970 lines
111 KiB
XML
970 lines
111 KiB
XML
<document id="0ADE690EEA9C832AED0BCA1C326FA59B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386297" ID-ZooBank="C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1733918563993" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kunte, Krushnamegh & Basu, Dipendra Nath" docDate="2024" docId="61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5543.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5543 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Athyma inara subsp. sahyadriensis Kunte & Basu 2024, ssp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="363" masterDocId="9D5E732FDA1E783021238164AC3EFFD4" masterDocTitle="Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India" masterLastPageNumber="367" masterPageNumber="343" pageNumber="356" updateTime="1734447740349" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DC1DC870102A786800E272386AD27B3F">Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F7F92DDA55D9A2C6B9D6362FBDA71299" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D55DB86FA4EF9A772DB6EDB1C39A7DF6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C72B9DA21C1A8601B64FF9F5EC9AA4EA">Kunte, Krushnamegh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2CBBFBA29644549DBCD0BD38E7CC1A5B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3860-6118</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="0567B6E727F86A4C6F92D9075D0A19DA">National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7CFD3586A8CE21686C6DF6720C2106B3" type="email">krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D780B6F8DE348AD289A3985BBDD095D5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F6BE7A61802032111D04BCB66CBCB696">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F3E75EAD468C6C2F2B65FFE6B703B5EF">Basu, Dipendra Nath</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DEDEAF152DE35CFB39C007E1D83E7EFE" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1529-0931</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE3D07A2FF0EC0BB2A07FB8976973F2F">National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F75C8EAD58EB371FDBF1A54CC126C4A" type="email">dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EDE038DF3DD41D3AFA9E4447F1F25AC4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DC384F70F69D77C5CC30C92B614ECA16">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="18D40FC305E3F6340715B0A48C20F1C7">
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<mods:date id="6BB72543D4A893E1E04AA067F120C4D3">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4D3EBF59A79A1CC1F174EEA30EA507E5">2024-12-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4F4AA3939D1640FAA4E506529841E735">5543</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D727BED1D46DCECAA886BBE4BFFDA9DE" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="14F5EC4DCDC0704A3D28EEAB4B5AC5EC">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8377DCBA4BCD23D9724638062C3DAC38">343</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="431E34DBB156F31683D1E9A0C58F7921">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6CC0C912DCC435D706A73A7352C40570">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2FD30F9959C1D6DA3F1DD39CFBF6866D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7C72650CD43725B58CC5D446DF252CB4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA13783D21B481F3AE8EFF65" box="[151,688,151,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B481F3AE8EFF65" blockId="13.[151,688,151,178]" box="[151,688,151,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<heading id="B2390D2DDA13783D21B481F3AE8EFF65" bold="true" box="[151,688,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21B481F3AE8EFF65" bold="true" box="[151,688,151,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA13783D21B481F3AE7EFF65" authority="Kunte" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,576,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
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||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21B481F3ADD5FF66" bold="true" box="[151,491,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
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||
Kunte
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</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA13783D236481F3AE8EFF65" box="[583,688,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA13783D21B481BBAE85FEB1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B481BBAE85FEB1" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<materialsCitation id="59A6B01CDA13783D21B481BBAE85FEB1" collectingDate="2013-08-03" collectionCode="NCBS" collectorName="Krushnamegh Kunte" country="India" elevation="75" latitude="11.94" location="Kannur" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="75.765" municipality="Kannur District" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="IBC-PS982" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21B481BBAD50FF2D" bold="true" box="[151,366,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D21B481BBAD3AFF2D" box="[151,260,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA13783D203681BBAD61FF2D" box="[277,351,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox="[282,1304,194,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[274,1314,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Type specimens of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu, Ujwala Pawar, and Krushnamegh Kunte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386318/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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):
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</emphasis>
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||
Voucher code
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||
<specimenCode id="B968123ADA13783D233F81BBAE9FFF2D" box="[540,673,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">IBC-PS982</specimenCode>
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||
.
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||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA13783D238D8184AEF8FF2E" box="[686,710,224,250]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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||
. Near
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<location id="EC11EC9ADA13783D22308184AF57FF2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21:EC11EC9ADA13783D22308184AF57FF2E" box="[787,873,224,250]" country="India" latitude="11.94" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="75.765" municipality="Kannur District" name="Kannur" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" stateProvince="Kerala">Kannur</location>
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||
,
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<collectingMunicipality id="0915203BDA13783D22558184A815FF2D" box="[886,1067,223,250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Kannur District</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA13783D251B81BBA8BBFF2D" box="[1080,1157,223,249]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Kerala</collectingRegion>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA13783D25B081BBA8F3FF2D" box="[1171,1229,223,249]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">India</collectingCountry>
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||
(lat-long: approx.
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||
<geoCoordinate id="8CFADC86DA13783D21B48067ACCAFECA" box="[151,244,259,286]" degrees="11.94" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" precision="555" value="11.94">11.94 N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="8CFADC86DA13783D20238067AD54FEC9" box="[256,362,259,286]" degrees="75.765" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" precision="55" value="75.765">75.765 E</geoCoordinate>
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||
). Approx.
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||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D20C18067AE6AFECA" box="[482,596,259,286]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">
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||
<elevation id="62E35D72DA13783D20C18067AE6AFECA" box="[482,596,259,286]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50–100 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
asl. Evergreen forest. Raised from a caterpillar collected from
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<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA13783D243D8067AC89FE95" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D243D8067AC89FE95" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Glochidion sp.</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA13783D21E48043AD4AFE95" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[199,372,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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) by Saji K., eclosed and pinned dry on
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<date id="9D709C81DA13783D221F8043AF85FE95" box="[828,955,295,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2013-08-03">
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||
<collectingDate id="8D346569DA13783D221F8043AF85FE95" box="[828,955,295,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2013-08-03">2013/03/08</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
by
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<collectorName id="443BDF97DA13783D22CB8043A8E8FE96" box="[1000,1238,295,322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Krushnamegh Kunte</collectorName>
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||
. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at
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<collectionCode id="8FDF2284DA13783D2348802FAE86FEB1" box="[619,696,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">NCBS</collectionCode>
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||
.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA13783D21E4800BAF75FBA9" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E4800BAD89FE5D" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" box="[199,439,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21E4800BAD89FE5D" bold="true" box="[199,439,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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Description (
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||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA13783D2042800BAD96FE5D" box="[353,424,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox="[282,1304,194,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[274,1314,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Type specimens of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu, Ujwala Pawar, and Krushnamegh Kunte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386318/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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||
):
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E480F0AF08FDCD" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21E480F0ADBCFE79" box="[199,386,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Forewing length</emphasis>
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||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D20B080F7ADD9FE7A" box="[403,487,403,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D20D080F7AEFDFE79" box="[499,707,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Length of antenna</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D23F780F7AF16FE7A" box="[724,808,403,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head black. Eyes pale grey, spotted dark brown (eyes turn dark brown or black upon preservation). Antennae black. Proboscis grey-brown. Thorax black above with two very faint, diffused white or pale grey spots; white below. Abdomen black above with white bands on the first two abdominal segments; white below. Legs pale greyish-white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E48347ADCDFC8A" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21E48347ADF0FDE9" box="[199,462,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Dorsal side: Forewings</emphasis>
|
||
black.A very narrow, faint, diffused white line from the base to the centre of discal cell, and a large white spot at the end of discal cell. Large white spots stacked in line in interspaces 1a, 1b and 2, and then again in interspaces 4–6. A very small, diffused pale greyish-white spot in interspace 3. Dark orange subapical spots in interspaces 4 and 5, with very small, inconspicuous spots in 3 and 5. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, separated from a similar line that continues from the orange subapical spots to dorsum.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D207683B3ADF0FD25" box="[341,462,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Hindwings</emphasis>
|
||
black. A white band from the base through the cell to v6, the spots in 7 separated by the grey and black v7. A narrow, orange post-discal band interrupted by black veins from interspaces 1c to 7, its edges smooth, straight, not prominently convex. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, from tornus to apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E48203AF26FBC5" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21E48203ADF8FC55" box="[199,454,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Ventral side: Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
tawny with grey and white markings that are similar to those on the dorsal side, and with additional black smudges surrounding the white spots. Basal line through the discal cell is broader and grey, and conspicuous (rather than narrow, white and inconspicuous, as on the dorsal side).
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D251682CBA89DFC1D" box="[1077,1187,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Hindwing</emphasis>
|
||
grey post-discal band (corresponding to the narrow, orange post-discal band on dorsal side) is continued from interspace 1b to 4, but not beyond. HW submarginal grey specks between the veins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E4857FAF75FBA9" blockId="13.[151,1437,223,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
This is a dry season form, in which UNH areas between the discal white band and post-discal grey band are plain, with dark reddish, highly diffused spots barely visible between the two bands (these spots are black and very prominent in the wet season form; see
|
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<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D236B8500AE96FBAA" box="[584,680,1124,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
IBC-AK310).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA13783D21B485A6A8BBF9FF" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59A6B01CDA13783D21B485A6AFC4FAA0" collectingDate="2014-02-15" collectionCode="NCBS" collectorName="Krushnamegh Kunte" country="India" elevation="1000" location="Ponmudi" municipality="Thiruvananthapuram District" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="IBC-AK310" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B485A6AED2FB0F" blockId="13.[151,748,1217,1244]" box="[151,748,1217,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D21B485A6AED2FB0F" bold="true" box="[151,748,1217,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D21B485A6AD28FB08" box="[151,278,1218,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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, and intraspecific variation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA13783D235D85A5AEDAFB0F" box="[638,740,1217,1243]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1820,1844]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1315,1339]" captionStartId-2="16.[151,250,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox-0="[282,1304,194,1783]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1415,181,1291]" captionTargetBox-2="[168,1415,786,1947]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@14.[274,1314,181,1796]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@15.[171,1416,181,1291]" captionTargetId-2="figure-368@16.[164,1423,777,1958]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Type specimens of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu, Ujwala Pawar, and Krushnamegh Kunte." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. (holotype, IBC-PW982) and A. i. inara. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Comparison of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. with other similar Athyma (see Materials and Methods for specimen details). A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386318" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386320" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386322" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14386318/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14386320/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14386322/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Fig. 7–9</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B48464AFC4FAA0" blockId="13.[151,1437,1280,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA13783D21B48464AC93FAC3" box="[151,173,1280,1303]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
: voucher code
|
||
<specimenCode id="B968123ADA13783D20698464ADF4FACC" box="[330,458,1280,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">IBC-AK310</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D20F68464AE40FACC" box="[469,638,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Forewing length</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D23AE8464AEE7FAC3" box="[653,729,1280,1304]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D23C78464AFA1FAC3" box="[740,927,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Length of antenna</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D228D8464AFC4FAC3" box="[942,1018,1280,1304]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="EC11EC9ADA13783D25278464A85CFACC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21:EC11EC9ADA13783D25278464A85CFACC" box="[1028,1122,1280,1304]" country="India" municipality="Thiruvananthapuram District" name="Ponmudi" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" stateProvince="Kerala">Ponmudi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="0915203BDA13783D254D8464A9A7FACC" box="[1134,1433,1280,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Thiruvananthapuram District</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA13783D21E4847AAD33FAE2" box="[199,269,1310,1334]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA13783D203B847AAD71FAE2" box="[280,335,1310,1334]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Approx.
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D2090847AAE39FAE2" box="[435,519,1310,1334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="m" value="1000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="62E35D72DA13783D2090847AAE39FAE2" box="[435,519,1310,1334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl. Raised from a caterpillar collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA13783D22F4847AA850FAE2" box="[983,1134,1310,1334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D22F4847AA850FAE2" box="[983,1134,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Glochidion sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA13783D2558847AA926FAE2" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[1147,1304,1310,1334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by roadside in a tea estate by Baiju K., eclosed and pinned on
|
||
<date id="9D709C81DA13783D239E8459AF0FFA81" box="[701,817,1341,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2014-02-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="8D346569DA13783D239E8459AF0FFA81" box="[701,817,1341,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2014-02-15">2014/02/15</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="443BDF97DA13783D22758459A815FA80" box="[854,1067,1341,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Krushnamegh Kunte</collectorName>
|
||
. Legs preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at
|
||
<collectionCode id="8FDF2284DA13783D22938438AFCBFAA0" box="[944,1013,1372,1396]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x0m9-a3bs" name="Yale University" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="Herbarium">NCBS</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B4841FA84CFA04" blockId="13.[151,1437,1280,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59A6B01CDA13783D21B4841FA84CFA04" collectingDate="2013-08-03" collectionCode="NCBS" collectorName="Krushnamegh Kunte" country="India" elevation="75" latitude="11.94" location="Kannur" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="75.765" municipality="Kannur District" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="IBC-PS983" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA13783D21B4841FAC92FA46" box="[151,172,1403,1426]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
: voucher code
|
||
<specimenCode id="B968123ADA13783D2066841EAD83FA46" box="[325,445,1402,1426]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">IBC-PS983</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D20E5841FAE53FA46" box="[454,621,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Forewing length</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D2358841EAEFBFA46" box="[635,709,1402,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D23ED841EAFB9FA46" box="[718,903,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Length of antenna</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D22B0841EAFE0FA46" box="[915,990,1402,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Collection and preservation details same as the holotype, except that legs and thoracic muscle tissue are preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at
|
||
<collectionCode id="8FDF2284DA13783D234D84DCAE8DFA04" box="[622,691,1464,1488]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x0m9-a3bs" name="Yale University" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="Herbarium">NCBS</collectionCode>
|
||
. This paratype is also treated as an allotype.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B484B3A8BBF9FF" blockId="13.[151,1437,1280,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59A6B01CDA13783D21B484B3A8BBF9FF" collectingDate="2016-10-20" collectorName="Kalesh Sadasivan" country="India" location="Near Periyar" municipality="Idukky District" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="IBC-AY231" specimenCount="801" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="800" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA13783D21B484B3AC92FA3A" box="[151,172,1495,1518]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
: voucher code
|
||
<specimenCode id="B968123ADA13783D206084B2ADFFFA3A" box="[323,449,1494,1518]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">IBC-AY231</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D20E984B3AE4EFA3A" box="[458,624,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Forewing length</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D235F84B2AEF8FA3A" box="[636,710,1494,1518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D23ED84B2AFBBFA3A" box="[718,901,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Length of antenna</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D22B284B2AFE5FA3A" box="[913,987,1494,1518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="EC11EC9ADA13783D22C084B3A85BFA3A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21:EC11EC9ADA13783D22C084B3A85BFA3A" box="[995,1125,1494,1518]" country="India" municipality="Idukky District" name="Near Periyar" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" stateProvince="Kerala">Near Periyar</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="0915203BDA13783D254D84B2A934FA3A" box="[1134,1290,1494,1518]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Idukky District</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA13783D243084B2A967FA3A" box="[1299,1369,1494,1518]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA13783D244184B2A9A7FA3A" box="[1378,1433,1494,1518]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA13783D21E48491AD31F9D8" box="[199,271,1525,1549]" count="800" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="male">
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA13783D21E48491AD35F9D8" box="[199,267,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Evergreen forest. Preserved dry, with legs and thoracic muscle tissue preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Collected on
|
||
