treatments-xml/data/D2/7F/87/D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.xml

<document id="6BF72C67EC71708B054503ABDF547E4D" ID-CLB-Dataset="22063" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.345" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d0128eb5-5a32-4586-bd97-74053de40a80" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832592" ID-ZooBank="3F002D75-2A32-4300-BCE1-683C7311B70C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589831290100" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P. &amp; Liow, Lee Hsiang" docDate="2017" docId="D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-345.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 345" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Parkermavella columnaris Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D3D59208-F73C-4A9A-960A-12A042FCB8EE" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="2E46FFB6B8315F426947FFE3FFA9FFA3" masterDocTitle="New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698840131953" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="7890B3AA7E3D74842233674414CF8694">New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DFE2C99F8BE4A43C43FB6E56D439DE16">Martino, Emanuela Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E544844B88F4DF7B66F8B18EEC95A255">Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: A 7905 C 48 - FF 37 - 4 D 27 - BCCE-F 0560 AF 040 A 2 &amp; Corresponding author: e. di-martino @ nhm. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6F3B148E9D96F91FB5529C29432309CB">Taylor, Paul D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="609DD94FDB83D13BCC0383358A8CFA2F">Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom. &amp; Email: p. taylor @ nhm. ac. uk &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 7 AFF 2929 - DF 5 B- 46 B 2 - 94 E 6 - B 26 B 396 CC 2 C 8</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="84BF3A1B30E324DC1E071023F8E37C98">Gordon, Dennis P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1F7717CE9BF5D14671B4C5CAF1E4EEBD">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand. &amp; Email: dennis. gordon @ niwa. co. nz &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: DD 9 C 0 F 3 A- 8512 - 4 AC 8 - B 395 - 7687 CE 3 FC 565</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="09F0497B3A5D7C760922E9877ADE9EA4">Liow, Lee Hsiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CBAA068E3A7CF296F56B1721C70D624">Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. &amp; Email: l. h. liow @ ibv. uio. no &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 9 A 708 FAA- 486 A- 4918 - AAC 9 - AF 7795 F 3 B 675</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3850221" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164167242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3850221" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D3D59208-F73C-4A9A-960A-12A042FCB8EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="012181B4B8355F466B0FFD6CFC45FD09" box="[584,1004,655,682]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8355F466B0FFD6CFC23FD09" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[584,906,655,682]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F466B0FFD6CFC23FD09" bold="true" box="[584,906,655,682]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F466BE7FD35FC3DFD53" blockId="4.[361,1226,655,752]" box="[672,916,726,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8355F466BE7FD35FCA0FD53" box="[672,777,726,752]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionStartId-1="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="17540363B8355F466A53FD35FC3DFD53" box="[788,916,726,752]" captionStart-0="Table 2" captionStart-1="Table 3" captionStartId-0="6.[189,258,269,295]" captionStartId-1="7.[189,258,268,294]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Table 2. Measurements in microns of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., Recent, New Zealand (inferred greater Cook Strait)." captionText-1="Table 3. Measurements in microns of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid-0="0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFCF4FE9FFC92" blockId="4.[189,310,791,817]" box="[189,310,791,817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="012181B4B8355F4669FAFCF4FE9FFC92" bold="true" box="[189,310,791,817]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669FAFCF4FE9FFC92" bold="true" box="[189,310,791,817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFCA5FE46FB97" blockId="4.[189,1399,838,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colony encrusting. Autozooids polygonal. Frontal shield partially umbonuloid, smooth and imperforate centrally, with a continuous row of marginal areolar pores. Orifice broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped), with condyles delimiting the arched anter from a broad sinus. Distal oral spines present. A columnar structure bearing an adventitious suboral avicularium with a complete crossbar constantly present. Ooecium lepralielliform; ectooecium calcified, smooth, with pseudopores; secondary calcification of the frontal shield of the distal zooid covering the distal half of the ooecium and bearing an avicularium similar to the suboral one.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="12CC6553B8355F4669FAFBB8FEF8FB65" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFBB8FEEDFBD6" blockId="4.[189,324,1115,1141]" box="[189,324,1115,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="012181B4B8355F4669FAFBB8FEEDFBD6" bold="true" box="[189,324,1115,1141]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669FAFBB8FEEDFBD6" bold="true" box="[189,324,1115,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFB69FEF8FB65" blockId="4.[189,1398,1161,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
From the Latin 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4668C4FB6AFD98FB00" box="[387,561,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8355F4668C4FB6AFDA3FB00" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[387,522,1161,1187]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris">columnaris</taxonomicName>
, -e
</emphasis>
, pillar-like, referring to the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFB0EFE03FAA4" blockId="4.[189,426,1261,1287]" box="[189,426,1261,1287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="012181B4B8355F4669FAFB0EFE03FAA4" bold="true" box="[189,426,1261,1287]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669FAFB0EFE03FAA4" bold="true" box="[189,426,1261,1287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<materialsCitation id="EABE3C85B8355F4669ADFAFFFCFBFAFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620521301" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" location="Recent" municipality="Cook Strait" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="NIWA 97418" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669ADFAFFFEF5FA95" blockId="4.[189,850,1308,1370]" box="[234,348,1308,1334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669ADFAFFFEF5FA95" bold="true" box="[234,348,1308,1334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="856D887AB8355F4669ADFAFFFEF5FA95" box="[234,348,1308,1334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="22C17648B8355F4669FAFAA3FE3FFAF9" box="[189,406,1344,1370]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">NEW ZEALAND</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="5F096003B8355F4668E6FAA3FE5FFAF9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5:5F096003B8355F4668E6FAA3FE5FFAF9" box="[417,502,1344,1370]" country="New Zealand" municipality="Cook Strait" name="Recent" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Recent</location>
,? 
<collectingMunicipality id="BA0DACA2B8355F466B4CFADCFD3CFAFA" box="[523,661,1343,1369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cook Strait</collectingMunicipality>
(
<specimenCode id="0A709EA3B8355F466BE4FADCFCEEFAFA" box="[675,839,1343,1369]" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="Other institutional type">NIWA 97418</specimenCode>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669ADFA62FECEFA38" blockId="4.[189,1398,1409,1506]" box="[234,359,1409,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669ADFA62FECEFA38" bold="true" box="[234,359,1409,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="856D887AB8355F4669ADFA62FECEFA38" box="[234,359,1409,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAFA46FDEDFA42" blockId="4.[189,1398,1409,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<collectingCountry id="22C17648B8355F4669FAFA46FE3FFA1D" box="[189,406,1444,1471]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<collectionCode id="3CC7AE1DB8355F4669FAFA46FF56FA1C" box="[189,255,1445,1471]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93c9-w2q7" name="University of Newcastle" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">NEW</collectionCode>
ZEALAND
</collectingCountry>
: Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, Castlecliff Beach, Castlecliffian, Pleistocene (
<collectionCode id="3CC7AE1DB8355F466DA1FA46FAFCFA1C" box="[1254,1365,1445,1471]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="3CC7AE1DB8355F466C1BFA46FADFFA1C" box="[1372,1398,1445,1471]" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">PI</collectionCode>
BZ 7832, 
<collectionCode id="3CC7AE1DB8355F466874FA2BFE0BFA41" box="[307,418,1480,1506]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="3CC7AE1DB8355F4668EEFA2BFE6AFA41" box="[425,451,1480,1506]" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">PI</collectionCode>
BZ 7833).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4669FAF9EBFEE7F981" blockId="4.[189,334,1544,1570]" box="[189,334,1544,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8355F4669FAF9EBFEE7F981" bold="true" box="[189,334,1544,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8355F4769FAF9D4FC1DFE5B" blockId="4.[189,1399,1591,2005]" lastBlockId="5.[189,1399,267,505]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Colony encrusting, small in fossil colonies, up to 
<quantity id="9D2E9B3DB8355F466BADF9D4FC93F9F1" box="[746,826,1591,1618]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
in diameter in Recent 
<typeStatus id="856D887AB8355F466D72F9D4FB35F9F2" box="[1077,1180,1591,1617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
colony.Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Autozooids arranged in parallel rows (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8355F466D43F9B9FBCCF9D6" box="[1028,1125,1626,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8355F466D35F9B8FB30F9D6" box="[1138,1177,1627,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3A</figureCitation>
), varying in shape, commonly rectangular, sometimes hexagonal or irregularly polygonal, longer than broad (mean L/W = 1.29). Frontal shield partially umbonuloid, convex centrally, flat proximally, smooth and imperforate apart from a continuous row of numerous large (20–35 μm), evenly distributed areolar pores, usually 7−9 along lateral and distal margins, oval to circular, funnel-shaped or sloping outward. Sometimes, one or two additional areolar pores form a second row in distolateral corners of zooids. Orifice broadly cleithridiate (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8355F46681BF8CDFE16F8EB" box="[348,447,1838,1864]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8355F466889F8CDFE5AF8EB" box="[462,499,1838,1864]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3B</figureCitation>
). Two small, pointed, downward-directed condyles placed at two thirds of orifice length, separating an arched anter from a broad, shallow, bowl-shaped sinus. Two, three or four oral spine bases (10–22 μm in diameter) placed on distal orificial margin, hidden in ovicellate zooids. Peristome developed as two lateral wings, rising proximally, forming a somewhat columnar structure, rising 150–160 μm from surface of frontal shield in lateral view, always bearing a suboral avicularium (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8345F476981FEE8FE8FFE86" box="[198,294,267,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Peristome hiding primary orifice in frontal view. Adventitious avicularium suboral, small, oval, upward-directed, sloping distally, rostrum rounded and with a complete crossbar (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8345F476DF1FECDFABFFEEA" box="[1206,1302,302,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8345F476C66FECCFA87FEEA" box="[1313,1326,303,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
B–C). Ooecia of lepralielliform type, prominent and globular (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8345F476A19FEB1FC6BFECF" box="[862,962,338,364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8345F476A96FEB1FC5EFECF" box="[977,1015,338,364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3C</figureCitation>
). Ectooecium calcified, smooth, centrally perforated, pseudopores bordered by a raised margin, varying in size (10–30 μm) and form from circular to bean-shaped. Secondary calcification from frontal shield of distal zooid covers distal half of ooecium, forming a raised crest bearing an avicularium similar in size and shape to suboral avicularium. The two avicularia aligned, but oppositely directed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="0EA96650B8345F4769FAF8F0FC81F87D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" targetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8345F4769FAF8F0FC81F87D" blockId="5.[189,1399,1811,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F4769FAF8F0FEA6F88E" bold="true" box="[189,271,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8345F47685DF8F0FDF1F88E" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[282,600,1811,1837]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F47685DF8F0FDF1F88E" box="[282,600,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8345F476B23F8F7FD6CF88D" box="[612,709,1812,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F476886F8D5FE7FF8F3" bold="true" box="[449,470,1846,1872]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
. Group of ovicellate zooids. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F476A7CF8D4FCE6F8F2" bold="true" box="[827,847,1847,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F476BA4F89EFD51F834" bold="true" box="[739,760,1917,1943]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8345F4768FCF843FE79F819" bold="true" box="[443,464,1952,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" ID-Table-UUID="0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[440,1162,371,740]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" blockId="6.[189,1398,268,331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F4469FAFEEEFEB4FE85" bold="true" box="[189,285,268,295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2.</emphasis>
Measurements in microns of 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8375F446B37FEEEFC01FE84" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[624,936,269,295]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446B37FEEEFC01FE84" box="[624,936,269,295]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8375F446AEAFEEEFBA1FE84" box="[941,1032,269,295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Recent, New Zealand (inferred greater Cook Strait).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8375F446B5CFE97FBD2FD40" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<table id="28D6C478B837A0BD68FFFE90FB23FD47" box="[440,1162,371,740]" gridcols="6" gridrows="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowsContinueIn="7.[435,1162,365,734]">
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFE90FB23FE2D" box="[440,1162,371,398]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFE90FCA2FE2D" box="[539,779,371,398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446B5CFE97FCA2FE2E" bold="true" box="[539,779,371,398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N (zooids, colonies)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FE90FCD1FE2D" box="[816,888,371,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446A77FE97FCD1FE2D" bold="true" box="[816,888,372,398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mean</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FE90FC65FE2D" box="[927,972,371,398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446AE4FE90FC61FE2E" bold="true" box="[931,968,371,397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FE90FB80FE2D" box="[1013,1065,371,398]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446AB2FE90FB80FE2E" bold="true" box="[1013,1065,371,397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Min</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FE90FB23FE2D" box="[1105,1162,371,398]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446D16FE97FB23FE2D" bold="true" box="[1105,1162,372,398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Max</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFE46FB23FE63" box="[440,1162,421,448]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFE46FE51FE63" box="[440,504,421,448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFE46FCA2FE63" box="[539,779,421,448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FE46FCD1FE63" box="[816,888,421,448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">428</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FE46FC65FE63" box="[927,972,421,448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±53</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FE46FB80FE63" box="[1013,1065,421,448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">372</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FE46FB23FE63" box="[1105,1162,421,448]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">496</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFE2CFB23FE49" box="[440,1162,463,490]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFE2CFE51FE49" box="[440,504,463,490]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFE2CFCA2FE49" box="[539,779,463,490]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FE2CFCD1FE49" box="[816,888,463,490]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">333</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FE2CFC65FE49" box="[927,972,463,490]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±39</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FE2CFB80FE49" box="[1013,1065,463,490]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">285</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FE2CFB23FE49" box="[1105,1162,463,490]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">376</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFE1BFB23FDB0" box="[440,1162,504,531]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFE1BFE51FDB0" box="[440,504,504,531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFE1BFCA2FDB0" box="[539,779,504,531]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FE1BFCD1FDB0" box="[816,888,504,531]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">126</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FE1BFC65FDB0" box="[927,972,504,531]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±7</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FE1BFB80FDB0" box="[1013,1065,504,531]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">116</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FE1BFB23FDB0" box="[1105,1162,504,531]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">133</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFDC1FB23FD9F" box="[440,1162,546,572]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFDC1FE51FD9F" box="[440,504,546,572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFDC1FCA2FD9F" box="[539,779,546,572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FDC1FCD1FD9F" box="[816,888,546,572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">124</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FDC1FC65FD9F" box="[927,972,546,572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±9</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FDC1FB80FD9F" box="[1013,1065,546,572]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">111</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FDC1FB23FD9F" box="[1105,1162,546,572]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">133</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFDAFFB23FDC4" box="[440,1162,588,615]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFDAFFE51FDC4" box="[440,504,588,615]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OvL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFDAFFCA2FDC4" box="[539,779,588,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FDAFFCD1FDC4" box="[816,888,588,615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">223</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FDAFFC65FDC4" box="[927,972,588,615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±18</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FDAFFB80FDC4" box="[1013,1065,588,615]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">206</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FDAFFB23FDC4" box="[1105,1162,588,615]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">252</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFD96FB23FD33" box="[440,1162,629,656]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFD96FE51FD33" box="[440,504,629,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OvW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFD96FCA2FD33" box="[539,779,629,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FD96FCD1FD33" box="[816,888,629,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">239</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FD96FC65FD33" box="[927,972,629,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±23</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FD96FB80FD33" box="[1013,1065,629,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">194</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FD96FB23FD33" box="[1105,1162,629,656]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">260</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFD7CFB23FD19" box="[440,1162,671,698]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFD7CFE51FD19" box="[440,504,671,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AvL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFD7CFCA2FD19" box="[539,779,671,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FD7CFCD1FD19" box="[816,888,671,698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">67</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FD7CFC65FD19" box="[927,972,671,698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±8</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FD7CFB80FD19" box="[1013,1065,671,698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">56</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FD7CFB23FD19" box="[1105,1162,671,698]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">75</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB837A0BD68FFFD2AFB23FD47" box="[440,1162,713,740]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="A7375DE6B837A0BD68FFFD2AFE51FD47" box="[440,504,713,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AvW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6B5CFD2AFCA2FD47" box="[539,779,713,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6A77FD2AFCD1FD47" box="[816,888,713,740]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">60</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AD8FD2AFC65FD47" box="[927,972,713,740]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">±4</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6AB2FD2AFB80FD47" box="[1013,1065,713,740]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">55</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B837A0BD6D16FD2AFB23FD47" box="[1105,1162,713,740]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">64</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="0EA96650B8375F4469FAF91DFD0BF805" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" targetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8375F4469FAF91DFD0BF805" blockId="6.[189,1399,1790,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F4469FAF91DFEB9F8BB" bold="true" box="[189,272,1790,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8375F446859F91DFDF4F8BB" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[286,605,1790,1816]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446859F91DFDF4F8BB" box="[286,605,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8375F446B2CF91CFD62F8BA" box="[619,715,1791,1817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446B9FF91DFCB8F8BB" bold="true" box="[728,785,1790,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A–C</emphasis>
. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446A65F8C2FC9EF898" bold="true" box="[802,823,1825,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. View of a small colony. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F446D19F8C1FBDBF89F" bold="true" box="[1118,1138,1826,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
. Group of autozooids. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F4469FAF8A6FF7BF8FC" bold="true" box="[189,210,1861,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
. Two ovicellate zooids. 
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8375F4468BDF8A6FDA6F8FC" bold="true" box="[506,527,1861,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0EA96650B8365F4569FAFEEFFE76FEEB" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[435,1162,365,734]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAFEEFFE76FEEB" blockId="7.[189,1398,267,329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAFEEFFE8BFE86" bold="true" box="[189,290,267,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 3.</emphasis>
Measurements in microns of 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456BCDFEE8FC6FFE86" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[650,966,267,293]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456BCDFEE8FC6FFE86" box="[650,966,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8365F456A88FEEFFB87FE85" box="[975,1070,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F456B5FFE8DFBD2FD7D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="28D6C478B836A0BD68F4FE8EFB23FD7D" box="[435,1162,365,734]" gridcols="6" gridrows="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowsContinueFrom="6.[440,1162,371,740]">
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FE8EFB23FE2B" box="[435,1162,365,392]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFE8EFCA0FE2B" box="[536,777,365,392]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456B5FFE8DFCA0FE24" bold="true" box="[536,777,365,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N (zooids, colonies)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFE8EFCDCFE2B" box="[813,885,365,392]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456A6AFE8DFCDCFE2B" bold="true" box="[813,885,366,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mean</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FE8EFC65FE2B" box="[926,972,365,392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456AE5FE8DFC6EFE2B" bold="true" box="[930,967,366,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FE8EFB80FE2B" box="[1013,1065,365,392]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456AB2FE8DFB80FE2B" bold="true" box="[1013,1065,366,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Min</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FE8EFB23FE2B" box="[1105,1162,365,392]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456D16FE8DFB23FE2B" bold="true" box="[1105,1162,366,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Max</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FE7CFB23FE19" box="[435,1162,415,442]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FE7CFE5AFE19" box="[435,499,415,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFE7CFCA0FE19" box="[536,777,415,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFE7CFCDCFE19" box="[813,885,415,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">313</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FE7CFC65FE19" box="[926,972,415,442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±33</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FE7CFB80FE19" box="[1013,1065,415,442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">256</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FE7CFB23FE19" box="[1105,1162,415,442]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">370</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FE2AFB23FE47" box="[435,1162,457,484]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FE2AFE5AFE47" box="[435,499,457,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFE2AFCA0FE47" box="[536,777,457,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFE2AFCDCFE47" box="[813,885,457,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">242</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FE2AFC65FE47" box="[926,972,457,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±35</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FE2AFB80FE47" box="[1013,1065,457,484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">191</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FE2AFB23FE47" box="[1105,1162,457,484]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">305</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FE10FB23FDAE" box="[435,1162,499,525]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FE10FE5AFDAE" box="[435,499,499,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">OL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFE10FCA0FDAE" box="[536,777,499,525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFE10FCDCFDAE" box="[813,885,499,525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">106</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FE10FC65FDAE" box="[926,972,499,525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±3</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FE10FB80FDAE" box="[1013,1065,499,525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">100</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FE10FB23FDAE" box="[1105,1162,499,525]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">110</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FDFFFB23FD94" box="[435,1162,540,567]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FDFFFE5AFD94" box="[435,499,540,567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">OW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFDFFFCA0FD94" box="[536,777,540,567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFDFFFCDCFD94" box="[813,885,540,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">92</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FDFFFC65FD94" box="[926,972,540,567]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±4</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FDFFFB80FD94" box="[1013,1065,540,567]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">86</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FDFFFB23FD94" box="[1105,1162,540,567]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">97</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FDA5FB23FDC3" box="[435,1162,582,608]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FDA5FE5AFDC3" box="[435,499,582,608]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">OvL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFDA5FCA0FDC3" box="[536,777,582,608]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFDA5FCDCFDC3" box="[813,885,582,608]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">186</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FDA5FC65FDC3" box="[926,972,582,608]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±4</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FDA5FB80FDC3" box="[1013,1065,582,608]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">183</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FDA5FB23FDC3" box="[1105,1162,582,608]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">189</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FD93FB23FD28" box="[435,1162,624,651]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FD93FE5AFD28" box="[435,499,624,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">OvW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFD93FCA0FD28" box="[536,777,624,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFD93FCDCFD28" box="[813,885,624,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">214</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FD93FC65FD28" box="[926,972,624,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±5</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FD93FB80FD28" box="[1013,1065,624,651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">210</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FD93FB23FD28" box="[1105,1162,624,651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">217</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FD7AFB23FD17" box="[435,1162,665,692]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FD7AFE5AFD17" box="[435,499,665,692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AvL</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFD7AFCA0FD17" box="[536,777,665,692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFD7AFCDCFD17" box="[813,885,665,692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">65</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FD7AFC65FD17" box="[926,972,665,692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±10</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FD7AFB80FD17" box="[1013,1065,665,692]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">47</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FD7AFB23FD17" box="[1105,1162,665,692]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">83</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4E6349AB836A0BD68F4FD20FB23FD7D" box="[435,1162,707,734]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="A7375DE6B836A0BD68F4FD20FE5AFD7D" box="[435,499,707,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AvW</th>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6B5FFD20FCA0FD7D" box="[536,777,707,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18, 1</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6A6AFD20FCDCFD7D" box="[813,885,707,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">54</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AD9FD20FC65FD7D" box="[926,972,707,734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">±7</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6AB2FD20FB80FD7D" box="[1013,1065,707,734]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">42</td>
<td id="A7375DE6B836A0BD6D16FD20FB23FD7D" box="[1105,1162,707,734]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">65</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="12CC6553B8365F4569FAFCDCFB9EF9C2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAFCDCFE86FCFA" blockId="7.[189,303,831,857]" box="[189,303,831,857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="012181B4B8365F4569FAFCDCFE86FCFA" bold="true" box="[189,303,831,857]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAFCDCFE86FCFA" bold="true" box="[189,303,831,857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAFC8DFBB7FB02" blockId="7.[189,1399,878,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F4569FAFC8DFEC2FC2B" authorityName="Gordon &amp; d'Hondt" authorityYear="1997" box="[189,363,878,904]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAFC8DFEC2FC2B" box="[189,363,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parkermavella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced by 
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8365F456B0BFC8DFC29FC2B" author="Gordon D. P. &amp; d'Hondt J. - L." box="[588,896,878,904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="9 - 124" refId="ref6419" refString="Gordon D. P. &amp; d'Hondt J. - L. 1997. Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha and other Ascophorina from New Caledonian waters. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 176: 9 - 124." type="journal article" year="1997">Gordon &amp; d’Hondt (1997)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456AE9FC8DFBFEFC2B" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1917" box="[942,1111,878,904]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456AE9FC8DFBFEFC2B" box="[942,1111,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Schizomavella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like species with frontal shields imperforate apart from marginal areolar pores. In the diagnosis of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8365F456DD2FC72FE80FC6D" author="Gordon D. P. &amp; d'Hondt J. - L." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="9 - 124" refId="ref6419" refString="Gordon D. P. &amp; d'Hondt J. - L. 1997. Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha and other Ascophorina from New Caledonian waters. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 176: 9 - 124." type="journal article" year="1997">Gordon &amp; d’Hondt 1997: 17</bibRefCitation>
), the zooids are defined as lepralioid; however, new observations have revealed, for at least some of the species, the presence of an umbonuloid area of variable size. For instance, in 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456DB9FC3BFE5EFBB6" authority="(Uttley &amp; Bullivant, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Uttley &amp; Bullivant" baseAuthorityYear="1972" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="curvata">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456DB9FC3BFADEFC52" box="[1278,1399,984,1009]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. curvata</emphasis>
(Uttley &amp; Bullivant, 1972)
</taxonomicName>
the umbonuloid area is large, occupying most of the frontal shield, while in 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F4569FAFBFCFDFAFB9B" authority="(MacGillivray, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="MacGillivray" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[189,595,1054,1080]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="punctigera">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAFBFCFEFEFB9B" box="[189,343,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. punctigera</emphasis>
(MacGillivray, 1883)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456BCEFBFCFC03FB9B" authority="(Gordon, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Gordon" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[649,938,1054,1080]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="virago">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456BCEFBFCFD58FB9B" box="[649,753,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. virago</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8365F456BB9FBFDFC0BFB9B" author="Gordon D. P." box="[766,930,1054,1080]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref6377" refString="Gordon D. P. 1989. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs 97: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
it is more reduced, slightly smaller than the orifice in the former species and about the size of the orifice in the latter species (D.P.G., personal observation). In 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F4568C4FB86FD8FFBDD" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[387,550,1124,1150]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4568C4FB86FD8FFBDD" box="[387,550,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8365F456B77FB86FD24FBDC" box="[560,653,1125,1151]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
the umbonuloid area is small (
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8365F456D43FB87FBC1FBDD" box="[1028,1128,1124,1150]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1811,1837]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1399,556,1776]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 97418), Recent, inferred greater Cook Strait, New Zealand. A. Group of ovicellate zooids. B. Tilted close-up of an autozooid showing the broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped) orifice, four distal oral spines, two of which coalescent, and the suboral avicularium with complete cross-bar. C. Lateral view of the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium. D. Inner view of the frontal shield showing the umbonuloid area and ring scar. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 100 µm; C–D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832596/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="C2ED2A5DB8365F456D30FB87FB34FBDD" box="[1143,1181,1124,1150]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1399,846,1754]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7832), Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, New Zealand. A. View of a small colony. B. Group of autozooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids. D. Paratype (NHMUK PI BZ 7833), same provenance as preceding, inner view of the frontal shield showing part of the ring scar bordering the umbonuloid area. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832598/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3D</figureCitation>
), 120 μm long by 95 μm wide, and possibly coincides with the overlying avicularian cystid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAFB2AFEFDFA5F" blockId="7.[189,1399,1225,1532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
This genus is moderately diverse in 
<collectingCountry id="22C17648B8365F456B25FB2AFD57FB40" box="[610,766,1225,1251]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
waters at the present day, with seven species formally described from the region and several others awaiting description (D.P.G., unpublished data). The new species is easily distinguishable from all other known species of 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456A9CFAECFB20FA8A" authorityName="Gordon &amp; d'Hondt" authorityYear="1997" box="[987,1161,1295,1321]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456A9CFAECFB20FA8A" box="[987,1161,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parkermavella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its unique suite of morphological characters, specifically the smooth frontal shield (nodular-tubercular in many other species), the broadly keyhole-shaped orifice with a large and concave sinus (narrow and/or straight in the others), and the unique columnar structure bearing the suboral avicularium. 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456D13FA99FADFFA30" authority="(Gordon, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Gordon" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1108,1398,1401,1427]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="virago">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456D13FA99FB15FA30" box="[1108,1212,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. virago</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8365F456D8EFA9AFAC7FA30" author="Gordon D. P." box="[1225,1390,1401,1427]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref6377" refString="Gordon D. P. 1989. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs 97: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon, 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
has a similar smooth frontal shield and development of the secondary calcification of the distal zooid covering the ooecia, but differs in the more numerous, smaller avicularia suborally and in the secondary calcification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAF9C7FB9EF9C2" blockId="7.[189,1398,1572,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The sole Recent colony of 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456B47F9C6FD0BF99D" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[512,674,1572,1598]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456B47F9C6FD0BF99D" box="[512,674,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8365F456BECF9C7FCAEF99D" box="[683,775,1572,1598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from the fossil ones in having slightly larger zooids, orifices and ooecia, although the L/W ratio is identical (
<tableCitation id="17540363B8365F456AE2F9A4FB83F9C2" box="[933,1066,1607,1633]" captionStart-0="Table 2" captionStart-1="Table 3" captionStartId-0="6.[189,258,269,295]" captionStartId-1="7.[189,258,268,294]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Table 2. Measurements in microns of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., Recent, New Zealand (inferred greater Cook Strait)." captionText-1="Table 3. Measurements in microns of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov., Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid-0="0EA96650B8375F4469FAFEEEFE07FEE8">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12CC6553B8365F4A69FAF96BFB7AFCF5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4569FAF96BFEFFF901" blockId="7.[189,342,1672,1698]" box="[189,342,1672,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="012181B4B8365F4569FAF96BFEFFF901" bold="true" box="[189,342,1672,1698]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAF96BFEFFF901" bold="true" box="[189,342,1672,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A6936D8B8365F4A69FAF954FB7AFCF5" blockId="7.[189,1399,1719,2027]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1398,757,854]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The oldest geological record of this species dates back to the Nukumaruan (2.29–2.08 Ma, Pleistocene) of the Wanganui Basin. A small number of colonies were found encrusting bivalve shells from the Nukumaru Limestone, and on bivalve shells of the Castlecliffian Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed (0.68–0.62 Ma, Pleistocene). The Recent colony of 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456A6CF8C2FBCFF898" authority="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow, 2017" authorityName="Martino &amp; Taylor &amp; Gordon &amp; Liow" authorityYear="2017" box="[811,1126,1825,1851]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Parkermavella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="columnaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456A6CF8C2FBCFF898" box="[811,1126,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parkermavella columnaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="739157B1B8365F456D37F8C2FB64F898" box="[1136,1229,1825,1851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
housed in the NIWA collection (i.e., the 
<typeStatus id="856D887AB8365F4568B6F8A7FDF3F8FC" box="[497,602,1860,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) unfortunately lacks collection data. It encrusts a 75 mm-long valve of the pholadid bivalve 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456891F88BFC8AF821" authority="(Gray, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[470,803,1895,1922]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pholadidae" genus="Barnea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456891F88BFD2BF822" box="[470,642,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Barnea similis</emphasis>
(Gray, 1835)
</taxonomicName>
, along with the bryozoans 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456D26F884FDADF807" authority="(Ryland &amp; Gordon, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Ryland &amp; Gordon" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Hippothoidae" genus="Antarctothoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="bathamae">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456D26F884FADEF822" box="[1121,1399,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antarctothoa bathamae</emphasis>
(Ryland &amp; Gordon, 1977)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456B51F868FC5AF807" authority="(Ryland &amp; Gordon, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Ryland &amp; Gordon" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[534,1011,1930,1957]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Hippothoidae" genus="Antarctothoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="tongima">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456B51F868FD37F807" box="[534,670,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. tongima</emphasis>
(Ryland &amp; Gordon, 1977)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456D42F869FAD8F807" authority="Busk, 1884" authorityName="Busk" authorityYear="1884" box="[1029,1393,1930,1956]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Caberea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456D42F869FB7DF807" box="[1029,1236,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caberea rostrata</emphasis>
Busk, 1884
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F4569FAF84EFCB0F86B" authority="Hayward &amp; Thorpe, 1988" authorityName="Hayward &amp; Thorpe" authorityYear="1988" box="[189,793,1965,1992]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Chaperiidae" genus="Chaperiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="lanceola">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F4569FAF84EFE62F864" box="[189,459,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chaperiopsis lanceola</emphasis>
Hayward &amp; Thorpe, 1988
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456A6CF84EFB78F86B" authority="(Busk, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[811,1233,1965,1992]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Catenicellidae" genus="Cornuticella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="taurina">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456A6CF84EFB8BF864" box="[811,1058,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cornuticella taurina</emphasis>
(Busk, 1852)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F456DA5F84EFE68F848" authority="(Hincks, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Microporidae" genus="Opaeophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="lepida">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456DA5F84EFEAFF848" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Opaeophora lepida</emphasis>
(Hincks, 1881)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F45688AF832FC68F848" authority="(Levinsen, 1909)" baseAuthorityName="Levinsen" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[461,961,2001,2027]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Catenicellidae" genus="Orthoscuticella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="fissurata">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F45688AF832FD58F848" box="[461,753,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Orthoscuticella fissurata</emphasis>
(Levinsen, 1909)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="9DD64D5BB8365F4A6ABCF832FEACFCAC" authority="(d'Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Tricellaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="68A2EACAB8365F456ABCF832FB4CF848" box="[1019,1253,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tricellaria aculeata</emphasis>
(d’Orbigny, 1842)
</taxonomicName>
. The known distributions of these species (
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8395F4A6BB3FD16FC3AFCAC" author="Gordon D. P." box="[756,915,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref6333" refString="Gordon D. P. 1986. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Ctenostomata and Cheilostomata Anasca) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs 95: 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1986">Gordon 1986</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="3E474B29B8395F4A6AD9FD16FC73FCAC" author="Gordon D. P." box="[926,986,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref6377" refString="Gordon D. P. 1989. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs 97: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
) overlap or coincide only in greater Cook Strait, a provenance correlated with the presence there of rocks bored by pholadids; hence we conclude that the 
<typeStatus id="856D887AB8395F4A68CAFCD8FE5DFCF6" box="[397,500,827,853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen came from a locality in the greater Cook Strait area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>