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<document id="90F6D6EBEECD29D3EA81B03421D28419" ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00155.x" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95b3d62f-8fcc-4088-873f-b33f4a63d3fc" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2360323" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1545431078479" checkinUser="PlaziZenodoSync" docAuthor="R. G. Beutel &amp; S. N. Gorb" docDate="2001" docId="0394A3592F618E1802BAF90BFE42F82A" docLanguage="en" docName="j.zool.syst.evol.res.j.1439-0469.2001.00155.x.pdf" docOrigin="J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research 39" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Hymenoptera" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FFADDB212F648E1D022AFFC1FF81FFBA" masterDocTitle="Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny" masterLastPageNumber="207" masterPageNumber="177" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1545061171653" originalUpdateUser="PlaziZenodoSync" pageNumber="182" updateTime="1698553195662" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4237F933FB1E260F36CB079C272BEDD7">Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3A07CD90F3C0D40BDD580706E0678AA7">R. G. Beutel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94EF0213CC5759D2FF92F6CD56A08172">S. N. Gorb</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D9343B792A5DD1533BF9331265C33E78">J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8E29C87E770BA1498F2F85ABCEEFE4D2">2001</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0394A3592F618E1802BAF90BFE42F82A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6279499" ID-GBIF-Taxon="150677686" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6279499" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0394A3592F618E1802BAF90BFE42F82A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394A3592F618E1802BAF90BFE42F82A" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">
<subSubSection id="C32741C42F618E1802BAF90BFEB9F95A" box="[144,312,1738,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" type="nomenclature">
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30
<taxonomicName id="4C3D69CC2F618E18029AF90BFEB9F95A" ID-CoL="HYM" ID-ENA="7399" box="[176,312,1738,1760]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C32741C42F618E1802BAF929FE42F82A" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B82124F2F618E1802BAF929FE42F82A" blockId="5.[144,782,1738,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">
Four­ or three­segmented tarsi are found only in a few representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C3D69CC2F618E18034BF8C4FE6FF8A1" box="[353,494,1797,1819]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
(e.g. Chalcidoidea part.,
<taxonomicName id="4C3D69CC2F618E1802BAF8E3FEAFF882" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[144,302,1826,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Platygasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygasteridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3D69CC2F618E180369F8E3FD90F882" box="[323,529,1826,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichogrammatidae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC6FBE2F618E18000CF8E3FD53F882" author="Naumann, I. D." box="[550,722,1826,1848]" journalOrPublisher="Insects of Australia, Vol. 2. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" pagination="916 - 1000" refId="ref15501" refString="Naumann, I. D., 1991: Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO (ed.), Insects of Australia, Vol. 2. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 916 - 1000." title="Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants, sawflies)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="CSIRO" year="1991">Naumann 1991</bibRefCitation>
). An arolium is generally present (
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E1803ECF8FEFD89F8EF" box="[454,520,1855,1877]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="2.[182,215,1777,1796]" captionTargetBox="[673,1485,1631,2015]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[670,1486,1629,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Terminology of arolium structures (schematized from Snodgrass 1956). (a) Dorsal aspect; (b) ventral aspect; (c) lateral aspect. ar, arolium; arc, arcus; aux, auxillae; f, marginal flange of the terminal tarsomere; mn, manubrium; pln, planta; tar, tarsal segments; un, claw; ut, unguitractor plate" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360329/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E18003DF8FEFDB0F8EF" box="[535,561,1855,1877]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[1132,1165,405,424]" captionTargetBox="[149,976,192,769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[144,979,190,771]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Diversity of the leg attachment devices (gray­colored areas) in hexapods. (a) Arolium (smooth). (b) Pulvilli (smooth or hairy). (c) Empodial pulvillus (ep) (hairy). (d) Hairy adhesive soles of tarsomeres. (e) Eversible pretarsal bladder (smooth). (f) Eversible structure between tibia and tarsus (smooth). (g) Fossula spongiosa (hairy). (h) Euplantulae (eu) and claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (i) Tarsal thorns transformed into adhesive structures (th), claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (j) Adhesive claw setae" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360333/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">3a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E18006AF8FEFDDDF8EF" box="[576,604,1855,1877]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[144,177,1503,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Details of hexapod tarsi and pretarsi. (A, B) Urocerus gigas (Hymenoptera), hindleg, tarsus, lateral aspect. (C) Abia seriacea (Hymenoptera), hindleg, ventro­lateral aspect of the single attachment thorn. (D) Panorpa communis (Mecoptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventrolateral aspect. (E) Tipula sp. (Diptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventro­lateral aspect. (F) Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), midleg, tarsus, ventral aspect. AR, arolium; ARC, arculus; HS, hairy soles; PLN, planta; TAR, tarsal segments; TH, specialized tarsal adhesive thorns; UN, claw; UT, unguitractor plate" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360351/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">6F</figureCitation>
) and additional, specialized tarsal adhesive thorns in the nonapocritan groups (‘Symphyta’) (
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E180309F8BBFEEDF82A" box="[291,364,1914,1936]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[1132,1165,405,424]" captionTargetBox="[149,976,192,769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[144,979,190,771]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Diversity of the leg attachment devices (gray­colored areas) in hexapods. (a) Arolium (smooth). (b) Pulvilli (smooth or hairy). (c) Empodial pulvillus (ep) (hairy). (d) Hairy adhesive soles of tarsomeres. (e) Eversible pretarsal bladder (smooth). (f) Eversible structure between tibia and tarsus (smooth). (g) Fossula spongiosa (hairy). (h) Euplantulae (eu) and claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (i) Tarsal thorns transformed into adhesive structures (th), claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (j) Adhesive claw setae" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360333/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Figs 3i</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F618E180352F8BBFE36F82A" box="[376,439,1914,1936]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[144,177,1503,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1431,190,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Details of hexapod tarsi and pretarsi. (A, B) Urocerus gigas (Hymenoptera), hindleg, tarsus, lateral aspect. (C) Abia seriacea (Hymenoptera), hindleg, ventro­lateral aspect of the single attachment thorn. (D) Panorpa communis (Mecoptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventrolateral aspect. (E) Tipula sp. (Diptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventro­lateral aspect. (F) Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), midleg, tarsus, ventral aspect. AR, arolium; ARC, arculus; HS, hairy soles; PLN, planta; TAR, tarsal segments; TH, specialized tarsal adhesive thorns; UN, claw; UT, unguitractor plate" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360351/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">6A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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