<date id="9D709C81DA13783D206D8777ADFCF9FF" box="[334,450,1555,1579]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2016-10-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="8D346569DA13783D206D8777ADFCF9FF" box="[334,450,1555,1579]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2016-10-20">2016/10/20</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="443BDF97DA13783D20CB8770AEA3F9F8" box="[488,669,1556,1580]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Kalesh Sadasivan</collectorName>
|
||
, pinned on
|
||
<date id="9D709C81DA13783D22308777AFBBF9FF" box="[787,901,1555,1579]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" value="2016-11-20">2016/11/20</date>
|
||
by Krushnamegh Kunte.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA13783F21B48732ADA1F90A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="358" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21B48732AE77F92B" blockId="13.[151,1437,1622,2039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D21B48732AD3AF9A4" box="[151,260,1622,1648]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
reveal considerable sexual and seasonal variation. IBC-AK310 is a wet season form in which UNH areas between the discal and post-discal white bands have large black spots, and UNF discal cell has all markings white (rather than grey as seen in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D20D587F9AE63F963" box="[502,605,1693,1719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). In this specimen, UPF a spot in interspace 3 is still small but much more prominent because it is white and clearly defined (cf
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D23D087A5AF67F90F" box="[755,857,1729,1755]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), and UPH the post-discal orange band is narrower but darker, diffusing out towards apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA13783D21E4866CAD38F823" blockId="13.[151,1437,1622,2039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
|
||
Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D2001866CADB3F8F6" box="[290,397,1800,1826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are black on the
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D2375866CAEEDF8F6" box="[598,723,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">dorsal side</emphasis>
|
||
with orange markings as follows:
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA13783D2542866CA8F3F8F5" box="[1121,1229,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
: (a) a streak from base through the discal cell up to the large cell-end spot from which it is separated by a narrow black line (more prominent in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="367504E3DA13783D207E862AAD85F8BC" box="[349,443,1870,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), with a smaller spot beyond the discal cell (this spot is more elongated with a narrow point in IBC-AY231), (b) on both wings, post-discal and subapical bands similar to the males but the bands are much broader and pale yellowish-orange in colour (rather than narrower and white or dark orange as in males). Females have a single narrow white band on the first abdominal segment (two broader, more prominent white bands in males).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA10783E21B48678AE93F88C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386318" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386318/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="357" startId="14.[151,250,1820,1844]" targetBox="[282,1304,194,1783]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA10783E21B48678AE93F88C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1820,1880]" pageId="14" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA10783E21B48678AD2FF8E1" bold="true" box="[151,273,1820,1845]" pageId="14" pageNumber="357">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Type specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA10783E20F78678AF6CF8E1" bold="true" box="[468,850,1820,1845]" pageId="14" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA10783E20F78678AECBF8E0" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[468,757,1820,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA10783E20F78678AECBF8E0" bold="true" box="[468,757,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="357">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA10783E23DA8679AF6CF8E1" box="[761,850,1821,1845]" pageId="14" pageNumber="357" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu, Ujwala Pawar, and Krushnamegh Kunte.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA11783F21B48447AD53FA8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386320" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386320/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" startId="15.[151,250,1315,1339]" targetBox="[171,1415,181,1291]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA11783F21B48447AD53FA8B" blockId="15.[151,1437,1315,1375]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F21B48447AD2BFAEF" bold="true" box="[151,277,1315,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Male genitalia of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F20FB8447AF59FAEF" bold="true" box="[472,871,1315,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F20FB8447AF3FFAEF" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[472,769,1315,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F20FB8447AF3FFAEF" bold="true" box="[472,769,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA11783F22298447AF59FAEF" box="[778,871,1315,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype, IBC-PW982) and
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F25BF8447A936FAEF" box="[1180,1288,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F25F28440A936FAEF" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1233,1288,1316,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA11783F21E484C0AF7DF99A" blockId="15.[151,1437,1444,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F21E484C0AD6AFA6A" box="[199,340,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Ventral side:</emphasis>
|
||
Yellowish-orange with paler bands that correspond to the bands on dorsal side, with black smudges in the areas adjacent to the bands. IBC-PS983 is an intermediate seasonal form in which the bands barely stand out on the wing background, and UNH black discal spots are small. In the true dry season form, the bands are even more inconspicuous, and the black post-discal spots are absent. IBC-AY231 is a wet season form in which the pale bands are prominent, and the black post-discal spots are prominent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA11783F21E4873CADA1F90A" blockId="15.[151,1437,1444,2011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F21E4873CAD9AF9A6" bold="true" box="[199,420,1624,1650]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
Genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA11783F206A873CADAAF9A6" box="[329,404,1624,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1315,1339]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,181,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-19@15.[171,1416,181,1291]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. (holotype, IBC-PW982) and A. i. inara. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386320/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F208C873CADD7F9A6" box="[431,489,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(IBC-PW982): Very similar to the genitalia of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F2538873CA8A8F9A6" box="[1051,1174,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F257A873DA8A8F9A6" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1113,1174,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, from which it differs primarily in having a smaller costal process/style. Tegumen large, broad. Uncus straight, slightly curved down at the tip. Gnathos slightly narrower than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F238A87C4AF23F96E" box="[681,797,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F23C387C5AF23F96E" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[736,797,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Valve narrow, long, pointed, hairy. Phallus short, stout, ending in a sharp point.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA11782121E4878CAEDEF860" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA11782021E4878CAE18FD25" blockId="15.[151,1437,1444,2011]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F21E4878CADEFF8D6" bold="true" box="[199,465,1768,1794]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
Diagnosis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA11783F206E878CADFDF8D6" box="[333,451,1768,1794]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1981,2005]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,250,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1415,786,1947]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1434,187,1159]" captionTargetId-0="figure-368@16.[164,1423,777,1958]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1167]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Comparison of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. with other similar Athyma (see Materials and Methods for specimen details). A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Diagnostic characters of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov., marked on digitally enhanced images from which wing-wear has been removed to illustrate the distinctive phenotype of the subspecies. Male of A. i. sahyadriensis ssp. nov. is compared with males of A. i. inara and two subspecies of A. nefte. Numbers point to distinctive characters: 1: FW subapical markings, 2: FW submarginal markings, 3: FW spot in interspace 3, 4: FW markings in the discal cell, 5: HW post-discal band, 6: UNF markings in the discal cell, 7: UN base colour of the wings, 8: UNF submarginal markings, 9: large white spot in interspace 2, 10: UNH post-discal band (further details in the text). Images are not to scale. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386322" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386326" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14386322/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14386326/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Fig. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The diagnosis of this subspecies was briefly outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA11783F2551878CA96CF8D6" author="de Niceville, L." box="[1138,1362,1768,1794]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" refId="ref14462" refString="de Niceville, L. (1886) The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Volume II. Nymphalidae, Nymphalinae. Lemoniidae, Libythaeinae, Nemeobiinae. The Calcutta Central Press Co., Kolkata, 332 pp." type="book" year="1886">de Nicéville (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F21B48668AD79F8F2" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[151,327,1804,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inarina">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F21B48668AD79F8F2" box="[151,327,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Athyma inarina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male specimen from Wynaad (N
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA11783F22BB8668AFDAF8F2" box="[920,996,1804,1830]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
) that was available to him at the time, although he did not taxonomically name it. A combination of 10 characters in male readily and consistently differentiates
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F20128630AE53F8BA" bold="true" box="[305,621,1875,1902]" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F20128630AE3DF8BA" bold="true" box="[305,515,1875,1902]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from related taxa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA11783F22638630AFACF8BA" box="[832,914,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,187,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1167]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Diagnostic characters of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov., marked on digitally enhanced images from which wing-wear has been removed to illustrate the distinctive phenotype of the subspecies. Male of A. i. sahyadriensis ssp. nov. is compared with males of A. i. inara and two subspecies of A. nefte. Numbers point to distinctive characters: 1: FW subapical markings, 2: FW submarginal markings, 3: FW spot in interspace 3, 4: FW markings in the discal cell, 5: HW post-discal band, 6: UNF markings in the discal cell, 7: UN base colour of the wings, 8: UNF submarginal markings, 9: large white spot in interspace 2, 10: UNH post-discal band (further details in the text). Images are not to scale. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386326/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, in which numbered pointers correspond to the following numbered characters): (1) UPF prominent subapical orange markings, which distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F241C861CA9AAF846" box="[1343,1428,1912,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F241C861CA9AAF846" box="[1343,1428,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (2) UPF no orange or white markings below the subapical orange markings, only two inconspicuous, diffused grey lines (orange line or spots prominent in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA11783F234786A4AEE4F80E" box="[612,730,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="358">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA11783F23BE86A5AEE4F80E" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[669,730,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, especially with a larger spot in interspace 3; lines prominent grey or white in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820207881F3AD8DFF65" box="[347,435,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820207881F3AD8DFF65" box="[347,435,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (3) UPF white post-discal spot in 3 smaller, less conspicuous (this spot is larger and more conspicuous in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782020A681DFADCBFF00" box="[389,501,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820209B81DFADCBFF00" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[440,501,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, absent or almost absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820220981DFAF41FF01" box="[810,895,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820220981DFAF41FF01" box="[810,895,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (4) UPF white line through the discal cell very narrow, inconspicuous (sometimes entirely absent), not connecting with the large white spot at the cell-end (the line usually more prominent and longer, powdery-grey or white, connecting with the white cell-end spot in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782024018067A9ABFEC8" box="[1314,1429,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820247B8067A9ABFEC8" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1368,1429,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; very prominent, white and connecting with the much larger and more prominent cell-end spot in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782025F38043A91BFE95" box="[1232,1317,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782025F38043A91BFE95" box="[1232,1317,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (5) UPH post-discal band narrow with even edges, dark orange (this band much broader, paler orange, with the inner edges of the spots that comprise this band being prominently convex in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782022A7800BAFC6FE5C" box="[900,1016,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E78202298800BAFC6FE5C" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[955,1016,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; band white and narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E78202417800BA9B5FE5D" box="[1332,1419,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E78202417800BA9B5FE5D" box="[1332,1419,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (6) UNF streak through the cell grey or white, more prominent than on dorsal side (this streak similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820240780F7A9ABFE78" box="[1316,1429,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820247B80F7A9ABFE78" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1368,1429,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; it is much more white, broader and conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782023FF80D3AF0CFE05" box="[732,818,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782023FF80D3AF0CFE05" box="[732,818,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (7) UN wing colour orange (colour orange-brown in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782021B480BFAD32FE20" box="[151,268,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782021EC80BFAD32FE20" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[207,268,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; brown without a trace of orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820238D80BFAF3BFE21" box="[686,773,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820238D80BFAF3BFE21" box="[686,773,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (8) UNF submarginal markings grey and inconspicuous, or absent (these markings especially prominent in interspaces
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA0E7820227B809BAF9EFDCD" box="[856,928,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" unit="in" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820228B809BA822FDCC" box="[936,1052,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782022FC809BA822FDCC" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[991,1052,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; and narrower but from
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA0E78202417809BA942FDCD" box="[1332,1404,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="0.254" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" unit="in" value="4.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.0">1–7 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782024A7809BACF3FDE9" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782024A7809BACF3FDE9" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (9) UNF outer edge of the large white spot in 2 protrudes out from the spot in 1b but it protrudes less than the width of the two grey submarginal lines/small spots (this spot similar in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782025208323A847FDB4" box="[1027,1145,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820251F8323A847FDB4" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1084,1145,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; it protrudes much more, i.e., more than the width of the submarginal white lines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E78202214830FAFB0FD51" box="[823,910,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E78202214830FAFB0FD51" box="[823,910,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (10) UNH narrow, grey or white post-discal band ends in interspace 4 (this band is broader and it extends up to the apex in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820253683EBA8B6FD7C" box="[1045,1160,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820256883EBA8B6FD7C" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1099,1160,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; it is much much whiter but narrower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820206983D7ADA0FD19" box="[330,414,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820206983D7ADA0FD19" box="[330,414,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820236D83D7AFB5FD19" bold="true" box="[590,907,690,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820236D83D7AF1EFD19" bold="true" box="[590,800,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820253D83D7A8B1FD18" box="[1054,1167,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820257183D7A8B1FD18" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1106,1167,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E782025E683D7A927FD19" box="[1221,1305,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782025E683D7A927FD19" box="[1221,1305,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a narrower, more produced forewing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA0E782021B486D9A81CF82D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386322/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" startId="16.[151,250,1981,2005]" targetBox="[168,1415,786,1947]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0E782021B486D9A81CF82D" blockId="16.[151,1437,1981,2042]" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E782021B486D9AD2AF801" bold="true" box="[151,276,1981,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820209986D9AF7DF801" bold="true" box="[442,835,1981,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820209986D9AEDFF801" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[442,737,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820209986D9AEDFF801" bold="true" box="[442,737,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0E782023CB86D9AF7DF801" box="[744,835,1981,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with other similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0E7820252B86D9A86BF801" box="[1032,1109,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0E7820252B86D9A86BF801" box="[1032,1109,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="359">Athyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Materials and Methods for specimen details). A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA0F782121B485C3A90FFAA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386326/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" startId="17.[151,250,1191,1215]" targetBox="[156,1434,187,1159]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0F782121B485C3A90FFAA7" blockId="17.[151,1437,1191,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782121B485C3AD21FB6B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1191,1215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagnostic characters of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821233D85C3AFA1FB14" bold="true" box="[542,927,1191,1216]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F7821233D85C3AF7EFB6B" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[542,832,1191,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821233D85C3AF7EFB6B" bold="true" box="[542,832,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0F7821226585CCAFA1FB14" box="[838,927,1192,1216]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, marked on digitally enhanced images from which wing-wear has been removed to illustrate the distinctive phenotype of the subspecies. Male of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821254385AFA9BAFB30" bold="true" box="[1120,1412,1227,1252]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821254385AFA91FFB37" bold="true" box="[1120,1313,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is compared with males of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782120B48594AE3FFAD3" box="[407,513,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782120E98594AE3FFAD3" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[458,513,1264,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and two subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782123D78594AF7DFADC" box="[756,835,1264,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123D78594AF7DFADC" box="[756,835,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numbers point to distinctive characters: 1: FW subapical markings, 2: FW submarginal markings, 3: FW spot in interspace 3, 4: FW markings in the discal cell, 5: HW post-discal band, 6: UNF markings in the discal cell, 7: UN base colour of the wings, 8: UNF submarginal markings, 9: large white spot in interspace 2, 10: UNH post-discal band (further details in the text). Images are not to scale. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0F782121E484A2AE04F89C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1478,1972]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782121E484A2AD64FA0B" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1858" box="[199,346,1478,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782121E484A2AD64FA0B" box="[199,346,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">Athyma asita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose taxonomic status needs to be carefully examined with a separate molecular phylogenetic study (see under Discussion), differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123A4848EAFEFF9D0" bold="true" box="[647,977,1513,1540]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123A4848EAF5EF9D0" bold="true" box="[647,864,1513,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782122C1848EA864F9D7" box="[994,1114,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F7821253E848EA864F9D7" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1053,1114,1514,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782125B5848EA8D0F9D0" box="[1174,1262,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782125B5848EA8D0F9D0" box="[1174,1262,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having: (a) UPF submarginal markings prominent and white, especially the large spot in interspace 3 (this large spot and other submarginal markings are orange in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821231E8756AE8AF99F" box="[573,692,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782123548756AE8AF99F" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[631,692,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; they are white or pale grey, much narrower but prominent, and without a large spot in interspace 3, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782123618732AEA8F9A4" box="[578,662,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123618732AEA8F9A4" box="[578,662,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821224F8732A896F9A4" bold="true" box="[876,1192,1621,1648]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821224F8732A800F9A4" bold="true" box="[876,1086,1621,1648]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), (b) UPH post-discal band narrow, white (orange in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782120D0871EAE59F947" box="[499,615,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F78212309871EAE59F947" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[554,615,1658,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123BD871EAFDFF940" bold="true" box="[670,993,1657,1684]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782123BD871EAF4AF940" bold="true" box="[670,884,1657,1684]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; similar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F78212547871EA884F940" box="[1124,1210,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F78212547871EA884F940" box="[1124,1210,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), (c) FW discal cell with a well-defined white line that is well-separated from the white cell-end spot, with another white spot beyond the cell-end that is almost as large (these markings are highly reduced in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782122E687A6A93DF908" bold="true" box="[965,1283,1729,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782122E687A6A8A6F908" bold="true" box="[965,1176,1729,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; conspicuous but diffused in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782120678782AD89F92B" box="[324,439,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782120598782AD89F92B" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[378,439,1766,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; much more prominent with a much larger cell-end spot in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F7821257E8782A88DF8D4" box="[1117,1203,1766,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821257E8782A88DF8D4" box="[1117,1203,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and (d) UN brown with a slight tinge of orange (brighter orange-brown in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821222A866EA875F8F0" bold="true" box="[777,1099,1801,1828]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F7821222A866EAFE0F8F0" bold="true" box="[777,990,1801,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. i. sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782125A0866EA8C8F8F7" box="[1155,1270,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F7821259A866EA8C8F8F7" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1209,1270,1802,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; darker brown without a tinge of orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782120F7864AAE14F89C" box="[468,554,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782120F7864AAE14F89C" box="[468,554,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0F782121E48636AEDEF860" blockId="17.[151,1437,1478,1972]" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
Females are similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782120E28636AE0EF8BF" box="[449,560,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782120D08636AE0EF8BF" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[499,560,1874,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, from which they apparently cannot be distinguished. They differ from females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0F782121978612AD36F844" box="[180,264,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0F782121978612AD36F844" box="[180,264,1910,1936]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="360">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having considerably broader orange markings UP, and brighter orange UN (UP markings narrower, UN background colour of the wings brown, not orange).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA0C782221B48450A9B1FA09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386330" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386330/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" startId="18.[151,250,1332,1356]" targetBox="[159,1428,181,1309]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0C782221B48450A9B1FA09" blockId="18.[151,1436,1332,1501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782221B48450AD20FA99" bold="true" box="[151,286,1332,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Early stages of
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782220E38450AF5EFA99" bold="true" box="[448,864,1332,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0C782220E38450AEDAFA98" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[448,740,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782220E38450AEDAFA98" bold="true" box="[448,740,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0C782223C98451AF7AFA99" box="[746,836,1333,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
a:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
egg (2010/11/05);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782225038451A809FA99" bold="true" box="[1056,1079,1333,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">b:</emphasis>
|
||
1
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C7822256A8450A86DFA96" attach="left" box="[1097,1107,1332,1346]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">st</superScript>
|
||
instar (2010/09/20);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C7822240A8451A903FA99" bold="true" box="[1321,1341,1333,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">c:</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C7822246C8451A960FA97" attach="left" box="[1359,1374,1333,1347]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">nd</superScript>
|
||
instar (2010/09/26);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C7822200F843DAD64FAA5" bold="true" box="[300,346,1369,1393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">d–e:</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C78222053843DAD42FAB3" attach="left" box="[368,380,1369,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">rd</superScript>
|
||
instar (2010/10/02);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C78222378843CAEBEFAA4" bold="true" box="[603,640,1368,1392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">f–i:</emphasis>
|
||
4
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C782223B5843DAE9FFAB3" attach="left" box="[662,673,1369,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">th</superScript>
|
||
instar (2010/10/05–07);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C78222285843CAFF5FAA4" bold="true" box="[934,971,1368,1392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">j–l:</emphasis>
|
||
5
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C782222C2843DAFD2FAB3" attach="left" box="[993,1004,1369,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">th</superScript>
|
||
instar (2010/10/08);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782225E8843DA93DFAA5" bold="true" box="[1227,1283,1369,1393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">m–n:</emphasis>
|
||
5
|
||
<superScript id="1EBB1709DA0C7822243A843DA91AFAB3" attach="left" box="[1305,1316,1369,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">th</superScript>
|
||
instar with colours changed just before pupation (2010/10/10).
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C7822238B8419AEE6FA41" bold="true" box="[680,728,1405,1429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">o–q:</emphasis>
|
||
newly-formed pupa (o: lateral view; p: dorsal view; q: ventral view);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782221B484C5ACFFFA6D" bold="true" box="[151,193,1441,1465]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">r–s:</emphasis>
|
||
pupa before eclosion (r: lateral view; s: dorsal view);
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782223C484C5AEC6FA6D" bold="true" box="[743,760,1441,1465]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">t:</emphasis>
|
||
eclosed female resting on pupal case, drying its wings. Images are of multiple individuals. Amboli, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Photographs: Hemant Ogale, used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA0C782221E4874BAFB2F9B9" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0C782221E4874BAFB2F9B9" blockId="18.[151,1437,1582,2042]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782221E4874BAD6CF99D" bold="true" box="[199,338,1583,1609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
We name
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782220F6874AAFABF99D" bold="true" box="[469,917,1582,1609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0C782220F6874AAF1FF99D" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[469,801,1582,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782220F6874AAF1FF99D" bold="true" box="[469,801,1582,1609]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0C7822220F874BAFABF99D" box="[812,917,1583,1609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
after its endemic distributional range in the Sahyadri, the name of the Western Ghats in many native languages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA0C782321E48713AE18FA0C" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="362" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0C782221E48713AD73F8BD" blockId="18.[151,1437,1582,2042]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782221E48713AD8CF945" bold="true" box="[199,434,1655,1681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Historical Records:</emphasis>
|
||
This taxon is well-documented in the Western Ghats based on hundreds of records (also see
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA0C782221E787FFAD26F961" box="[196,280,1691,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1328,1352]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetId="figure-49@19.[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributional range map of relevant taxa from the Athyma nefte species group. Pink: A. inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov., blue: A. i. inara, Purple: A. asita, Yellow: A. nefte. Map: Viraj Nawge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386332/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0C7822200D87FFADF9F961" author="Evans, W. H." box="[302,455,1691,1717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" refId="ref13172" refString="Evans, W. H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2 nd edn.). Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, 454 pp." type="book" year="1932">Evans (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0C7822235E87F8AFBDF961" box="[637,899,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nefte" subSpecies="inara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C7822235E87F8AFBDF961" box="[637,899,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Pantoporia nefte inara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recording it as “S.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C7822254F87FFA897F961" box="[1132,1193,1691,1717]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C7822259587FFA934F961" box="[1206,1290,1691,1717]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
—N.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C7822246B87FFA9A7F961" box="[1352,1433,1691,1717]" name="Myanmar" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
. NR [Not Rare].” According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0C782220D587DBAED8F90E" author="Wynter-Blyth, M. A." box="[502,742,1727,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" refId="ref15140" refString="Wynter-Blyth, M. A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, 523 pp." type="book" year="1957">Wynter-Blyth (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who referred to it as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0C782222C387A4A8A1F90D" box="[992,1183,1727,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C782222C387A4A8A1F90D" box="[992,1183,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Pantoporia nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C7822259887A4A934F90D" box="[1211,1290,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C7822247887DBA9A7F90D" box="[1371,1433,1727,1753]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C782221B48787ACD7F929" box="[151,233,1763,1789]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C7822202E8787AD64F929" box="[269,346,1763,1789]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Assam</collectingRegion>
|
||
and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C782220FF8787AE13F929" box="[476,557,1763,1789]" name="Myanmar" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
. … Recorded as not rare in the evergreen regions of the Western Ghats, also, very rarely, from the Mettupalaiyam Ghat in the Nilgiris.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0C7822220E8663AFF9F8F5" author="Talbot, G." box="[813,967,1799,1825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" refId="ref15075" refString="Talbot, G. (1947) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1947">Talbot (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not cover the genus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0C782225C78663A9A2F8F6" author="d'Abrera, B." box="[1252,1436,1799,1826]" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" refId="ref12980" refString="d'Abrera, B. (1985) Butterflies of the Oriental Region. Part II: Nymphalidae, Satyridae & Amathusidae. Hill House, Melbourne, 534 pp." type="book" year="1985">d’Abrera (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C78222000864FAD57F891" box="[291,361,1835,1861]" name="Nepal" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C782220B0864FADDCF891" box="[403,482,1835,1861]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Assam</collectingRegion>
|
||
” as the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0C78222390864FAF6BF891" box="[691,853,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pantoporia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nefte" subSpecies="inara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0C78222390864FAF6BF891" box="[691,853,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">A. nefte inara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with range in the Western Ghats as doubtful, “? southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0C78222023862BAD04F8BD" box="[256,314,1871,1897]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0C782321E48617A8AFFF01" blockId="18.[151,1437,1582,2042]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="362" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">
|
||
The NHMUK has
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C782220B88617ADF8F859" box="[411,454,1907,1933]" count="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C782220DC8617AE15F859" box="[511,555,1907,1933]" count="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="female">8 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens (four of each sex photographed and catalogued, see Materials and Methods) from Karwar, Karwar District,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C7822234D86F3AEDAF865" box="[622,740,1943,1969]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, raised from early stages by T. R. Bell in 1920s, except:
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C7822245786F3ACF3F801" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from “Malabar, Wynaad” from “Moore Coll. 99-234”,
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C7822226486DFAF90F801" box="[839,942,1979,2005]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from “Nilgiris 89-53
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA0C7822258986DFA939F801" box="[1194,1287,1979,2006]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5,000 ft</quantity>
|
||
”,
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C7822243C86DFA9A2F801" box="[1311,1436,1979,2005]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
from “Nilgiris 89-53
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA0C782220B386BBADD0F82D" box="[400,494,2015,2041]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" unit="ft" value="3000.0">3,000 ft</quantity>
|
||
”, and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C7822231986BBAE9DF82D" box="[570,675,2015,2041]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from “Watecolle [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0C7822225886BBAFF5F82D" box="[891,971,2015,2041]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="18" pageNumber="361">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
] 16/11/60 [1960]” and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFC871C8DA0C782225FE86BBA965F82D" box="[1245,1371,2015,2041]" count="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="361" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
from “Sollekolle 14/10/60” from A. J. Sharman Collections, which did not have voucher codes. MCZ and McGuire Centre for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823203381DFADA9FF01" box="[272,407,187,213]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Biodiversity do not have any specimens of the new subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDB1EAC9DA0D782321B48454AF99FABF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386332/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" startId="19.[151,250,1328,1352]" targetBox="[151,1436,237,1304]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782321B48454AF99FABF" blockId="19.[151,1437,1327,1388]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321B48454AD21FA9C" bold="true" box="[151,287,1328,1352]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributional range map of relevant taxa from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782322078454AF96FA9C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[804,936,1328,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782322078454AF96FA9C" box="[804,936,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Athyma nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782325678454ACFDFABF" bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
Pink:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782325A68454A950FA93" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1157,1390,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782325A68454A950FA93" bold="true" box="[1157,1390,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321F38430AD39FABF" bold="true" box="[208,263,1364,1387]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">blue:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823202E8430AD09FAB8" box="[269,311,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. i.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823201E8431ADF0FABF" authority=", Purple" authorityName="Purple" box="[317,462,1364,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823201E8431AD4AFAB8" box="[317,372,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">inara</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782320A28430ADF0FABF" bold="true" box="[385,462,1364,1387]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Purple</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782320ED8430ADEDFABF" bold="true" box="[462,467,1364,1387]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782320FA8430AE41FABF" authority=", Yellow" authorityName="Yellow" box="[473,639,1364,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782320FA8430AE18FAB8" box="[473,550,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. asita</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782323108430AE41FABF" bold="true" box="[563,639,1364,1387]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Yellow</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823235C8430AEBDFABF" bold="true" box="[639,643,1364,1387]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782323AA8430AEE9FAB8" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[649,727,1364,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782323AA8430AEE9FAB8" box="[649,727,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Map: Viraj Nawge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782321B484DAAE18FA0C" blockId="19.[151,550,1470,1496]" box="[151,550,1470,1496]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321B484DAAE18FA0C" bold="true" box="[151,550,1470,1496]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Species Biology and other Notes</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA0D782321B48762AF80F900" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782321B48762AF80F900" blockId="19.[151,1437,1542,2037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321B48762AEC5F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,763,1542,1569]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
Distribution:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823201E8762AEB6F9F5" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[317,648,1542,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823201E8762AEB6F9F5" bold="true" box="[317,648,1542,1569]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0D782323B08762AEC5F9F4" box="[659,763,1542,1568]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is distributed almost throughout the Western Ghats, from Shendurney WLS in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0D782320CD874EAE07F990" box="[494,569,1578,1604]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
to Phansad WLS, Raigad District (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0D782322EB874EA8CAF990" author="Bhopale, N. & Athavale, S." box="[968,1268,1578,1604]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" refId="ref12668" refString="Bhopale, N. & Athavale, S. (2009) First record of the Colour Sergeant Athyma nefte in Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary in Raigad District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (1), 117." type="journal volume" year="2009">Bhopale & Athavale 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Tamhini, Pune District, in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0D78232098872AAE79F9BC" box="[443,583,1614,1640]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA0D78232375872AAE94F9BC" box="[598,682,1614,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1328,1352]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetId="figure-49@19.[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributional range map of relevant taxa from the Athyma nefte species group. Pink: A. inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov., blue: A. i. inara, Purple: A. asita, Yellow: A. nefte. Map: Viraj Nawge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386332/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). In comparison,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823224E872AAFE1F9BC" box="[877,991,1614,1640]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
A. i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D78232281872BAFE1F9BC" box="[930,991,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">inara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs in NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D7823255C872AA887F9BC" box="[1151,1209,1614,1640]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D78232429872BA947F9BD" box="[1290,1401,1615,1641]" name="Myanmar" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782324A7872AACF3F958" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782324A7872AACF3F958" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. asita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(often treated as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782323658716AEA2F958" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[582,668,1650,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782323658716AEA2F958" box="[582,668,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see Discussion) occurs throughout Indo-China (except S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D7823240C8716A9AAF958" box="[1327,1428,1650,1676]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D782321FF87F3AD75F965" box="[220,331,1687,1713]" name="Myanmar" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, extending northward into S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D782323A887F2AEEFF964" box="[651,721,1686,1712]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823222987F2AF60F964" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[778,862,1686,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nefte">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823222987F2AF60F964" box="[778,862,1686,1712]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. nefte</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs from S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D7823252487F2A855F964" box="[1031,1131,1686,1712]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D782325AE87F2A8C8F964" box="[1165,1270,1686,1712]" name="Malaysia" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0D7823240C87F2A9A2F964" box="[1327,1436,1686,1712]" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B0A74A3DA0D782321F687DFAD39F901" box="[213,263,1723,1749]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
to Borneo (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA0D782320AF87DEADE0F900" box="[396,478,1722,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1328,1352]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetId="figure-49@19.[151,1436,237,1304]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributional range map of relevant taxa from the Athyma nefte species group. Pink: A. inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov., blue: A. i. inara, Purple: A. asita, Yellow: A. nefte. Map: Viraj Nawge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386332/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), in subtly different subspecific variations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1D4E9CADA0D782421E487BAAF9FFE21" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782321E487BAAF6BF85D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1542,2037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321E487BAAF8FF92C" bold="true" box="[199,945,1758,1785]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
Status, habitat, and habits:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823232A87BAAF77F92D" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[521,841,1758,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823232A87BAAF77F92D" bold="true" box="[521,841,1758,1785]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0D7823226D87BAAF8FF92C" box="[846,945,1758,1784]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs in low-lying evergreen forest patches (usually below
|
||
<quantity id="2E3617A4DA0D782320608666ADFCF8C9" box="[323,450,1794,1821]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" unit="m" value="750.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="700.0">700–800 m</quantity>
|
||
asl), where it may be seasonally and locally not uncommon along shaded forest streams and forest edges. Males are encountered mud-puddling, or feeding on carnivore scats and rotting crabs, usually on the ground. Females tend to stay on vegetation, often feeding on bird droppings. They have not been observed feeding on flower nectar. Other habits are similar of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782321E486F6AF76F804" blockId="19.[151,1437,1542,2037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321E486F6AF7DF878" bold="true" box="[199,835,1938,1965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
Flight period:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D7823205D86F6AEF3F879" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[382,717,1938,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D7823205D86F6AEF3F879" bold="true" box="[382,717,1938,1965]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Athyma inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C089DB28DA0D782323FA86F6AF7DF878" box="[729,835,1938,1964]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is multivoltine, flying throughout the year, with a population peak from October to January (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0D7823235086D2AF02F804" author="Kunte, K. & Sondhi, S. & Roy, P. & Chief Editors" box="[627,828,1974,2000]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" refId="ref14101" refString="Kunte, K., Sondhi, S. & Roy, P. (Chief Editors) (2024) Butterflies of India, v. 4.21. Indian Foundation for Butterflies, Bengaluru. Available from: https: // www. ifoundbutterflies. org (accessed 15 April 2024)." type="url" year="2024">
|
||
Kunte
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782323E386D3AEC6F804" box="[704,760,1974,2000]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2024
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0D782421E486BEAE2FFF2D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1542,2037]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782321E486BEAE48F820" bold="true" box="[199,630,2010,2036]" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">Larval host plants and early stages:</emphasis>
|
||
The following larval host plants are known for
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782425B486BEAD3EFF65" bold="true" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0D782325B486BEA9A2F821" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1175,1436,2010,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0D782325B486BEA9A2F821" bold="true" box="[1175,1436,2010,2037]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="362">A. inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824203081F3AE0FFF65" box="[275,561,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolarium">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824203081F3AE0FFF65" box="[275,561,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Glochidion lanceolarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824236781F3AED5FF65" box="[580,747,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heyneanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824236781F3AED5FF65" box="[580,747,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">G. heyneanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782423DE81F3AF9FFF65" box="[765,929,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782423DE81F3AF9FFF65" box="[765,929,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">G. zeylanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824229781F3A85AFF65" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[948,1124,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824258C81F3A9A3FF65" box="[1199,1437,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Mussaenda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frondosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824258C81F3A9A3FF65" box="[1199,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Mussaenda frondosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782421BC81DFAD29FF01" box="[159,279,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0A7824200D81DFADCCFF01" author="Nitin, R. & Balakrishnan, V. C. & Churi, P. V & Kalesh, S. & Prakash, S. & Kunte, K." box="[302,498,187,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" pagination="11495 - 11550" refId="ref14504" refString="Nitin, R., Balakrishnan, V. C., Churi, P. V, Kalesh, S., Prakash, S. & Kunte, K. (2018) Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 10 (4), 11495 - 11550. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 3104.10.4.11495 - 11550" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Nitin
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824205181DFAD92FF01" box="[370,428,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The early stages are well-documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0A782422E781DFA8EEFF01" author="Bhakare, M. & Ogale, H." box="[964,1232,187,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" refId="ref12582" refString="Bhakare, M. & Ogale, H. (2018) A Guide to Butterflies of Western Ghats (India). Published privately by Milind Bhakare and Hemant Ogale, Satara, 496 pp." type="book" year="2018">Bhakare & Ogale 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5FC7B0DA0A782425FD81DFA9AEFF01" author="Saji, K. & Ogale, H. & Debnath, S. & Mandal, M." box="[1246,1424,187,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" refId="ref14768" refString="Saji, K., Ogale, H., Debnath, S. & Mandal, M. (2024) Athyma inara Westwood, 1850 - Colour Sergeant. In: Kunte, K., Sondhi, S. & Roy, P. (Chief Editors). Butterflies of India, v. 4.21. Indian Foundation for Butterflies, Bengaluru. Available from: https: // www. ifoundbutterflies. org / athyma-inara (accessed 15 April 2024)." type="url" year="2024">
|
||
Saji
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824243181DFA972FF01" box="[1298,1356,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2024
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and also illustrated here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71F5A6C4DA0A7824209281BBAE3DFF2D" box="[433,515,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1332,1356]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,181,1309]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[159,1428,181,1309]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 11. Early stages of Athyma inara sahyadriensis ssp. nov. a: egg (2010/11/05); b: 1st instar (2010/09/20); c: 2nd instar (2010/09/26); d–e: 3rd instar (2010/10/02); f–i: 4th instar (2010/10/05–07); j–l: 5th instar (2010/10/08); m–n: 5th instar with colours changed just before pupation (2010/10/10). o–q: newly-formed pupa (o: lateral view; p: dorsal view; q: ventral view); r–s: pupa before eclosion (r: lateral view; s: dorsal view); t: eclosed female resting on pupal case, drying its wings. Images are of multiple individuals. Amboli, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Photographs: Hemant Ogale, used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386330/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0A782421E48066ACC4FE79" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782421E48066AD8FFEC9" bold="true" box="[199,433,258,285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
Sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824206D8066AD96FEC9" box="[334,424,258,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824206D8066AD96FEC9" bold="true" box="[334,424,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Athyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The following
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824234B8067AE80FEC9" box="[616,702,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824234B8067AE80FEC9" box="[616,702,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Athyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in the Western Ghats along with
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782425B08067ACC2FE95" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782425B08067A9A2FEC9" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[1171,1436,258,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782425B08067A9A2FEC9" bold="true" box="[1171,1436,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">A. inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824202F8043AD41FE94" box="[268,383,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824202F8043AD5CFE95" box="[268,354,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Athyma</taxonomicName>
|
||
p.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782420A58043AEA8FE95" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[390,662,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perius">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782420A58043ADF2FE94" box="[390,460,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">perius</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782423808043A846FE95" authority="Fruhstorfer, 1906" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityYear="1906" box="[675,1144,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ranga" subSpecies="karwara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782423808043AF94FE95" box="[675,938,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Athyma ranga karwara</emphasis>
|
||
Fruhstorfer, 1906
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782425978043ADB3FEB1" authority="(Evans, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="selenophora" subSpecies="kanara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782425978043ACD8FEB1" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Athyma selenophora kanara</emphasis>
|
||
(Evans, 1924)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782420B4802FAE07FEB0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[407,569,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perius">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782420B4802FAE07FEB0" box="[407,569,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">Athyma perius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
normally occurs on open ridge-tops and plateaus, not in the shaded evergreen forest habitats as
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824207D800BAEEFFE5D" bold="true" box="[350,721,366,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824207D800BAE5DFE5D" authorityName="Kunte & Basu" authorityYear="2024" box="[350,611,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="inara" subSpecies="sahyadriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824207D800BAE5DFE5D" bold="true" box="[350,611,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">A. inara sahyadriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824222F800BAF51FE5C" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1858" box="[780,879,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ranga">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824222F800BAF51FE5C" box="[780,879,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">A. ranga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A7824228B800BA86CFE5D" baseAuthorityName="Kollar" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[936,1106,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="selenophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A7824228B800BA86CFE5D" box="[936,1106,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">A. selenophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may occur side-by-side with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782421B480F7ACCDFE78" box="[151,243,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inara">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBBA6653DA0A782421B480F7ACCDFE78" box="[151,243,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">A. inara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E971BA41DA0A782421E480D3AF9FFE21" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">
|
||
Further information will be made available on the species page of the Butterflies of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91D9FAD1DA0A7824254B80D3A89CFE05" box="[1128,1186,439,465]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="363">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
website (https://www. ifoundbutterflies.org/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ECEC1C2DA0A782420A580BFADDFFE21" box="[390,481,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Athyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Athyma</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as additional observations accumulate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |