212 lines
26 KiB
XML
212 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="5CF52008B9A0EEF50DD995B0F1CB6313" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274924" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3987810a-e078-4f79-9863-057f4cdfa287" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274924" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461085562621" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hill, Kathy B. R. & Marshall, David C." docDate="2009" docId="4F7287EEFFF3B7114086F93EFD211D35" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02125p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2125" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tibicen pronotalis subsp. walkeri" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="B34BFF96FFF3B7104011FFFFFFAD185A" masterDocTitle="Confirmation of the cicada Tibicen pronotalis walkeri stat. nov. (= T. w alk er i, Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Florida: finding singing insects through their songs" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698588048662" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E7C7647AFC2AEF5291EE139C5901D6A6">Confirmation of the cicada Tibicen pronotalis walkeri stat. nov. (= T. w alk er i, Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Florida: finding singing insects through their songs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7842102B2647BAC64A4CFA2966115455">Hill, Kathy B. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1914435C1464E39AADB159552D0AE32E">Marshall, David C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="008EE6D4038326C5BC58211CB1C279D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AD16AA8E6C683ED6A28ADD15FA273EA9">
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<mods:date id="014271A7101814C07A5F0F194C9C4BF1">2009</mods:date>
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<treatment id="4F7287EEFFF3B7114086F93EFD211D35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6225483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119619618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6225483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F7287EEFFF3B7114086F93EFD211D35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F7287EEFFF3B7114086F93EFD211D35" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF3B7104086F93EFD3F1E83" blockId="0.[151,658,1729,1753]" box="[151,658,1729,1753]" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="9C2C8194FFF3B7104086F93EFD3F1E83" bold="true" box="[151,658,1729,1753]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104086F93EFD3F1E83" bold="true" box="[151,658,1729,1753]" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF3B7104086F93EFE1B1E83" ID-CoL="8J9XX" box="[151,438,1729,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104086F93EFE1B1E83" bold="true" box="[151,438,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Tibicen pronotalis walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF3B710424CF93EFD3F1E83" box="[605,658,1729,1753]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">USA</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF3B7114086F8F9FE9118AE" blockId="0.[151,1437,1798,2030]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,1391]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B7104086F8F9FE2D1F47" box="[151,384,1798,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Sanborn, A. F., Phillips, P. K. & Gillis, P. (2008) The cicadas of Florida (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Zootaxa, 1916, 1 - 43" type="journal article">
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Sanborn
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B71040E8F8F8FE9D1F44" box="[249,304,1799,1822]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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list the publications that state that
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF3B71042EEF8F8FC2B1F44" box="[767,902,1799,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B71042EEF8F8FC2B1F44" box="[767,902,1799,1822]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in Florida (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B710449EF8F9FAA01F47" author="Uhler" box="[1167,1293,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1884) Hemiptera. In: Kingsley, J. S. (Ed), Cassino's Standard Natural History, Volume II. S. E. Cassio and Company, Boston, pp. 226 - 229." type="book chapter" year="1884">Uhler 1884</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B7104509F8F9FA351F47" author="Davis" box="[1304,1432,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1925) Cicada tibicen, a South American species, with records and descriptions of North American cicadas. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 33, 35 - 51." type="journal article" year="1925">Davis 1925</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B7104086F8D6FF621F1A" author="Davis" box="[151,207,1833,1856]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1935) New cicadas with notes on North American and West Indian species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 43, 173 - 199." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B71040CBF8D6FEBE1F1A" author="Davis" box="[218,275,1833,1856]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1938) New North American cicadas with notes on described species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 46, 291 - 310." type="journal article" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
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), and discuss reasons to doubt these records, which give only vague locations such as “Florida” or “western Florida”, and do not refer to actual specimens. However, Sanborn
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104399F8B3FC6F1F39" box="[904,962,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
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did not discuss Davis’ (1915) record of a specimen labelled “Florida” and recorded as deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ, Harvard University, Boston,
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF3B710417CF86EFE0A1FF2" box="[365,423,1937,1960]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">USA</collectingCountry>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF3B71041A8F86EFD301FF2" box="[441,669,1937,1960]" pageId="0" pageNumber="66" refString="Sanborn, A. F., Phillips, P. K. & Gillis, P. (2008) The cicadas of Florida (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Zootaxa, 1916, 1 - 43" type="journal article">
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Sanborn
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104208F86EFDFD1FF2" box="[537,592,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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searched through many museum collections, including the W. T. Davis collection and the MCZ but came across no specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF3B7104310F84BFC2B1F91" box="[769,902,1972,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104310F84BFC2B1F91" box="[769,902,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from within the Florida (or
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF3B71044A2F84BFAA71F91" box="[1203,1290,1972,1995]" name="Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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) borders, and so concluded that published records were probably misidentifications of other eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF3B7104429F829FBC01FB7" box="[1080,1133,2006,2029]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">USA</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF3B7104464F828FB691FB4" box="[1141,1220,2007,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF3B7104464F828FB691FB4" box="[1141,1220,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Tibicen</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, many of which are difficult to distinguish morphologically and have a confused nomenclatural history. Our new records suggest that W. T. Davis had seen at least one specimen of
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114244FF45FD72188B" box="[597,735,186,209]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114244FF45FD72188B" box="[597,735,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Florida (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B71143A8FF45FB97188B" author="Davis" box="[953,1082,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1915) Notes on some cicadas from the eastern and central United States with a description of a new variety of Cicada pruinosa. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 23, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1915">Davis 1915</bibRefCitation>
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), although that specimen is now apparently lost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FC16573FFF2B71140D4FEFFFC391BF3" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF2B71140D4FEFFFB2D1A53" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B71140D4FEFFFE73194D" box="[197,478,256,279]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B71140D4FEFFFE73194D" box="[197,478,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Tibicen pronotalis walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is one of the largest cicadas in the eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B71143BAFEFFFC4D194D" box="[939,992,256,279]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">USA</collectingCountry>
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[
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<specimenCount id="D1DDFD71FFF2B71143FFFEFFFB2C194D" box="[1006,1153,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
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from throughout the
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B7114576FEFFFA31194D" box="[1383,1436,256,279]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">USA</collectingCountry>
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measured: body length
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<quantity id="00239B1DFFF2B7114185FEDDFDAE1963" box="[404,515,290,313]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="35.0">35–40mm</quantity>
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, tegmina (forewing) length
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<quantity id="00239B1DFFF2B7114320FEDDFC0D1963" box="[817,928,290,313]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="47.0">47–53mm</quantity>
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, wingspread
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<quantity id="00239B1DFFF2B711443FFEDDFB161963" box="[1070,1211,290,313]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.155" metricValueMax="1.24" metricValueMin="1.0699999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="115.5" valueMax="124.0" valueMin="107.0">107–124mm</quantity>
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], with a robust body, relatively narrow head compared to the pronotum width, and green or orange and black colouration (e.g., Fig. 1a). It would be interesting to compare series from across the range of
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B711434CFE97FB991925" authority="Davis" authorityName="Davis" box="[861,1076,360,383]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pronotalis">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B711434CFE97FC441925" box="[861,1001,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. pronotalis</emphasis>
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Davis
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</taxonomicName>
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, as there appears to be a cline in morphology from generally larger, very green specimens in the east to generally smaller, darker and usually orangecoloured specimens further west—this would also help in determining if the two subspecies are valid. Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B711457FFE52FF4519BD" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B711457FFE52FF4519BD" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Florida (
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B7114198FE2CFE0819BC" box="[393,421,467,486]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">US</collectingCountry>
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.FL.RIV site, see below) and from Texas (
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B7114370FE2CFCD019BC" box="[865,893,467,486]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">US</collectingCountry>
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.TX.EDN site, Texas: Jackson Co., just N. of Edna) differ at 1.2% of 1456bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence (unpublished data).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF2B71140D4FDEAFC391BF3" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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East of approximately the 95th meridian, the song of
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114337FDEAFC1B1A76" box="[806,950,533,556]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114337FDEAFC1B1A76" box="[806,950,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1c) is diagnostic and not likely to be confused with any other species. The song consists of a coarse buzz that rises and falls rhythmically in frequency and amplitude at approximately 2-3 “revs” per second [zhii–zhii–zhii etc. (Z’we Z’we,
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B7114424FDA5FB7D1A2B" author="Beamer" box="[1077,1232,602,625]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Beamer, R. L. (1928) Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18, 155 - 263." type="journal article" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
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)]. This continuous revving sound is occasionally punctuated by several seconds of quieter, smoother, “idling” sound. Analysis of three recordings from the new eastern records found a main oscillation (“revving”) rate of 2.3 cycles/s (±0.4 standard deviation; slower at colder temperatures). The pattern alternates between sections containing a uniform timbal-click rate and sections with 7-9 groups of timbal-clicks, the uniform-rate sections being 2.0 ±0.1 times longer than the latter. The timbal-click rate in the uniform sections was 441.1 ±24.1/s, while the groups of timbal-clicks were produced at a rate of 55.6 ±6.8/s. The overall dominant frequency was 4.1 ±0.4kHz. (Songs were recorded using a Marantz PMD-670 Digital recorder sampling at 48kHz with a Sennheiser omnidirectional ME62 microphone mounted in a Sony PBR-330 parabola. Songs were analysed using Raven
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<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B711421CFC8FFD9F1BDD" box="[525,562,880,903]" name="Palau" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Pro</collectingCountry>
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v. 1.3, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, New York. Air temperature during recording was approximately 24-28°C, estimated from www.wunderground.com.)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FC16573FFF2B71140D4FC4AFD211D35" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF2B71140D4FC4AFEAD1C26" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B71140D4FC4AFEE31B96" ID-CoL="8J9XX" box="[197,334,949,972]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B71140D4FC4AFEE31B96" box="[197,334,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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calls sporadically during much of the day (e.g., see records below, also
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<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B7114474FC4AFB571B96" author="Beamer" box="[1125,1274,949,972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Beamer, R. L. (1928) Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18, 155 - 263." type="journal article" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however it is especially active at dusk, and all males in an area may be silent for long periods of time in the morning and afternoon. In the south-central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B711414BFC02FE391C4E" box="[346,404,1021,1044]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from approximately the 95th Meridian west,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B711439EFC02FBB01C4E" ID-CoL="8J9XW" box="[911,1053,1021,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pronotalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B711439EFC02FBB01C4E" box="[911,1053,1021,1044]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. pronotalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is replaced by its close relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114599FC02FEEE1C6D" ID-CoL="9F2M9" authority="Davis" authorityName="Davis" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dealbatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114599FC02FF521C6D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. dealbatus</emphasis>
|
||
Davis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which appears to have the same song and habitat but distinctive morphology (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B71144D0FBDFFAFE1C6D" author="Beamer" box="[1217,1363,1056,1079]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Beamer, R. L. (1928) Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18, 155 - 263." type="journal article" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B711454FFBDFFF7D1C03" author="Davis" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1935) New cicadas with notes on North American and West Indian species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 43, 173 - 199." type="journal article" year="1935">Davis 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This situation, morphological distinctiveness with indistinguishable songs, is rare in cicadas and in singing insects generally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C76436F8FFF2B71140D4FB77FD211D35" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Our records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114176FB77FE401CC5" ID-CoL="8J9XX" box="[359,493,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114176FB77FE401CC5" box="[359,493,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B7114298FB77FD131CC5" box="[649,702,1160,1183]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(below) are all from late July and early September, however records from central states suggest that adults could be active in Florida and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B7114382FB55FC461C9B" box="[915,1003,1194,1217]" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as early as June and as late as October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B711408FFB32FE9E1CBE" author="Beamer" box="[158,307,1229,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Beamer, R. L. (1928) Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18, 155 - 263." type="journal article" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B711412EFB32FE131CBE" author="Davis" box="[319,446,1229,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1938) New North American cicadas with notes on described species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 46, 291 - 310." type="journal article" year="1938">Davis 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B71141DBFB32FD2C1CBE" author="Froeschner" box="[458,641,1229,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Froeschner R. C. (1952) A synopsis on the Cicadidae of Missouri (Homoptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 60, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1952">Froeschner 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pers. obs.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B711431DFB32FC3F1CBE" ID-CoL="8J9XX" box="[780,914,1229,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B711431DFB32FC3F1CBE" box="[780,914,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly associated with willows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114538FB32FAF21CBE" box="[1321,1375,1229,1252]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114538FB32FAF21CBE" box="[1321,1375,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.) and cottonwoods (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B7114172FB0FFE101D5D" ID-CoL="63PVP" box="[355,445,1264,1287]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B7114172FB0FFE101D5D" box="[355,445,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Populus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), usually growing along rivers (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B711439FFB0FFB891D5D" author="Beamer" box="[910,1060,1264,1287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Beamer, R. L. (1928) Studies on the biology of Kansas Cicadidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18, 155 - 263." type="journal article" year="1928">Beamer 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A34A4B09FFF2B7114421FB0FFB1E1D5D" author="Davis" box="[1072,1203,1264,1287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Davis, W. T. (1935) New cicadas with notes on North American and West Indian species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 43, 173 - 199." type="journal article" year="1935">Davis 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Listening for songs along more of the rivers in northern Florida and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B71142A3FAEDFCAA1D73" box="[690,775,1298,1321]" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g., see Fig. 1b), especially where willows and cottonwoods are growing, is likely to produce more records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00DB4D7BFFF2B71142B2FACAFC8A1D16" ID-CoL="8J9XX" box="[675,807,1333,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Tibicen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pronotalis" subSpecies="walkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5AFEAEAFFF2B71142B2FACAFC8A1D16" box="[675,807,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">T. p. walkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the eastern USA—we have found this species as far east and north as Montezuma,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BFCC7668FFF2B71141BDFAA7FDAC1D35" box="[428,513,1368,1391]" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |