treatments-xml/data/21/25/D9/2125D91F1B0929577ED9C667F531FC09.xml

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<mods:title id="ADA2F69E1D21E3FC39D91A9ACAFFEA17">Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="A93368091B0929527ED9C667F636F9F1" blockId="41.[151,557,1630,1656]" box="[151,557,1630,1656]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0929527ED9C667F636F9F1" bold="true" box="[151,557,1630,1656]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Family 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0929527EB8C667F636F9F1" ID-CoL="84KNK" authority="Schulze, 1880" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1880" box="[246,557,1630,1656]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Plakinidae 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0929527FCDC667F636F9F1" author="Schulze" box="[387,557,1630,1656]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1880) Untersuchungen uber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Neunte Mittheilung. Die Plakiniden. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 34, 407 - 451." type="journal article" year="1880">Schulze, 1880</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0929517ED9C69CF528FEEC" blockId="41.[151,1437,1701,2014]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
There were some very rare plakinid spicules found among the studied material that belong to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0929527ED9C6F0F5CCF968" authority="Topsent, 1897" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,471,1737,1762]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0929527ED9C6F0F535F96B" box="[151,302,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Placinolopha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0929527F78C6F3F5CCF968" author="Topsent" box="[310,471,1737,1761]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527FA6C6F0F65DF968" box="[488,582,1737,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
A–H). One can distinguish several distinct 
<typeStatus id="7637D6AB1B0929527A7DC6F3F075F96B" box="[1075,1134,1738,1762]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">types</typeStatus>
among these spicules: the amphiclads/anadiaenes with two opposed cladomes (made of two clads) curved backward in the same plane (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527B2AC6D4F4AFF8A0" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
A, B), the amphiclads (anadiaenes) with two opposed cladomes curved backward but the cladomes twisted in relation to one another at about 90° (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527C60C70CF690F8C7" box="[558,651,1845,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
C, D). Sometimes the clad ends are divided dichotomously (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527B66C70CF162F8C7" box="[1320,1401,1845,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
D), sometimes the amphiclads have long shaft endings with cladomes divided into 4 on their both ends (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527B4EC760F147F8F8" box="[1280,1372,1881,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
F, G), and finally there is also a mix of both of these morphotypes (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527D0BC744F783F81F" box="[837,920,1917,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
E). All of these anchorate spicules are similar, both in morphology and size, to those occurring in the Recent species 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0929527DE0C798F144F830" authority="Levi &amp; Levi, 1989" authorityName="Levi &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1989" box="[942,1375,1953,1978]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0929527DE0C798F09DF830" box="[942,1158,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Placinolopha sarai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0929527AC3C798F144F830" author="Levi" box="[1165,1375,1953,1978]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (Musorstom 1 and 2). In: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom, Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 4, pp. 25 - 103." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0929527B20C798F4A8F857" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[234,1352,1174,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[230,1355,1169,1932]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 28. Recent plakinid spicules; A, B—Amphiclads of Placinolopha sarai (redrawn from Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989); C—Lophocaltrop of Placinolopha bedoti (redrawn from Topsent 1897)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287813/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
A) and 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0929527F5BC7FCF6E5F857" authority="Sara, 1960" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1960" box="[277,766,1989,2014]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="moncharmonti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0929527F5BC7FCF646F857" box="[277,605,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Placinolopha moncharmonti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0929527C3AC7FFF6EEF857" author="Sara" box="[628,757,1989,2014]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Diactinolopha, genere nuovo di Plakinidae per D. moncharmonti sp. n. rinvenuta nel golfo di Napoli (Demospongiae). Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(compare also with 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0929527DB1C7FFF09AF857" author="Sara" box="[1023,1153,1989,2014]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Diactinolopha, genere nuovo di Plakinidae per D. moncharmonti sp. n. rinvenuta nel golfo di Napoli (Demospongiae). Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà, 1960</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1A). The spicules described here are big and exceed 500–600 µm of length which makes them almost as big as the Recent 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517B0BC0A0F187FF39" box="[1349,1436,153,176]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517B0BC0A0F187FF39" box="[1349,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. sarai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spicules that are of size 770–880 µm in length (
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0A29517CE0C085F764FF5D" author="Levi" box="[686,895,188,213]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P. (1989) Spongiaires (Musorstom 1 and 2). In: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom, Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 4, pp. 25 - 103." type="journal article" year="1989">Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517A08C084F11DFF5C" box="[1094,1286,188,213]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="moncharmonti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517A08C084F04FFF5D" box="[1094,1108,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517A2DC085F11DFF5C" box="[1123,1286,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">moncharmonti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0A29517ED9C0D9F506FF71" author="Sara" box="[151,285,223,248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Diactinolopha, genere nuovo di Plakinidae per D. moncharmonti sp. n. rinvenuta nel golfo di Napoli (Demospongiae). Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà (1960)</bibRefCitation>
are smaller, exceeding about 400 µm of length. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517D19C0D8F7B7FF71" box="[855,940,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. s ar a i</emphasis>
is known from Eastern 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0A29517A82C0E6F151FF71" box="[1228,1354,223,248]" name="Philippines" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517BC9C0D8F521FE94" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="moncharmonti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517BC9C0D8F18EFF71" box="[1415,1429,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517ED9C13DF521FE94" box="[151,314,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">moncharmonti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean (van 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0A29517CDBC13DF741FE95" author="Soest" box="[661,858,260,285]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
Soest 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517C95C13CF715FE94" box="[731,782,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Considering their distribution and their size, it is most probable that the studied Late Eocene spicules belong to 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517D15C11EF043FEC9" box="[859,1112,295,320]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517D15C11EF7E9FEC9" box="[859,1010,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517A50C110F043FEC9" box="[1054,1112,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">sarai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to another closely related fossil species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FDF338811B0A29517ED9C740F19BF827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287811/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[180,1411,409,1890]" targetPageId="42">
<paragraph id="A93368091B0A29517ED9C740F19BF827" blockId="42.[151,1436,1913,1966]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517ED9C740F53FF807" bold="true" box="[151,292,1913,1935]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
Spicules of recent sponges; A—Spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517D46C740F7D3F806" box="[776,968,1913,1935]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517D46C740F7D3F806" box="[776,968,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Rützler 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517A22C743F0BEF806" box="[1132,1189,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2007); B—Spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517ED9C7A1F544F827" box="[151,351,1944,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="secunda">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517ED9C7A1F544F827" box="[151,351,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Chondrilla secunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Fromont 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517C4DC7A0F62DF827" box="[515,566,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2008); C, D—Amphiclads of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0A29517D24C7A0F002F827" box="[874,1049,1945,1966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirophorida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0A29517D24C7A0F002F827" box="[874,1049,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Samus anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from van Soest &amp; Hooper 2002a).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FDF338811B0B29507ED9C3F6F72EFBAB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="A93368091B0B29507ED9C3F6F72EFBAB" blockId="43.[151,1436,975,1058]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507ED9C3F6F53BFC6D" bold="true" box="[151,288,975,997]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
Spicules of sponges of the order 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507C3FC3F6F726FC6C" box="[625,829,975,997]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Homosclerophorida</taxonomicName>
; A–G—Amphiclads of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507A61C3F6F4D1FB8D" authority="Levi &amp; Levi, 1989" authorityName="Levi &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1989" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507A61C3F6F0A3FC6C" box="[1071,1208,975,997]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507A90C3E9F109FC6C" box="[1246,1298,976,997]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sarai</emphasis>
Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989
</taxonomicName>
, family 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507F62C3D7F581FB8D" box="[300,410,1006,1028]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Plakinidae</taxonomicName>
; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I–K—Lophocaltrops of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507D82C3D7F0DCFB8D" box="[972,1223,1006,1028]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507D82C3D7F04FFB8D" box="[972,1108,1006,1028]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507AC6C3D7F0DCFB8D" box="[1160,1223,1006,1028]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">bedoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507B64C3D7F183FB8D" box="[1322,1432,1006,1028]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Plakinidae</taxonomicName>
; L—Triod, probably of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507F31C435F676FBAB" box="[383,621,1036,1058]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507F31C435F61CFBAB" box="[383,519,1036,1058]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507C60C435F676FBAB" box="[558,621,1036,1058]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">bedoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507C8CC435F72BFBAB" box="[706,816,1036,1058]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Plakinidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FDF338811B0B29507ED9C7A4F76AF858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287813/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[234,1352,1174,1927]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="A93368091B0B29507ED9C7A4F76AF858" blockId="43.[151,1436,1948,2001]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507ED9C7A4F53DF83B" bold="true" box="[151,294,1949,1971]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
Recent plakinid spicules; A, B—Amphiclads of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507D0BC7A5F014F83A" box="[837,1039,1948,1971]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507D0BC7A5F014F83A" box="[837,1039,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Placinolopha sarai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(redrawn from Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989); C—Lophocaltrop of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0B29507F25C782F622F858" box="[363,569,1979,2001]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0B29507F25C782F622F858" box="[363,569,1979,2001]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Placinolopha bedoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(redrawn from Topsent 1897).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0C29577E89C0A1F673FE94" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
It is also worth mentioning that spicules resembling amphiclads with cladomes divided in 4 occur in the tetillid 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577ED9C085F652FF5D" authority="Hentschel, 1912" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,585,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Paratetilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aruensis">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577ED9C085F565FF5D" box="[151,382,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paratetilla aruensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577FC2C085F652FF5D" author="Hentschel" box="[396,585,188,213]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325" type="journal article" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
known today from 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577D0AC085F7AAFF5C" box="[836,945,188,213]" name="Indonesia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(van 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577DB1C085F0C9FF5D" author="Soest" box="[1023,1234,188,213]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
Soest 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577A05C084F098FF5C" box="[1099,1155,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) but contrary to 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577ED9C0E6F535FF71" box="[151,302,223,248]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577ED9C0E6F535FF71" box="[151,302,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placinolopha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s spicules, those belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577CC7C0E6F719FF71" box="[649,770,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tetillidae" genus="Paratetilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577CC7C0E6F719FF71" box="[649,770,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paratetilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have cladomes divided trichotomously (compare 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577B79C0E6F4C9FE95" author="Hentchel" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325" type="journal article" year="1912">Hentchel 1912</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 18, fig. 11) and are much larger.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0C29577E89C111F677FD9E" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Apart from amphiclads, there are also rare plakinid lophocalthrops and triods occurring in the studied samples (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0C29577ED1C175F4E7FEED" box="[159,252,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="43.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,953]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[150,1437,193,954]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 27. Spicules of sponges of the order Homosclerophorida; A – G—Amphiclads of Placinolopha cf. sarai Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1989, family Plakinidae; H—Amphiclad, fragment; I – K—Lophocaltrops of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae; L—Triod, probably of Placinolopha cf. bedoti, family Plakinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287812/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Figs. 
<date id="DD324EC91B0C29577E91C175F4E7FEED" box="[223,252,332,356]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1927-01">27</date>
</figureCitation>
I–L). These distally lophate spicules of about 500–1000 µm in size resemble acanthocalthrops of Recent 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577ED9C156F52EFE01" box="[151,309,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577ED9C156F52AFE01" box="[151,305,367,392]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Placinolopha</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
especially those described by 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577CDEC156F7F3FE01" author="Muricy" box="[656,1000,367,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2002) Order Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905. Family Plakinidae Schulze, 1880. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema porifera. G guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 71 - 82." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Muricy &amp; Díaz (2002, fig. 
<date id="DD324EC91B0C29577D8BC149F7C4FE01" box="[965,991,368,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">2I</date>
)
</bibRefCitation>
. They mostly resemble the spicules of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577ED9C1ADF639FE25" authority="Topsent, 1897" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,546,404,429]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577ED9C1ADF560FE24" box="[151,379,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placinolopha bedoti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577FCDC1ACF639FE25" author="Topsent" box="[387,546,404,428]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Banda Sea and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B0C29577B66C1ADF167FE25" box="[1320,1404,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[234,1352,1174,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[230,1355,1169,1932]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 28. Recent plakinid spicules; A, B—Amphiclads of Placinolopha sarai (redrawn from Lévi &amp; Lévi 1989); C—Lophocaltrop of Placinolopha bedoti (redrawn from Topsent 1897)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287813/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
C). Admittedly, there is another species of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577C36C18EF709FE59" box="[632,786,439,464]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577C36C18EF709FE59" box="[632,786,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placinolopha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded from around 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577A7EC18EF082FE59" box="[1072,1177,439,464]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
(see Atlas of Living 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577ED9C1E5F51BFE7C" box="[151,256,476,501]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
)— 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577F6BC1E4F58DFE7D" box="[293,406,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. sp i no s a</emphasis>
[(
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577FE1C1E5F698FE7D" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[431,643,476,501]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1900) Description of Sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6 (34), 345 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678387" type="journal article" year="1900">Kirkpatrick, 1900</bibRefCitation>
), now 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577C9EC1E5F025FE7C" box="[720,1086,476,501]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577C9EC1E5F78EFE7C" box="[720,917,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Plakina australis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577DEBC1E5F02DFE7C" author="Gray" box="[933,1078,476,501]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 a) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray, 1867a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
] but nevertheless, the spicules resemble more closely those of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577C4FC238F67FFD91" box="[513,612,511,536]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577C4FC238F67FFD91" box="[513,612,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. bedoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0C29577E89C21CF12AFD0C" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
In both cases, however, the size of described spicules (even the biggest category) is smaller than the size of fossil spicules that are about 275–300 µm large. However, despite the differences in size of the spicules, the close resemblance of these morphotypes supports attribution of the Eocene spicules to 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577A6CC255F135FD0C" box="[1058,1326,620,645]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bedoti">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577A6CC255F0A2FD0C" box="[1058,1209,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577AAAC255F135FD0C" box="[1252,1326,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">bedoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A93368091B0C29577E89C2B6F531FC09" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Plakinid calthrops were rarely recognized in the Jurassic, Cretaceous, or the Miocene of 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577AFAC2B6F15EFD21" box="[1204,1349,655,680]" name="Bahamas" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(Burky 1978). Similar triods were described from the Miocene of 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577D34C28DF7C2FD44" box="[890,985,692,717]" name="Portugal" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Portugal</collectingCountry>
but assigned, with some doubts, to 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577ED9C2EEF55AFD79" box="[151,321,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577F23C2EEF601FD79" box="[365,538,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Calthropellidae</taxonomicName>
(compare with 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577C9AC2EEF7B8FD79" author="Pisera" box="[724,931,727,752]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Pisera, A., Cachao, M. &amp; da Silva, C. (2006) Siliceous sponge spicules from the Miocene Mem Moniz marls (Portugal) and their environmental significance. Rivista Italiana de Paleontologia, 112, 287 - 299." type="journal article" year="2006">
Pisera 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577D6DC2E0F74CFD79" box="[803,855,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10A). On the other hand, 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577B5CC2EEF187FD79" author="Reid" box="[1298,1436,727,752]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Reid, R. E. H. (1970) Tetraxons and Demosponge Phylogeny. In: Fry, W. G. (Ed.), The Biology of the Porifera. Vol. 25. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, Academic Press, London, pp. 63 - 89." type="book" year="1970">Reid (1970)</bibRefCitation>
suggests that plakinid-related sponges were already noted in the Cambrian, but it is an open question. The spicules of 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577EF8C326F5BFFCB1" box="[182,420,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577EF8C326F556FCB1" box="[182,333,799,824]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Placinolopha</taxonomicName>
bedoti-
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="7637D6AB1B0C29577FEAC319F5CFFCB1" box="[420,468,800,824]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
were, for example, described from the Early Pliocene deposits of the 
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B0C29577AA0C319F187FCB1" box="[1262,1436,799,824]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
Basin (
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B0C29577EA8C37DF5EEFCD4" author="Locker" box="[230,501,836,861]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Locker, S. &amp; Martini, E. (1986) Silicoflagellates and some sponge spicules from the southwest Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90. In: Kennet, J. P., Borch, C. C. von der, et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 90 (2), pp. 887 - 924. [U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington]" type="journal article" year="1986">Locker &amp; Martini 1986</bibRefCitation>
), but the amphiclads of 
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B0C29577D4BC37DF019FCD5" box="[773,1026,836,861]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Placinolopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577D4BC37DF787FCD4" box="[773,924,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placinolopha</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B0C29577D86C37CF019FCD5" box="[968,1026,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">sarai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have not been reported so far in the fossil record.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>