201 lines
19 KiB
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201 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.794.25243" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eaa0fe1d-7b59-4cba-a86d-9302537c68c2" ID-PMC="PMC6224364" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-794-1" ID-PubMed="30416337" ID-ZBK="348B2A5562C34601AA890751CF7D455E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-794-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 794" ModsDocTitle="Description of three new species of Scolanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae): first records of the genus from Japan" checkinTime="1541169060552" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Izumi, Takato & Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2018" docId="633826DD0C5F190703BC479B0631F459" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 794: 1-21" docOrigin="ZooKeys 794" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.794.25243" docTitle="Scolanthus ena Izumi & Fujita, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="8EBE4524-8D01-48B0-A76C-BB0BBE423395" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="6D619A3CD3593577FFB8FFD6FFFEFFF1" masterDocTitle="Description of three new species of Scolanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae): first records of the genus from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668166359537" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of three new species of Scolanthus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae): first records of the genus from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Izumi, Takato</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>794</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>21</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.794.25243</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.794.25243</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-794-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">348B2A5562C34601AA890751CF7D455E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">348B2A5562C34601AA890751CF7D455E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="149052341" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8EBE4524-8D01-48B0-A76C-BB0BBE423395" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/633826DD0C5F190703BC479B0631F459" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8EBE4524-8D01-48B0-A76C-BB0BBE423395" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus ena" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ena">Scolanthus ena</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 3, 6B, 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–I">F-I</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Holotype. NSMT-Co 1610. One specimen cut into several parts, histological sections (23 slides) and prepared nematocysts (5 slides), 17 May, 2014, Ena Bay (Fig. 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–">B-</normalizedToken>
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1), Kanagawa, Japan, mud in the intertidal zone, collected by wading with a shovel, by Masanori Taru.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">External anatomy. Column rough, rugged and uneven, ca. 80 mm in whole length in holotype, and 10-15 mm in width, pipe-like in form both in living (Fig. 3A) and fixed specimen. The most upper part narrower to some extent. The most proximal part of column capitulum, dark brownish semitransparent, and the remaining part to aboral end scapus. The periderm of column orange, with no pattern in color, but thinner on the mesenteries so that the mesenterial line visible through the body wall. Scapus with scattered nemathybomes but no papillae. Aboral end rounded, not differentiated from scapus, with nemathybome (Fig. 3A, H). No pedal disk, but no physa or physa-like structure. Tentacles slender, no acrosphere, brownish, semi-transparent with white patch on each surface (Fig. 3A). Tentacles 20 in number, in two cycles; ten in inner and ten in outer cycle (Fig. 6B), 7.0-10.0 mm in length, longer than oral disk diameter and the inner tentacles shorter than outer ones. Oral disk ca. 5.0 mm in diameter. The mouth swelled and dome-like.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Internal anatomy. Eight perfect mesenteries, all macrocnemes. Four dorsal and ventral directives, and four lateral mesenteries not-paired with other macrocnemes (Figs 3E, 6B). All macrocnemes present along whole length of the body, from oral to aboral end and bearing distinct retractor and parietal muscles. The retractor muscle of lateral mesenteries all ventrally facing (Fig. 6B). Twelve tiny microcnemes, without muscles, confirmed only in distal-most part. Four microcnemes between dorsal directives and dorso-lateral mesenteries, four between dorso- and ventro-lateral mesenteries, and four between ventro-lateral mesenteries and ventral directives (Fig. 6B), an unusual arrangement for
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<taxonomicName family="Edwardsiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Edwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
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. Each tentacle between either exo- or endocoelic (Fig. 6B). Each retractor muscle pennon-like, restricted throughout the whole body (Fig. 3E, F), comparatively smaller next to actinopharynx but largely developed in lower part, limited in the part next to actinopharynx or filaments of each macrocneme (Fig. 3E, F). Muscle pennons consisting of approximately 30-60 muscular processes, some of which are well-branched into 10 or more branches (Fig. 3F). Parietal muscles with approximately 15 branched muscular processes (Fig. 3F). Actinopharynx short, no distinct siphonoglyph (Fig. 3E). Tentacular circular muscle endodermal (Fig. 3D) and longitudinal muscle ectodermal (Fig. 3C), both distinct. Mesoglea thickest in the aboral end, thick in body wall, approximately 70-120µm thick (Fig. 3B, F, H). However, mesoglea far thinner in actinopharynx and thinnest in mesenteries (Fig. 3E, F). Nemathybomes, around 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, half buried into mesoglea on the column including the aboral end (Fig. 3G). Marginal sphincter muscle and basilar muscle absent (Fig. 3B, H). Gonads next the retractor muscle, comparatively long (Fig. 3F). Testes in gonads of holotype, between filament and retractor muscle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Cnidome. Spirocysts (in tentacles), basitrichs (in every tissue), microbasic b-mastigophores (in filament) and microbasic p-mastigophores (in actinopharynx, and filament) (Table 2, Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–I">F-I</normalizedToken>
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). Basitrichs in actinopharynx and nemathybome are distinguished into two types by their size. No nematocysts in body wall.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 3. External and internal views of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus ena" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ena">Scolanthus ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (NSMT-Co 1610). A External view Whole living specimen of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–H">B-H</normalizedToken>
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internal view B longitudinal section of distal end C transverse section of tentacle D longitudinal section of tentacle E transverse section of actinopharynx F enlarged view of mesentery G transverse section of nemathybome H longitudinal section of aboral end. Nemathybomes distributed up to aboral end. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; Ne, nemathybome; pm, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; Te, tentacle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle; Ts, testis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(E, F, H); 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(C, D, G).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ena Bay, Kanagawa. Known only from the type locality.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The species epithet is named after the type locality, Ena Bay. The word "
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<taxonomicName lsidName="ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">ena</taxonomicName>
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" is a noun in apposition. Origin of Japanese name: new Japanese name: taru-ashinashi-mushimodoki.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Taru”">"Taru"</normalizedToken>
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is the name of the collector of this new species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus ena" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ena">Scolanthus ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. has 20 tentacles, as do
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus ignotus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ignotus">Scolanthus ignotus</taxonomicName>
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(Carlgren, 1920) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.: other edwardsiid species have 16 tentacles (
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<bibRefCitation author="England, KW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="205 - 292" title="Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean." volume="53" year="1987">England 1987</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 27" title="Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species." volume="1860" year="2008">Daly and Ljubenkov 2008</bibRefCitation>
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, and this study). Small and large types of basitrichs in nemathybomes of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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are far smaller and far larger, respectively, than basitrichs in nemathybomes of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ignotus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ignotus">S. ignotus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Carlgren 1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="England, KW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="205 - 292" title="Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean." volume="53" year="1987">England 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). Moreover,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is 80 mm in body length, approximately three to four times longer than the 20-30 mm of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ignotus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ignotus">S. ignotus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus ena" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ena">Scolanthus ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is different from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in its tentacular arrangement (Fig. 6B, C), structure of column surface (periderm of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. does not have trichome-like structures [Fig. 4A] unlike
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.; the nemathybomes of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. are far more sparse than those of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.), body size (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is far bigger than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.), and cnidome (only
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. has microbasic b-mastigophores in their filaments) (see Table 2). In addition,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. lives in cavities of bare rocks, a different habitat compared to that of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (see Remarks of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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This species is one of the biggest species in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scolanthus</taxonomicName>
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: all previously reported species of nominal
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scolanthus</taxonomicName>
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have bodies less than 80 mm in length (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gosse, PH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="153 - 159" title="XVI Notes on some new or little-known marine animals No. 2." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485709495018" volume="12" year="1853">Gosse 1853</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="McMurrich, JP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="119 - 216" title="Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887 - 1888." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.16-930.119" volume="16" year="1893">McMurrich 1893</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Carlgren 1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 241" title="Actiniaria I." volume="5" year="1921">Carlgren 1921</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pax, F" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 122" title="Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curacao." volume="23" year="1924">Pax 1924</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Carlgren 1931</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 92" title="Actiniaria II." volume="5" year="1942">Carlgren 1942</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 27" title="Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species." volume="1860" year="2008">Daly and Ljubenkov 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Despite several sample collection surveys at Ena Bay,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. was collected only once, and no specimens have been collected from any other locality. It is said by local people that the environment of Ena Bay has changed from several decades ago; the bottom of bay was previously rocky, and a muddy flat has formed in recent years by inflow of sediment. Considering some
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scolanthus</taxonomicName>
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live in rocky habitats compared to other edwardsiids (e.g.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. isei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="isei">S. isei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.), the primary habitat of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. might be rocky, and perhaps the numbers of individuals have decreased in Ena Bay by recent rapid changes in the environment. It is difficult, however, to examine this hypothesis because
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<taxonomicName family="Edwardsiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Edwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
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sea anemones living in or between rocks often cannot be collected easily even if there are many individuals present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Even though there is only one specimen of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ena">S. ena</taxonomicName>
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, the character differences from other
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scolanthus</taxonomicName>
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species make it obvious that this specimen is not a formerly described
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scolanthus</taxonomicName>
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species. Examination of additional specimens in the future may help better delineate this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |