culex transmitted diseases in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Parasitologists United Journal, 1 (2), 101 - 108." type="journal article" year="2008">
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Al-Ali
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71122181D2FF44A589" author="Rueda, L. M. & Pecor, J. E. & Lowen, R. G. & Carder, M." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref58105" refString="Rueda, L. M., Pecor, J. E., Lowen, R. G. & Carder, M. (2008) New record and updated checklists of the mosquitoes of Afghanistan and Iraq. Journal of Vector Ecology, 33 (2), 397 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.3376 / 1081 - 1710 - 33.2.397" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Rueda
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71129381D3FF06A589" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7117E481EEFE54A589" author="Alahmed, M. A. & Al Kuriji, M. A. & Kheir, S. M. & Alahmedi, S. A. & Al Hatabbi, M. J. & Al Gashmari, M. A. M." box="[255,486,690,716]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="991 - 1013" refId="ref38879" refString="Alahmed, M. A., Al Kuriji, M. A., Kheir, S. M. Alahmedi, S. A., Al Hatabbi, M. J. & Al Gashmari, M. A. M. (2009) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) and seasonal activity in Makkah Al Mukarramah Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 39 (3), 991 - 1013." type="journal article" year="2009">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71158F81EEFCE7A589" author="Kheir, S. M. & Alahmed, A. M. & Al Kuriji, M. A. & Al Zubyani, S. F." box="[660,853,690,716]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="215 - 227" refId="ref51600" refString="Kheir, S. M., Alahmed, A. M., Al Kuriji, M. A. & Al Zubyani, S. F. (2010) Distribution and seasonal activity of mosquitoes in Al Madinah Al Munwwarah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 40 (1), 215 - 227. https: // doi. org / 10.3923 / je. 2010.227.234" type="journal article" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71121681EEFF61A5B5" author="Mutebi, J. - P. & Crabtree, M. B. & Kading, R. C. & Powers, A. M. & Lutwama, J. & Miller, B. R." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1289 - 1306" refId="ref55530" refString="Mutebi, J. - P., Crabtree, M. B., Kading, R. C., Powers, A. M., Lutwama, J. J & Miller, B. R. (2012) Mosquitoes of western Uganda. Journal of Medical Entomology, 49 (6), 1289 - 1306. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / ME 12111" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Simsaa
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Khalefa
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7113D5801FFAB4A419" box="[1230,1286,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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). It was recorded for the first time in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7116C0803AFDDEA4C5" box="[475,620,870,896]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71158D803AFC79A4C4" author="Mattingly, P. F. & Knight, K. L." box="[662,971,870,897]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="91 - 141" refId="ref53894" refString="Mattingly, P. F. & Knight, K. L. (1956) The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 4 (3), 91 - 141." type="journal article" year="1956">Mattingly & Knight (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C367BECB140A0F7117DC80D6FE82A1A5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2ED40140A0F7117DC80D6FD7DA248" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,1760]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117DC80D6FE89A4E1" bold="true" box="[199,315,906,932]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In the Middle East, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71155980D6FD68A4E1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[578,730,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71155980D6FD68A4E1" box="[578,730,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
assemblage or subgroup comprises the two species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71120480D7FA2EA4E1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1311,1436,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71120480D7FA2EA4E1" box="[1311,1436,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including physiological form or ecotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71157380F2FD78A48D" box="[616,714,942,968]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71157380F2FD78A48D" box="[616,714,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">molestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71141280F3FB6EA48D" authority="Say (Harbach 2012)" authorityName="Say (Harbach" authorityYear="2012" box="[777,1244,942,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71141280F3FC9AA48C" box="[777,808,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71142D80F2FC46A48D" box="[822,1012,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
Say (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71132980F2FB66A48D" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1074,1236,942,968]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="10 - 23" refId="ref49106" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2012) Culex pipiens: species versus species complex - taxonomic history and prespective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4 s), 10 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2987 / 8756 - 971 X- 28.4.10" type="journal article" year="2012">Harbach 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two species are very similar morphologically and taxonomists used to distinguish them by using wing venation, such as the measurement of the intersection of the costa, subcostal and bifurcation of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17F9EF05140A0F7113018755FB81A352" attach="left" box="[1050,1075,1033,1047]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">2+3</subScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71132480AAFB53A354" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1087,1249,1014,1041]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref48831" refString="Harbach, R. E. (1985) Pictorial keys to the genera of mosquitoes, subgenera of Culex and the species of Culex (Culex) occurring in southwestern Asia and Egypt, with note on the subgeneric placement of Culex deserticola (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 17 (2), 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Harbach 1985</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113F680AAFF66A371" author="de Morais, S. A. & Moratore, C. & Suesdek, L. & Marrelli, M. T." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="672 - 676" refId="ref44941" refString="de Morais, S. A., Moratore, C., Suesdek, L. & Marrelli, M. T. (2010) Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 105 (5), 672 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762010000500012" type="journal article" year="2010">
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de Morais
|
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<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71127F80ABFA2FA355" box="[1380,1437,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The best characters to distinguish them are those of the male genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113188746FB1AA371" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1027,1192,1050,1076]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="10 - 23" refId="ref49106" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2012) Culex pipiens: species versus species complex - taxonomic history and prespective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4 s), 10 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2987 / 8756 - 971 X- 28.4.10" type="journal article" year="2012">Harbach 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7112308746FE92A31D" author="Noureldin, E. & Dafalla, O. & Hakami, A. & Jubran, M. & Alzhrani, A. & Mujally, M. & Shajari, O. & Khardali, A. & Eisa, Z." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="5563916" refId="ref55828" refString="Noureldin, E., Dafalla, O., Hakami, A., Jubran, M., Alzhrani, A., Mujally, M., Shajari, O., Khardali, A. & Eisa, Z. (2021) Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, and their molecular identification. International Journal of Zoology, 2021, 5563916. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 2021 / 5563916" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Noureldin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71178C8763FF7AA31D" box="[151,200,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
utilized, for the first time, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F7113248763FB0FA31D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1087,1213,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7113248763FBECA31C" box="[1087,1118,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7113778763FB0FA31D" box="[1132,1213,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B923A2140A0F7112128763FA2BA31D" box="[1289,1433,1086,1113]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Jizan" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Jazan region</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It is generally accepted that the ecotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F711568873EFD6CA339" box="[627,734,1122,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F711567873EFD6CA339" box="[636,734,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">molestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is autogenous, predominantly bites humans and other large domestic animals, and lays eggs in underground habitats, whereas the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F7114F587DAFBFAA3E5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1006,1096,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7114EC87DBFBFAA3E5" box="[1015,1096,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is anautogenous, mainly bites birds and utilizes above-ground oviposition sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115D687F6FC7BA381" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. A." box="[717,969,1194,1220]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref62791" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. A. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltomore, Maryland, 1308 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71145087F7FC37A381" box="[843,901,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These two forms or ecotypes cannot be morphologically distinguished (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116E68792FD11A3AD" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[509,675,1230,1256]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="10 - 23" refId="ref49106" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2012) Culex pipiens: species versus species complex - taxonomic history and prespective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4 s), 10 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2987 / 8756 - 971 X- 28.4.10" type="journal article" year="2012">Harbach 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In some old records in the region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71135B8792FAA8A3AD" author="Abdel-Malek, A." box="[1088,1306,1230,1256]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="111 - 128" refId="ref37944" refString="Abdel-Malek, A. (1960) The culicine mosquitoes of the northern region of the United Arab Republic. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique d'Egypte, 44, 111 - 128." type="journal article" year="1960">Abdel-Malek 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71123C8792FF61A249" author="Salit, A. M. & Zakaria, M. & Balba, M. & Zaghloul, T." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="78 - 85" refId="ref58283" refString="Salit, A. M., Zakaria, M., Balba, M. & Zaghloul, T. (1994) The mosquito fauna of Kuwait. Journal of University of Kuwait, 21, 78 - 85." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Salit
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7112788793FA2FA3AD" box="[1379,1437,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F7117FC87AFFED7A249" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[231,357,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117FC87AFFED7A249" box="[231,357,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71152287AFFD7AA249" box="[569,712,1266,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71152287AFFD7AA249" box="[569,712,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx. molestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC2ED40140A0F7117DC864AFE82A1A5" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,1760]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117DC864AFE70A275" bold="true" box="[199,450,1302,1328]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Medical importance.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116D7864AFD2FA275" author="Trari, B. & Dakki, M. & Harbach, R. E." box="[460,669,1302,1329]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="94 - 104" refId="ref61781" refString="Trari, B., Dakki, M. & Harbach, R. E. (2017) An updated checklist of the Culicidae (Diptera) of Morocco, with notes on species of historical and current medical importance. Journal of Vector Ecology, 42 (1), 94 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jvec. 12243" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Trari
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F711516864BFDF3A275" box="[525,577,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized the role of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F7114A5864BFB8DA275" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[958,1087,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7114A5864BFB8DA275" box="[958,1087,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in virus circulation in several countries. The species is a recognized vector of West Nile virus in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7114DB8666FBA5A211" box="[960,1047,1338,1364]" name="Algeria" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7113338666FB50A211" box="[1064,1250,1338,1364]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7113E88667FA8BA210" box="[1267,1337,1339,1365]" name="Egypt" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7112528667FA2AA210" box="[1353,1432,1339,1365]" name="France" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71178C8602FF6AA23D" box="[151,216,1374,1400]" name="Israel" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7117FF8602FEAAA23D" box="[228,280,1374,1400]" name="Italy" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71163E8603FE3FA23C" box="[293,397,1375,1401]" name="Morocco" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7116838602FE48A23D" box="[408,506,1374,1400]" name="Portugal" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71151D8602FDDCA23D" box="[518,622,1374,1400]" name="Romania" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7115618602FD0FA23D" box="[634,701,1374,1400]" name="Spain" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7115D28602FCE8A23D" box="[713,858,1374,1400]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71147C8602FC70A23D" box="[871,962,1374,1400]" name="Sweden" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7114D58602FB93A23D" box="[974,1057,1374,1400]" name="Tunisia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7113428602FB14A23D" box="[1113,1190,1374,1400]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
It also plays a role in transmitting Rift Valley fever, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses, as well as lymphatic microfilariae and canine dogworm in Africa, Asia and Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116D586FAFD18A285" author="Meegan, J. M. & Khalil, G. M. & Hoogstraal, H. & Adham, F. K." box="[462,682,1446,1472]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1405 - 1410" refId="ref54328" refString="Meegan, J. M., Khalil, G. M., Hoogstraal, H. & Adham, F. K. (1980) Experimental transmission and field isolation studies implicating Culex pipiens as a vector of Rift Valley Fever virus in Egypt. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 29 (6), 1405 - 1410. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1980.29.1405" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Meegan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71152A86FBFDDBA285" box="[561,617,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7115AD86FAFC46A285" author="Darwish, M. A. & Hoogstraal, H." box="[694,1012,1446,1472]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44700" refString="Darwish, M. A. & Hoogstraal, H. (1981) Arboviruses infecting humans and lower animals in Egypt: a review of thirty years of research. Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 56 (1 - 2), 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1981">Darwish & Hoogstraal 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71131B86FAFB5EA285" author="Schaffner, F. & Angel, G. & Geoffroy, B. & Hervy, J. - P. & Rhaiem, A. & Brunhes, J." box="[1024,1260,1446,1473]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref58497" refString="Schaffner, F., Angel, G., Geoffroy, B., Hervy, J. - P., Rhaiem, A. & Brunhes, J. (2001) Les mostiques d'Europe: logiciel d'identification et d'enseignement. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montpellier. [CD-ROM]" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Schaffner
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71136886FBFB16A285" box="[1139,1188,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113E386FAFA25A285" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1272,1431,1446,1472]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref49048" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2011) Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): The foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research. Acta Tropica, 120 (1 - 2), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2011.06.005" type="journal article" year="2011">Harbach 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71178C8696FEC3A2A0" author="Ferreira, C. A. C. & de Pinho Mixao, V. & Novo, M. T. L. M. & Calado, M. M. P. & Goncalves, L. A. P. & Belo, S. M. D. & de Almeida, A. P. G." box="[151,369,1482,1509]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="139" refId="ref47053" refString="Ferreira, C. A. C., de Pinho Mixao, V., Novo, M. T. L. M., Calado, M. M. P., Goncalves, L. A. P., Belo, S. M. D. & de Almeida, A. P. G. (2015) First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 139. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 015 - 0760 - 2" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ferreira
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7117EC8697FE9DA2A1" box="[247,303,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116678696FDFDA2A1" author="Simsaa, M. A. A. & Harbach, R. E. & Almalik, A. M. A. & Ahmed, E. M. & Eisa, A. A. & Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S." box="[380,591,1482,1509]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="401 - 411" refId="ref59714" refString="Simsaa, M. A. A., Harbach, R. E., Almalik, A. M. A., Ahmed, E. M., Eisa, A. A., Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S. (2021) Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded along the Nile River in central and northern Sudan, with a key for the identification of all species of the genus known to occur in the country. Zootaxa, 4963 (3), 401 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4963.3.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Simsaa
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7116CF8697FDB7A2A1" box="[468,517,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). West Nile and Sindbis viruses have been isolated from this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F7112748697FA2EA2A0" box="[1391,1436,1483,1509]" name="Iran" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71178486B2FE68A14D" author="Azari-Hamidian, S. & Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R. E." box="[159,474,1518,1544]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="106 - 122" refId="ref41690" refString="Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R. E. (2019) A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica, 194, 106 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2019.03.019" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Azari-Hamidian
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71164586B3FE25A14D" box="[350,407,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116FC86B2FD45A14D" author="Hanafi-Bojd, A. A. & Motazakker, M. & Vatandoost, H. & Dabiri, F. & Chavshin, A. R." box="[487,759,1518,1544]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="105952" refId="ref48662" refString="Hanafi-Bojd, A. A., Motazakker, M., Vatandoost, H., Dabiri, F. & Chavshin, A. R. (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito species in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological niches of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Tropica, 220, 105952. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2021.105952" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Hanafi-Bojd
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71156086B3FD06A14D" box="[635,692,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71143086B2FC72A14D" box="[811,960,1518,1544]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species may play a role as a potential vector of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71161C854EFE45A169" baseAuthorityName="Service" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[263,503,1554,1580]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Wuchereria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71161C854EFE45A169" box="[263,503,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Wuchereria bancrofti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since the nematode has been identified in foreign Asian workers in Abha, in the southwest of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F711636856AFE0DA115" box="[301,447,1590,1616]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116D5856AFDE1A115" author="Omar, M. S." box="[462,595,1590,1616]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="155 - 160" refId="ref55915" refString="Omar, M. S. (1996) A survey of bancroftian filariasis among South Asian expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1 (2), 155 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3156.1996. tb 00021. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Omar 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, it may vector avian malarial protozoa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113AF856AFA22A115" author="Lalubin, F. & Deledevant, A. & Glaizot, O. & Christe, P." box="[1204,1424,1590,1617]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="307" refId="ref52201" refString="Lalubin, F., Deledevant, A., Glaizot, O. & Christe, P. (2013) Temporal changes in mosquito abundance (Culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 307. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 6 - 307" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Lalubin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71120F856BFAF4A115" box="[1300,1350,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Japanese encephalitis virus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7116CC8506FD0DA131" author="Ravanini, P. & Huhtamo, E. & Ilaria, V. & Crobu, M. G. & Nicosia, A. M. & Servino, L. & Rivasi, F. & Allegrini, S. & Miglio, U. & Magri, A. & Minisini, R. & Vapalahti, O. & Boldorini, R." box="[471,703,1626,1653]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="20221" refId="ref57187" refString="Ravanini, P., Huhtamo, E., Ilaria, V., Crobu, M. G., Nicosia, A. M., Servino, L., Rivasi, F., Allegrini, S., Miglio, U., Magri, A., Minisini, R., Vapalahti, O. & Boldorini, R. (2012) Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveillance, 17 (28), 20221. https: // doi. org / 10.2807 / ese. 17.28.20221 - en" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Ravanini
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71155E8507FDC5A131" box="[581,631,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and microfilariae of dirofilariasis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113498506FA8AA131" author="Cancrini, G. & Magi, M. & Gabrielli, S. & Arispici, M. & Tolari, F. & Dell'Omodarme, M. & Prati, M. C." box="[1106,1336,1626,1652]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="574 - 579" refId="ref43530" refString="Cancrini, G., Magi, M., Gabrielli, S., Arispici, M., Tolari, F., Dell'Omodarme, M. & Prati, M. C. (2006) Natural vectors of dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (3), 574 - 579. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.3.574" type="journal article" year="2006">
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||
Cancrini
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||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7113A78507FB47A131" box="[1212,1269,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71125F8506FEA6A1DC" author="Ferreira, C. A. C. & de Pinho Mixao, V. & Novo, M. T. L. M. & Calado, M. M. P. & Goncalves, L. A. P. & Belo, S. M. D. & de Almeida, A. P. G." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="139" refId="ref47053" refString="Ferreira, C. A. C., de Pinho Mixao, V., Novo, M. T. L. M., Calado, M. M. P., Goncalves, L. A. P., Belo, S. M. D. & de Almeida, A. P. G. (2015) First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 139. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 015 - 0760 - 2" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ferreira
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71178C8523FF7BA1DD" box="[151,201,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71163C8522FE73A1DD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[295,449,1662,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71163C8522FE73A1DD" box="[295,449,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also causes notable biting nuisance to animals and humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F7113708522FAFCA1DD" author="Aqeehal, H. A. & Shibani, N. & Annajar, B. B." box="[1131,1358,1662,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="122 - 125" refId="ref41149" refString="Aqeehal, H. A., Shibani, N. & Annajar, B. B. (2019) Mosquito species composition at a selected area in eastern Tripoli, Libya. International Journal of Entomology Research, 4 (6), 122 - 125." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Aqeehal
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F7113CA8523FAB1A1DD" box="[1233,1283,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC90B1140A0F71127A8522FE93A1F8" author="Wills, W. M. & Jakob, W. L. & Francy, D. B. & Oertley, R. E. & Anani, E. & Calisher, C. H. & Monath, T. P." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref62854" refString="Wills, W. M., Jakob, W. L., Francy, D. B., Oertley, R. E., Anani, E., Calisher, C. H. & Monath, T. P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (85) 90238 - X" type="journal article" year="1985">
|
||
Wills
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71178C85FFFF62A1F9" box="[151,208,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1985)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that a single isolation of Sindbis virus was obtained from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D96C3140A0F71130F85FFFB20A1F9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1044,1170,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9093152140A0F71130F85FFFB20A1F9" box="[1044,1170,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at Al Khobar,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36AADD0140A0F71178C859AFE9EA1A5" box="[151,300,1734,1760]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |